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Burke S. Hypoxia, NSAIDs, and autism: A biocultural analysis of stressors in gametogenesis. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24042. [PMID: 38282542 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cultural and generational trends have increasingly favored "anti-inflammatory" action, innovating a new class of analgesic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the 20th century. The modern human body has been molded over evolutionary time and while acknowledging inflammation can be pathologically entwined, it also serves an important role in healthy folliculogenesis and ovulation, shaping cues that drive needed vascular change. This review argues that because of anti-inflammatory action, the cultural invention of NSAIDs represents a particular stressor on female reproductive-age bodies, interacting with natural, underlying variation and placing limits on healthy growth and development in the follicles, creating potential autism risk through hypoxia and mutagenic or epigenetic effects. Since testes are analogs to ovaries, the biological grounding extends naturally to spermatogenesis. This review suggests the introduction of over-the-counter NSAIDs in the 1980s failed to recognize the unique functioning of reproductive-age bodies, challenging the cyclical inflammation needed for healthy gamete development. NSAIDs are framed as one (notable) stressor in an anti-inflammatory era focused on taming the risks of inflammation in modern human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie Burke
- Department of Anthropology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Liu H, Wang B, Zhang Q. Connection of COX-2 variants to ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2528-2532. [PMID: 33565113 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the associations of COX-2 polymorphisms rs5275, rs20417, and rs2745557 with the susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis among Chinese Han people. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) was adopted for genotyping COX-2 polymorphisms rs5275, rs20417, and rs2745557 among 109 AS patients and 122 healthy controls. Genotype distribution in the control group was examined for these three polymorphisms to test whether it conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) expectation. A χ2 -test was employed to compare genotype and allele frequencies between the two groups. Besides this, logistic regression analyses were also performed to adjust age and gender. A p less than .05 represented a significant level. Genotype distribution of our studied polymorphisms showed fine conformity to HWE in the controls. An increasing effect on AS risk was detected for the polymorphism rs5275 under GG versus AA contrast (crude: OR, 3.040; 95% CI, 1.015-9.104), and the adjustment for age and gender did not change such a relationship (adjusted OR, 3.307; 95% CI, 1.065-10.268). After adjusting age and gender, both polymorphisms of rs20417 and rs2745557 demonstrated a negative relationship with the disease susceptibility. The GC genotype and C allele of rs20417 reduced the disease risk to 0.248 (adjusted: 95% CI, 0.089-0.692) and 0.269 (95% CI, 0.098-0.733), respectively, while the AA genotype and A allele of the latter to 0.413 (adjusted: 95% CI, 0.191-0.893) and 0.676 (adjusted: 95% CI, 0.466-0.981), respectively. Among Chinese Han people, COX-2 polymorphism rs5275 may contribute to increased risk of developing AS, while the polymorphisms rs20417 and rs2745557 may offer protection against disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Rizhao People Hospital, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Qiliang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Sun R, Tanino R, Tong X, Isomura M, Chen LJ, Hotta T, Okimoto T, Hamaguchi M, Hamaguchi S, Taooka Y, Isobe T, Tsubata Y. The Association Between Cyclooxygenase-2 -1195G/A (rs689466) Gene Polymorphism and the Clinicopathology of Lung Cancer in the Japanese Population: A Case-Controlled Study. Front Genet 2022; 13:796444. [PMID: 35450217 PMCID: PMC9016323 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.796444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The single nucleotide polymorphisms of COX-2 gene, also known as PTGS2, which encodes a pro-inflammatory factor cyclooxygenase-2, alter the risk of developing multiple tumors, but these findings are not consistent for lung cancer. We previously reported that the homozygous COX-2 –1195A genotype is associated with an increased risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Japanese individuals. COPD is a significant risk factor for lung cancer due to genetic susceptibility to cigarette smoke. In this study, we investigated the association between COX-2 –1195G/A polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility in the Japanese population. We evaluated the genotype distribution of COX-2 –1195G/A using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for 330 newly diagnosed patients with lung cancer and 162 healthy controls. Our results show that no relationship exists between the COX-2 –1195G/A polymorphism and the risk of developing lung cancer. However, compared to the control group, the homozygous COX-2 –1195A genotype increased the risk for lung squamous cell carcinoma (odds ratio = 2.902; 95% confidence interval, 1.171–7.195; p = 0.021), whereas no association is observed with the risk for adenocarcinoma. In addition, Kaplan-Meier analysis shows that the genotype distribution of homozygous COX-2 –1195A does not correlate with the overall survival of patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, we conclude that the homozygous COX-2 –1195A genotype confers an increased risk for lung squamous cell carcinoma in Japanese individuals and could be used as a predictive factor for early detection of lung squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tanino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Xuexia Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Minoru Isomura
- Department of Pathology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Takamasa Hotta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Tamio Okimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Megumi Hamaguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Shunichi Hamaguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taooka
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical Corporation JR Hiroshima Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Isobe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yukari Tsubata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
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Hadifar S, Mostafaei S, Behrouzi A, Fateh A, Riahi P, Siadat SD, Vaziri F. Strain-specific behavior of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in A549 lung cancer cell line. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:154. [PMID: 33765916 PMCID: PMC7992940 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence has shown the association between tuberculosis (TB) infection and lung cancer. However, the possible effect of strain-specific behavior of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) population, the etiological agent of TB infection in this association has been neglected. In this context, this study was conducted to investigate this association with consideration of the genetic background of strains in the M.tb population. RESULTS We employed the elastic net penalized logistic regression model, as a statistical-learning algorithm for gene selection, to evaluate this association in 129 genes involved in TLRs and NF-κB signaling pathways in response to two different M.tb sub-lineage strains (L3-CAS1and L 4.5). Of the 129 genes, 21 were found to be associated with the two studied M.tb sub-lineages. In addition, MAPK8IP3 gene was identified as a novel gene, which has not been reported in previous lung cancer studies and may have the potential to be recognized as a novel biomarker in lung cancer investigation. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study provides new insights into the mechanistic association between TB infection and lung cancer. Further mechanistic investigations of this association with a large number of M.tb strains, encompassing the other main M.tb lineages and using the whole transcriptome of the host cell are inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Mostafaei
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Behrouzi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Riahi
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Luo MX, Long BB, Li F, Zhang C, Pan MT, Huang YQ, Chen B. Roles of Cyclooxygenase-2 gene -765G > C (rs20417) and -1195G > A (rs689466) polymorphisms in gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gene 2018; 685:125-135. [PMID: 30391440 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roles of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) -765G > C (rs20417) and -1195G > A (rs689466) polymorphisms in gastric cancer were intensively analyzed, but the results of these studies were inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis to elucidate the associations between these two COX2 polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk. METHODS Eligible studies were searched in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library databases, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Vip, and Wanfang databases. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the genetic correlation between COX2 polymorphisms and gastric cancer susceptibility in five genetic models. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was conducted to estimate whether the evidence of the results is sufficient. Furthermore, their interactions with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) or smoking in gastric cancer were also assessed using a case-only method. RESULTS The COX2 gene -765G > C polymorphism showed no significant association with gastric cancer susceptibility under all the five genetic models (take the allelic model for example: OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 0.95-2.09) in total analysis, and the stratification analysis by ethnicity indicated a similar association in Caucasian group under four genetic models (allelic model, dominant model, homozygous model, and heterozygous model). But in the subgroup of the Asian population, the -765G > C polymorphism was significantly associated with gastric cancer risk under the same contrast. The COX2 -1195G > A polymorphism showed significant correlation with gastric cancer susceptibility in total analysis, and stratification analysis by ethnicity also revealed a similar association in both Asian and Caucasian groups under the same contrast. Moreover, TSA confirmed such associations. Both H. pylori infection and cigarette smoking interacted with -765 C allele in gastric cancer (OR = 3.79, 95% CI: 1.15-12.43 and OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.38-4.48, respectively), but not in -1195 A allele (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 0.62-6.21, and OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.93-1.64, respectively). CONCLUSIONS COX2 -765G > C polymorphism may serve as a genetic biomarker of gastric cancer in Asians, but not in Caucasians. COX2 -1195G > A polymorphism may serve as a genetic biomarker of gastric cancer in both Asians and Caucasians. The -765G > C, rather than -1195G > A polymorphism interacted with H. pylori infection or cigarette smoking to increase gastric cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xu Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bin-Bin Long
- The Third Department of General Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Fei Li
- Endoscopy Center, The Third Hospital of Zhangzhou, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Meng-Ting Pan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Huang
- Teaching and Research Section of Surgery, The First Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Teaching and Research Section of Surgery, The First Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Li Q, Ma C, Zhang Z, Chen S, Zhi W, Zhang L, Zhang G, Shi L, Cao F, Ma T. Association between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) 8473 T > C polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:847. [PMID: 30143023 PMCID: PMC6109290 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between COX-2 8473 T > C polymorphism and cancer susceptibility, however, the results remain controversial. Therefore, we carried out the present meta-analysis to obtain a more accurate assessment of this potential association. Methods In this meta-analysis, 79 case-control studies were included with a total of 38,634 cases and 55,206 controls. We searched all relevant articles published in PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang Data, till September 29, 2017. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the strength of the association. We performed subgroup analysis according to ethnicity, source of controls, genotyping method and cancer type. Moreover, Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was implemented to decrease the risk of type I error and estimate whether the current evidence of the results was sufficient and conclusive. Results Overall, our results indicated that 8473 T > C polymorphism was not associated with cancer susceptibility. However, stratified analysis showed that the polymorphism was associated with a statistically significant decreased risk for nasopharyngeal cancer and bladder cancer, but an increased risk for esophageal cancer and skin cancer. Interestingly, TSA demonstrated that the evidence of the result was sufficient in this study. Conclusion No significant association between COX-2 8473 T > C polymorphism and cancer risk was detected. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4753-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe First People's Hospital, No. 56 People's East Road, Luohe City, 462000, Henan Province, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe First People's Hospital, No. 56 People's East Road, Luohe City, 462000, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe First People's Hospital, No. 56 People's East Road, Luohe City, 462000, Henan Province, China
| | - Suhua Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe First People's Hospital, No. 56 People's East Road, Luohe City, 462000, Henan Province, China
| | - Weiguo Zhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe First People's Hospital, No. 56 People's East Road, Luohe City, 462000, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe First People's Hospital, No. 56 People's East Road, Luohe City, 462000, Henan Province, China
| | - Guoyao Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe First People's Hospital, No. 56 People's East Road, Luohe City, 462000, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe First People's Hospital, No. 56 People's East Road, Luohe City, 462000, Henan Province, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe First People's Hospital, No. 56 People's East Road, Luohe City, 462000, Henan Province, China
| | - Tianjiang Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe First People's Hospital, No. 56 People's East Road, Luohe City, 462000, Henan Province, China.
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Li J, Lu X, Zou X, Jiang Y, Yao J, Liu H, Ni B, Ma H. COX-2 rs5275 and rs689466 polymorphism and risk of lung cancer: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11859. [PMID: 30170377 PMCID: PMC6393127 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme that mediates the synthesis of prostaglandin, which plays an important role in the inflammation response. The overexpression of COX-2 in lung cancer has been found in several studies, suggesting that COX-2 contributes to carcinogenesis. There are many previous case-control studies focused on the association between COX-2 polymorphism and lung cancer risk, however, the conclusion remained controversial. OBJECTIVES We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the association between COX-2 rs5275 and rs689466 polymorphism and susceptibility to lung cancer. METHODS A systematic literature research was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, OVID, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to November 30, 2017. The quality of studies was assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa scale. We combined odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in 5 different genetic models for evaluation under a fixed-effect model or random-effect model. Subgroup analysis was performed according to source of control, ethnicity, pathological types, and smoking status. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also conducted. RESULTS Eventually, 14 eligible studies were included in our meta-analysis. We found rs5275 gene polymorphism decreased the risk of lung cancer under heterozygote model (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84-0.98, P = .02). COX-2 rs689466 gene polymorphism was also related to a significantly reduced risk under allele (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82-0.95, P = .001), homozygote (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68-0.95, P = .01), heterozygote (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.72-0.91, P < .001), and dominant model (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.72-0.91, P < .001), except for recessive model. Subgroup analysis suggested a similar association in Asians, but not in Caucasians. Polymorphism of rs5275 was strongly associated with a reduced risk of lung adenocarcinoma according to stratified analysis by pathological types. Egger test identified no significant publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis demonstrated that COX-2 rs5275 and rs689466 polymorphism significantly decrease the risk of lung cancer in Asians but not in Caucasians, indicating COX-2 could serve as a potential diagnostic marker for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yufeng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery
| | | | - Bin Ni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery
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Gibbs-Flournoy EA, Gilmour MI, Higuchi M, Jetter J, George I, Copeland L, Harrison R, Moser VC, Dye JA. Differential exposure and acute health impacts of inhaled solid-fuel emissions from rudimentary and advanced cookstoves in female CD-1 mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:35-48. [PMID: 29100208 PMCID: PMC6143295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need to provide access to cleaner end user energy technologies for the nearly 40% of the world's population who currently depend on rudimentary cooking and heating systems. Advanced cookstoves (CS) are designed to cut emissions and solid-fuel consumption, thus reducing adverse human health and environmental impacts. STUDY PREMISE We hypothesized that, compared to a traditional (Tier 0) three-stone (3-S) fire, acute inhalation of solid-fuel emissions from advanced natural-draft (ND; Tier 2) or forced-draft (FD; Tier 3) stoves would reduce exposure biomarkers and lessen pulmonary and innate immune system health effects in exposed mice. RESULTS Across two simulated cooking cycles (duration ~ 3h), emitted particulate mass concentrations were reduced 80% and 62% by FD and ND stoves, respectively, compared to the 3-S fire; with corresponding decreases in particles visible within murine alveolar macrophages. Emitted carbon monoxide was reduced ~ 90% and ~ 60%, respectively. Only 3-S-fire-exposed mice had increased carboxyhemoglobin levels. Emitted volatile organic compounds were FD ≪ 3-S-fire ≤ ND stove; increased expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism (COX-2, NQO1, CYP1a1) was detected only in ND- and 3-S-fire-exposed mice. Diminished macrophage phagocytosis was observed in the ND group. Lung glutathione was significantly depleted across all CS groups, however the FD group had the most severe, ongoing oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with reports associating exposure to solid fuel stove emissions with modulation of the innate immune system and increased susceptibility to infection. Lower respiratory infections continue to be a leading cause of death in low-income economies. Notably, 3-S-fire-exposed mice were the only group to develop acute lung injury, possibly because they inhaled the highest concentrations of hazardous air toxicants (e.g., 1,3-butadiene, toluene, benzene, acrolein) in association with the greatest number of particles, and particles with the highest % organic carbon. However, no Tier 0-3 ranked CS group was without some untoward health effect indicating that access to still cleaner, ideally renewable, energy technologies for cooking and heating is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Mark Higuchi
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - James Jetter
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Ingrid George
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Lisa Copeland
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Randy Harrison
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Virginia C Moser
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Janice A Dye
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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