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Baarslag MA, Heimovaara JH, Borgers JSW, van Aerde KJ, Koenen HJPM, Smeets RL, Buitelaar PLM, Pluim D, Vos S, Henriet SSV, de Groot JWB, van Grotel M, Rosing H, Beijnen JH, Huitema ADR, Haanen JBAG, Amant F, Gierenz N. Severe Immune-Related Enteritis after In Utero Exposure to Pembrolizumab. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:1790-1796. [PMID: 37937778 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2308135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has become standard treatment for many types of cancer. Such therapy is indicated most often in patients with advanced or metastatic disease but has been increasingly used as adjuvant therapy in those with early-stage disease. Adverse events include immune-related organ inflammation resembling autoimmune diseases. We describe a case of severe immune-related gastroenterocolitis in a 4-month-old infant who presented with intractable diarrhea and failure to thrive after in utero exposure to pembrolizumab. Known causes of the symptoms were ruled out, and the diagnosis of pembrolizumab-induced immune-related gastroenterocolitis was supported by the results of histopathological assays, immunophenotyping, and analysis of the level of antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). The infant's condition was successfully treated with prednisolone and infliximab.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Infant
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Enteritis/chemically induced
- Enteritis/diagnosis
- Enteritis/drug therapy
- Enteritis/immunology
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Failure to Thrive/chemically induced
- Failure to Thrive/immunology
- Diarrhea, Infantile/chemically induced
- Diarrhea, Infantile/immunology
- Gastroenteritis/chemically induced
- Gastroenteritis/diagnosis
- Gastroenteritis/drug therapy
- Gastroenteritis/immunology
- Enterocolitis/chemically induced
- Enterocolitis/diagnosis
- Enterocolitis/drug therapy
- Enterocolitis/immunology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Baarslag
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joosje H Heimovaara
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessica S W Borgers
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen J van Aerde
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben L Smeets
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline L M Buitelaar
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dick Pluim
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shoko Vos
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie S V Henriet
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Willem B de Groot
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine van Grotel
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Rosing
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - John B A G Haanen
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Amant
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Gierenz
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (M.A.B.), Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology (K.J.A., S.S.V.H.), Pathology (S.V.), and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N.G.), Amalia Children's Hospital, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology (H.J.P.M.K., R.L.S.), and the Radboudumc Laboratory for Diagnostics (R.L.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Departments of Gynecologic Oncology (J.H.H., F.A.), Medical Oncology (J.S.W.B., J.B.A.G.H.), Pharmacy and Pharmacology (P.L.M.B., H.R., J.H.B., A.D.R.H.), and Pharmacology (D.P.), Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle (J.W.B.G.), the Departments of Pediatric Oncology (M.G.) and Pharmacology (A.D.R.H.), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, and the Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.H.B.) and Clinical Pharmacy (A.D.R.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - all in the Netherlands; and the Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (J.H.H., F.A.), and the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (F.A.) - both in Leuven, Belgium
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