Intracholecystic papillary neoplasm of the gallbladder protruding into the common bile duct: A case report

Extensively Invasive Gallbladder Cancer from Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm Treated with Pylorus-Preserving Pancreaticoduodenectomy and Extended Cholecystectomy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Background

Intracholecystic papillary neoplasm (ICPN) is a rare tumor first classified by the World Health Organization in 2010. ICPN is a counterpart of the intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. Previous reports on ICPN are limited; thus, the diagnosis, surgical intervention, and prognosis are controversial. Here, we report an extensively invasive gallbladder cancer arising in ICPN treated with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) and extended cholecystectomy. Case Presentation. A 75-year-old man presented to another hospital with jaundice for 1 month. Laboratory findings showed elevated total bilirubin, 10.6 mg/dL and carbohydrate antigen 19-9, 54.8 U/mL. Computed tomography showed a well-enhanced tumor located in the distal bile duct and dilated hepatic bile duct. The gallbladder wall was thickened and homogeneously enhanced. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed a filling defect in the distal common bile duct, and intraductal ultrasonography showed a papillary tumor in the common bile duct, indicating tumor invasion of the bile duct subserosa. Subsequent bile duct brush cytology revealed adenocarcinoma. The patient was referred to our hospital for surgical treatment and underwent an open PPPD. Intraoperative findings showed a thickened and indurated gallbladder wall, suggesting concurrent gallbladder cancer; thus, the patient subsequently underwent PPPD and extended cholecystectomy. Histopathological findings confirmed gallbladder carcinoma originating from ICPN, which extensively invaded the liver, common bile duct, and pancreas. The patient started adjuvant chemotherapy (tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil) 1 month after surgery and had no recurrence at follow-up after 1 year.

Conclusions

Accurate preoperative diagnosis of ICPN, including the extent of tumor invasion is challenging. To ensure complete curability, the development of an optimal surgical strategy considering preoperative examinations and intraoperative findings is essential.

Surgical Treatment of Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) is a rare bile duct tumor characterized by intraductal papillary or villous neoplasms covered by neoplastic epithelium with fine fibrovascular stalks in the dilated bile ducts (1). Its true etiology remains unknown. Herein, we report two cases of IPNB that underwent surgical resection. The first case was a 66-year-old male who complained of upper abdominal pain for three years. We found obstruction of the common bile duct and dilation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts after MRCP. Laparoscopic hepatic segmentectomy (S2, S3, S4), resection of the common bile duct, cholecystectomy, and hepaticojejunostomy were performed. The second case was a 67-year-old male with asymptomatic dilation of the intrahepatic duct. The patient underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic hepatic segmentectomy (S5, S6, S7, S8), resection of the common bile duct, hepaticojejunostomy and cholecystectomy.

Precursor Lesions of Gallbladder Carcinoma: Disease Concept, Pathology, and Genetics

Understanding the pathogenesis and carcinogenesis of gallbladder adenocarcinoma is important. The fifth edition of the World Health Organization’s tumor classification of the digestive system indicates three types of preinvasive neoplasm of the gallbladder: pyloric gland adenoma (PGA), biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN), and intracholecystic papillary neoplasm (ICPN). New terminologies have also been introduced, such as intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasm, gastric pyloric, simple mucinous type, and intracholecystic tubular non-mucinous neoplasm (ICTN). Pancreatobiliary maljunction (PBM) poses a markedly high risk for bile duct carcinoma, which was analyzed and investigated mainly by Asian researchers in the past; however, recent studies have clarified a similar significance of biliary carcinogenesis in Western countries as well. In this study, we reviewed and summarized information on three gallbladder neoplastic precursors, PGA, BilIN, and ICPN, and gallbladder lesions in patients with PBM.

Intracystic papillary neoplasm of the gallbladder concomitant with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: a case report

BACKGROUND

The intracystic papillary neoplasm (ICPN) is a newly established disease concept. It has been regarded as a preinvasive neoplastic lesion, similar to intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Limited information is available on the clinical and imaging features of ICPN.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 65-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for assessment of a gallbladder tumor. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed a papillary tumor in the fundus of the gallbladder with irregular thickening of the gallbladder wall that spread into the cystic duct. The boundary between the tumor and liver was unclear. The patient was diagnosed with gallbladder cancer with liver invasion. We performed extended cholecystectomy with liver bed resection after confirming the absence of cancer cells in the resection margin of the cystic duct. After pathological examination, the tumor was diagnosed as an ICPN with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 8 with no complications.

CONCLUSIONS

We have described a rare case of ICPN concomitant with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Clinicians should include ICPN as a differential diagnosis in patients with a papillary or polypoid tumor in the gallbladder.

Intracholecystic papillary neoplasm arising in the cystic duct and extending into common bile duct: a case report

An 83-year-old man without specific symptoms was referred to our hospital for further evaluation and treatment of apparent double primary tumors of the cystic duct and common bile duct. Computed tomography showed contrast-enhanced solid tumors in the cystic duct and common bile duct. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that the bile duct tumor was isointense on T1-weighted images and had low intensity on T2-weighted images. In addition, the bile duct tumor showed high intensity on diffusion-weighted images. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed the tumor of the common bile duct and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrated a filling defect in the bile duct. The cystic duct was not identified on endoscopic ultrasonography or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Transpapillary biopsy of the bile duct tumor showed adenocarcinoma. The patient was diagnosed with double primary tumors of the cystic duct and the common bile duct and underwent subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. Microscopic examination with molecular profiling of the tumors revealed a high-grade noninvasive intracholecystic papillary neoplasm of the cystic duct extending into the common bile duct and forming a tubulopapillary neoplasm with invasion of the common bile duct.

Progression to invasive cancer after snare polypectomy of intracholecystic papillary neoplasms during gallbladder stone removal by percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopy: a case report

Background

Intracholecystic papillary neoplasms (ICPNs) of the gallbladder are rare, preinvasive lesions characterized by an intracholecystic papillary growth that may be associated with invasive adenocarcinoma. The natural history of ICPN is unknown. Here, we report a case of ICPN, highlighting its natural course.

Case presentation

A 79-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with perforated cholecystitis. After percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage, due to the presence of surgical risk factors, we opted to perform gallstone removal through percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy instead of cholecystectomy. ICPN, which was accidentally detected after the removal of the gallbladder stones, was also endoscopically removed. After 4 years, the patient came back to the hospital with a large gallbladder mass. After cholecystectomy, pathological examination revealed ICPN with invasive adenocarcinoma.

Conclusion

The current case showed endoscopic findings of ICPN and its natural progression, particularly its clinicopathological features and outcomes.