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Shakerian N, Darzi-Eslam E, Afsharnoori F, Bana N, Noorabad Ghahroodi F, Tarin M, Mard-Soltani M, Khalesi B, Hashemi ZS, Khalili S. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of exosomes in colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2024; 41:203. [PMID: 39031221 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes play a key role in colorectal cancer (CRC) related processes. This review explores the various functions of exosomes in CRC and their potential as diagnostic markers, therapeutic targets, and drug delivery vehicles. Exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) significantly influence CRC progression. Specific exosomal lncRNAs are linked to drug resistance and tumor growth, respectively, highlighting their therapeutic potential. Similarly, miRNAs like miR-21, miR-10b, and miR-92a-3p, carried by exosomes, contribute to chemotherapy resistance by altering signaling pathways and gene expression in CRC cells. The review also discusses exosomes' utility in CRC diagnosis. Exosomes from cancer cells have distinct molecular signatures compared to healthy cells, making them reliable biomarkers. Specific exosomal lncRNAs (e.g., CRNDE-h) and miRNAs (e.g., miR-17-92a) have shown effectiveness in early CRC detection and monitoring of treatment responses. Furthermore, exosomes show promise as vehicles for targeted drug delivery. The potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes in CRC treatment is also noted, with their role varying from promoting to inhibiting tumor progression. The application of multi-omics approaches to exosome research is highlighted, emphasizing the potential for discovering novel CRC biomarkers through comprehensive genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses. The review also explores the emerging field of exosome-based vaccines, which utilize exosomes' natural properties to elicit strong immune responses. In conclusion, exosomes represent a promising frontier in CRC research, offering new avenues for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Their unique properties and versatile functions underscore the need for continued investigation into their clinical applications and underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Shakerian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Elham Darzi-Eslam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Afsharnoori
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Bana
- Kish International Campus, University of Teheran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Noorabad Ghahroodi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Tarin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maysam Mard-Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Bahman Khalesi
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Education and Extension Organization, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Karaj, 3197619751, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Hashemi
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran.
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Benmokhtar S, Laraqui A, Hilali F, Bajjou T, El Zaitouni S, Jafari M, Baba W, Elannaz H, Lahlou IA, Hafsa C, Oukabli M, Mahfoud T, Tanz R, Ichou M, Ennibi K, Dakka N, Sekhsokh Y. RAS/RAF/MAPK Pathway Mutations as Predictive Biomarkers in Middle Eastern Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2024; 18:11795549241255651. [PMID: 38798959 PMCID: PMC11128178 DOI: 10.1177/11795549241255651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This review article aims to investigate the prevalence and spectrum of rat sarcoma (RAS) and V-Raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B (BRAF) mutations, and their connection with geographical location, clinicopathological features, and other relevant factors in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in the Middle East. Methods A systematic literature review, employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, was conducted to investigate the association between the frequency of relevant mutations and the descriptive clinicopathological characteristics of CRC patients. Multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched to analyze the relevant literature. Results A total of 19 eligible studies comprising 2960 patients with CRC were included in this review. A comprehensive analysis of the collected literature data as well as descriptive and methodological insights is provided. Men were predominant in reviewed studies for the region, accounting for 58.6%. Overall, RAS mutation prevalence was 38.1%. Kirsten RAS Viral Oncogene Homolog (KRAS) mutations were the most common, accounting for 37.1% of cases and distributed among different exons, with the G12D mutation being the most frequent in exon 2 (23.2%) followed by G12V (13.7%), G13D (10.1%), G12C (5.1%), G12A (5.04%), and G12S (3.6%). Neuroblastoma RAS Viral Oncogene Homolog (NRAS) mutations were identified in 3.3% of tumor samples, with the most common mutation site located in exons 2, 3, and 4, and codon 61 being the most common location for the region. The total mutation frequency in the BRAF gene was 2.6%, with the V600E mutation being the most common. Conclusion The distribution patterns of RAS and BRAF mutations among CRC patients exhibit notable variations across diverse ethnic groups. Our study sheds light on this phenomenon by demonstrating a higher prevalence of KRAS mutations in CRC patients from the Middle East, as compared with those from other regions. The identification of these mutations and geographical differences is important for personalized treatment planning and could potentially aid in the development of novel targeted therapies. The distinct distribution patterns of RAS and BRAF mutations among CRC patients across different ethnic groups, as well as the regional variability in mutation prevalence, highlight the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Benmokhtar
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelilah Laraqui
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Farida Hilali
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tahar Bajjou
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sara El Zaitouni
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Meryem Jafari
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Walid Baba
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham Elannaz
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Idriss Amine Lahlou
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Chahdi Hafsa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Oukabli
- Department of Pathology, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tarik Mahfoud
- Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Tanz
- Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ichou
- Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khaled Ennibi
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nadia Dakka
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Yassine Sekhsokh
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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El Zaitouni S, Laraqui A, Ghaouti M, Benzekri A, Kettani F, Bajjou T, Sekhsokh Y, Benmokhtar S, Jafari M, Baba W, Oukabli M, El Annaz H, Abi R, Tagajdid MR, El Kochri S, Lahlou IA, Ameziane El Hassani R, Ennibi K. KRAS, NRAS and BRAF Mutational Profile of Colorectal Cancer in a Series of Moroccan Patients. Cancer Control 2024; 31:10732748241262179. [PMID: 38875469 PMCID: PMC11179507 DOI: 10.1177/10732748241262179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to evaluate the frequencies of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations and their possible associations with clinicopathological features in 249 Moroccan patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS A retrospective investigation of a cohort of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 249 patients with CRC was screened for KRAS/NRAS/BRAF mutations using Idylla™ technology and pyrosequencing. RESULTS KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations were revealed in 46.6% (116/249), 5.6% (14/249), and 2.4% (6/249) of patients. KRAS exon 2 mutations were identified in 87.9% of patients (102/116). KRAS G12D and G12 C were the most frequent, at 32.8% and 12.93%, respectively. Among the patients with KRAS exon 2 wild-type (wt), 27.6% (32/116) harbored additional KRAS mutations. Concurrent KRAS mutations were identified in 9.5% (11/116); including six in codon 146 (A146P/T/V), three in codon 61 (Q61H/L/R), one in codon 12 (G12 A and Q61H), and one in codon 13 (G13D and Q61 L). Among the NRAS exon 2 wt patients, 64.3% (9/14) harbored additional NRAS mutations. Concurrent NRAS mutations were identified in 28.6% (4/14) of NRAS-mutant patients. Since 3.2% wt KRAS were identified with NRAS mutations, concomitant KRAS and NRAS mutations were identified in 2.4% (6/249) of patients. KRAS mutations were higher in the >50-year-old age-group (P = .031), and the tumor location was revealed to be significantly associated with KRAS mutations (P = .028) predominantly in left colon (27.5%) and colon (42.2%) locations. NRAS mutations were most prevalent in the left colon (42.8%) and in well-differentiated tumors (64.2%). CONCLUSION Detection of KRAS mutations, particularly the G12 C subtype, may be significant for patients with CRC and has possible therapeutic implications. However, rare KRAS concomitant mutations in CRC patients suggest that each individual may present distinct therapeutic responses. KRAS testing alongside the identification of other affected genes in the same patient will make the treatments even more personalized by contributing more accurately to the clinical decision process. Overall, early diagnosis using novel molecular techniques may improve the management of CRC by providing the most efficient therapies for Moroccan patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara El Zaitouni
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelilah Laraqui
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Meriem Ghaouti
- Department of Pathology, Nations-Unites Pathology Center, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Asmae Benzekri
- Department of Pathology, Nations-Unites Pathology Center, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fouad Kettani
- Department of Pathology, Nations-Unites Pathology Center, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tahar Bajjou
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Yassine Sekhsokh
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Soukaina Benmokhtar
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Meryem Jafari
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Walid Baba
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Oukabli
- Department of Pathology, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham El Annaz
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Abi
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Rida Tagajdid
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Safae El Kochri
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Idriss Amine Lahlou
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rabii Ameziane El Hassani
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khalid Ennibi
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious, and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
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Mahdi Y, Khmou M, Souadka A, Agouri HE, Ech-Charif S, Mounjid C, Khannoussi BE. Correlation between KRAS and NRAS mutational status and clinicopathological features in 414 cases of metastatic colorectal cancer in Morocco: the largest North African case series. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:193. [PMID: 37277698 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in molecular biology have improved understanding of the molecular features of carcinogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer. It is clear that the efficacy of anti-EGFR depends upon the RAS mutational status, since any mutation in RAS is associated with resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. The aim of this study is to report the largest North African description of KRAS and NRAS status in metastatic colorectal cancer and to describe the association of these mutations with clinicopathological characteristics. METHODS This is a prospective study of all consecutive unselected metastatic colorectal cancer samples, collected from the Laboratory of Pathology at the National Institute of Oncology of Rabat, Morocco, from January 1st 2020 to December 31st 2021. The molecular analysis was performed on the Idylla™ platform (fully automated real-time polymerase chain reaction-based assay) for KRAS and NRAS mutations in exons 2, 3 and 4. These mutations were correlated to gender, primary tumor site, histological type and degree of differentiation of tumor using adequate statistical methods. RESULTS Four hundred fourteen colorectal tumors were screened for KRAS and NRAS mutations. These mutations occurred in 51.7% of tumors for KRAS (mainly in exon 12) and in 3% of tumors for NRAS. There was a significant correlation between NRAS mutation and age of colorectal patients in this study. The low rate of invalid RAS tests (1.7% for KRAS and 3.1% for NRAS) was certainly obtained due to the strict respect of pre-analytical factors such as cold ischemia time and formalin fixation. CONCLUSION We report the largest North African analysis of NRAS and KRAS status in colorectal metastatic patients. This study showed the ability in low middle income countries to perform a high rate of valid tests and the unusual trend towards older patients for NRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Mahdi
- Pathology department, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco.
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Mouna Khmou
- Pathology department, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Amine Souadka
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Surgical Oncology department, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hajar El Agouri
- Pathology department, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Chaimaa Mounjid
- Pathology department, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies (BioPath), Faculty of sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Basma El Khannoussi
- Pathology department, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
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Manirakiza F, Rutaganda E, Yamada H, Iwashita Y, Rugwizangoga B, Seminega B, Dusabejambo V, Ntakirutimana G, Ruhangaza D, Uwineza A, Shinmura K, Sugimura H. Clinicopathological Characteristics and Mutational Landscape of APC, HOXB13, and KRAS among Rwandan Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4359-4374. [PMID: 37232746 PMCID: PMC10217012 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer research in Rwanda is estimated to be less than 1% of the total African cancer research output with limited research on colorectal cancer (CRC). Rwandan patients with CRC are young, with more females being affected than males, and most patients present with advanced disease. Considering the paucity of oncological genetic studies in this population, we investigated the mutational status of CRC tissues, focusing on the Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS), and Homeobox B13 (HOXB13) genes. Our aim was to determine whether there were any differences between Rwandan patients and other populations. To do so, we performed Sanger sequencing of the DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded adenocarcinoma samples from 54 patients (mean age: 60 years). Most tumors were located in the rectum (83.3%), and 92.6% of the tumors were low-grade. Most patients (70.4%) reported never smoking, and 61.1% of patients had consumed alcohol. We identified 27 variants of APC, including 3 novel mutations (c.4310_4319delAAACACCTCC, c.4463_4470delinsA, and c.4506_4507delT). All three novel mutations are classified as deleterious by MutationTaster2021. We found four synonymous variants (c.330C>A, c.366C>T, c.513T>C, and c.735G>A) of HOXB13. For KRAS, we found six variants (Asp173, Gly13Asp, Gly12Ala, Gly12Asp, Gly12Val, and Gln61His), the last four of which are pathogenic. In conclusion, here we contribute new genetic variation data and provide clinicopathological information pertinent to CRC in Rwanda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Manirakiza
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda; (F.M.)
- Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (H.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Eric Rutaganda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
| | - Hidetaka Yamada
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (H.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuji Iwashita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (H.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Belson Rugwizangoga
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda; (F.M.)
- Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
| | - Benoit Seminega
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
| | - Vincent Dusabejambo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
| | - Gervais Ntakirutimana
- Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
| | | | - Annette Uwineza
- Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda
| | - Kazuya Shinmura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (H.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Haruhiko Sugimura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (H.Y.); (Y.I.)
- Sasaki Institute Sasaki Foundation, 2-2 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Benmokhtar S, Laraqui A, El Boukhrissi F, Hilali F, Bajjou T, Jafari M, Elzaitouni S, Baba W, El Mchichi B, Elannaz H, Lahlou IA, Chahdi H, Oukabli M, Mahfoud T, Tanz R, Ichou M, Ennibi K, Dakka N, Sekhsokh Y. Clinical Significance of Somatic Mutations in RAS/RAF/MAPK Signaling Pathway in Moroccan and North African Colorectal Cancer Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:3725-3733. [PMID: 36444585 PMCID: PMC9930961 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.11.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in RAS (KRAS, NRAS) and BRAF genes are the main biomarker predicting response to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in targeted therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). OBJECTIVE Our study aims to evaluate the frequencies of KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations and their possible associations with clinico-pathological features in CRC patients from Morocco. METHODS DNA was extracted from 80 FFPE samples using the QIAamp DNA FFPE-kit. RAS and BRAF mutations were assessed by pyrosequencing assays using Qiagen, KRAS Pyro®kit 24.V1, Ras-Extension Pyro®kit 24.V1 and BRAF Pyro®Kit 24.V1, respectively, and carried out in the PyroMark-Q24. RESULTS RAS mutations were identified in 57.5% (56.2% in KRAS, 8.8% in NRAS). In KRAS gene, exon 2 mutations accounted for 93.3% (68.9% in codon 12, 24.4% in codon 13). Within codon 12, G12D was the most prevalent mutation (37.7%), followed by G12C (13.4%), G12S (8.9%) and G12V (6.6%). Within codon 13, the most frequently observed mutation was G13D (22.3%). The mutation rates of exon 3 and 4 were 15.6% and 13.3%, respectively. In exon 3 codon 61, 2.3% patients were detected with two concurrent mutations (Q61R, Q61H), and 4.4% with three concurrent mutations (Q61R, Q61H, Q61L). In NRAS gene, the mutation rates of exon 2, 3 and 4 were 57.1%, 28.6%, and 14.3%, respectively. G13A and Q61H were the most common mutations, accounting for 42.9% and 28.5%, respectively. There were 13% patients with concurrent KRAS/NRAS mutation and 4.3% wt KRAS with NRAS mutations. No mutations were identified in BRAF gene. In both sexes, KRAS codon 12 mutations were associated with higher stage III/IV tumors. Moreover, Patients whose tumor is in the proximal colon (56.3%) are more likely to harbor KRAS mutations than those tumor located in rectum (25%). CONCLUSION RAS mutations could be useful in future target anti-EGFR therapy and molecular CRC screening strategy in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Benmokhtar
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco. ,Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco. ,For Correspondence:
| | - Abdelilah Laraqui
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco. ,Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Fatima El Boukhrissi
- Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, Morocco.
| | - Farida Hilali
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Tahar Bajjou
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Meryem Jafari
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Sara Elzaitouni
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Walid Baba
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Bouchra El Mchichi
- Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Hicham Elannaz
- Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Idriss Amine Lahlou
- Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Hafsa Chahdi
- Department of Pathology, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Mohamed Oukabli
- Department of Pathology, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Tarik Mahfoud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Rachid Tanz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Mohamed Ichou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Khaled Ennibi
- Sequencing Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco. ,Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Nadia Dakka
- Faculty ofMedicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, University Mohammed V, Morocco.
| | - Yassine Sekhsokh
- Laboratory of Research and Biosafety P3, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
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7
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Mousavi N, Truelsen SLB, Bernth-Andersen S, Koch A, Heegaard S. Mutation of KRAS in colorectal adenocarcinoma in Greenland. APMIS 2022; 130:493-497. [PMID: 35655437 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
KRAS mutation is one of the most frequent driver mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC) and is also a prognostic biomarker. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of KRAS mutations over time in the Greenlandic population diagnosed with CRC. In total, 578 patients with the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma between 1988 and 2017 were identified. The status of KRAS and the mutational subtypes of KRAS mutations were determined in 102 representative samples by the Idylla™ platform in the time periods 1988-1990, 2002-2004, and 2015-2017. The results showed that the frequency of the KRAS mutations increased significantly, from 27% in 1988-1990 to 43% in 2015-2017 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the most frequent subtypes of KRAS mutations in Greenland were G12D (c.35G > A) with 14%, G12V (c.35G > T) with 7%, and G13D (c.38G > A) with 6%. In conclusion, this study showed that the frequency of KRAS mutations in CRC has been increasing in recent decades in the specific population of Greenland. The results of this study may be used in initiatives related to targeted therapy of CRC in specific ethnicities and in investigations focusing on the environmental factors of cancer-related somatic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabi Mousavi
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anders Koch
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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