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Jiang S, Li S, Pang S, Liu M, Sun H, Zhang N, Liu J. A systematic review: Sinomenine. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29976. [PMID: 38765107 PMCID: PMC11098800 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine (SIN), an alkaloid derived from the traditional Chinese medicine, Caulis Sinomenii, has been used as an anti-inflammatory drug in China for over 30 years. With the continuous increase in research on the pharmacological mechanism of SIN, it has been found that, in addition to the typical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment, SIN can be used as a potentially effective therapeutic drug for anti-tumour, anti-renal, and anti-nervous system diseases. By reviewing a large amount of literature and conducting a summary analysis of the literature pertaining to the pharmacological mechanism of SIN, we completed a review that focused on SIN, found that the current research is insufficient, and offered an outlook for future SIN development. We hope that this review will increase the public understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of SIN, discover SIN research trial shortcomings, and promote the effective treatment of immune diseases, inflammation, and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China
- Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, 418000, PR China
| | - Shuang Li
- Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, 418000, PR China
- College Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, 154000, PR China
| | - Siyuan Pang
- Hunan Zhengqing Pharmaceutical Company Group Ltd, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, 418000, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Huifeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, 418000, PR China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410208, PR China
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Bi F, Zhang Y, Liu W, Xie K. Sinomenine activation of Nrf2 signaling prevents inflammation and cerebral injury in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:647. [PMID: 33968178 PMCID: PMC8097210 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine (SINO), which is used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and neuralgia, is derived from the root and stems of Sinomenium acutum. SINO has been reported to exert analgesic, sedative and anti-inflammatory effects, and provides a protective role against shock and organ damage. Studies have suggested that SINO primarily exerts it anti-inflammatory function by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. There is also evidence to indicate that SINO may regulate inflammation Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling. The present study aimed to investigate whether the anti-inflammatory and cerebral protective effects of SINO were induced through Nrf2 both in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that SINO significantly upregulated Nrf2 protein expression levels, increased Nrf2 nuclear translocation and the upregulated the protein expression levels of downstream factors. The treatment of a middle cerebral artery occlusion model mice with SINO effectively reduced cerebral damage and inflammation, and restored the balance in cerebral oxidative stress. In addition, SINO treatment also promoted Nrf2-dependent microglia M1/M2 polarization and inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα as well as NF-κB nuclear translocation. This revealed an important upstream event that contributed to its anti-inflammatory and cerebral tissue protective effects. In conclusion, the findings of the present study identified a novel pathway through which SINO may exert its anti-inflammatory and cerebral protective functions, and provided a molecular basis for the potential applications of SINO in the treatment of cerebral inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Bi
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Peihua University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710125, P.R. China
| | - Yiyong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Jiyang District People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 251401, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, College of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Keliang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Jiyang District People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 251401, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University (Weifang People's Hospital), Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
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Abstract
Programed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1, B7-H1, CD274) is a coinhibitory molecule that plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of both neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases. However, the role of PD-L1 in primary and secondary renal diseases remains to be clarified. Previous studies have shown that both intracellular and intercellular PD-L1 participate in renal diseases via complex mechanisms. PD-L1 plays a dual role in lupus nephritis and has a protective effect in renal ischemia reperfusion injury and nephrotoxic nephritis but not in proliferative immune complex glomerulonephritis. PD-L1 supplementation, anti-PD-L1 antibodies, and D-peptide antagonists have promising application prospects in the treatment of renal diseases. In this review, we summarize the available data published on PD-L1 in renal diseases for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The Sixth affiliated hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongpei Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Sixth affiliated hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Liu S, Xu S, Wang Z, Guo Y, Pan W, Shen Z. Anti-Depressant-Like Effect of Sinomenine on Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depression in a Mouse Model. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:7646-7653. [PMID: 30362468 PMCID: PMC6215386 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinomenine (SIN) is an extract of the Chinese medicinal herb Sinomenium acutum; it has various pharmacological properties, including immunosuppression and anti-inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate whether SIN has an anti-depressant-like effect in a mouse model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A mouse model of depression was established and treated with different concentrations of SIN (30, 100, or 300 mg/kg). Then, behavioral tests, including sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FST), and the tail suspension test (TST), were performed. The levels of norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β] interleukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) in the hippocampus of mice were detected by ELISA assay. The levels of p-p38, p-p65, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 were measured by Western blot or/and qRT-PCR. RESULTS The results showed that SIN significantly relieved CUMSinduced depressive-like behaviors. Compared with the model mice, SIN treatment significantly increased the sucrose preference of the mice, and the immobility time in the forced swimming and the tail suspension test were shortened. In addition, SIN decreased CUMS-induced reduction in the concentrations of NE and 5-HT in the hippocampus of mice. SIN reduced CUMS-induced increases in the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus of mice. Furthermore, activation of the p38MAPK-NF-κB pathway and the nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome induced by CUMS were inhibited by SIN treatment. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results indicate the antidepressantlike effects of SIN on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbing Liu
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Shuiling Xu
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhijian Wang
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yanjun Guo
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Weiwei Pan
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongfei Shen
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Dong B. Protective Effects of Sinomenine Against Ankylosing Spondylitis and the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3631-3636. [PMID: 29849019 PMCID: PMC6007288 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effect and underlying molecular mechanism of sinomenine (SIN) on ankylosing spondylitis (AS). MATERIAL AND METHODS To study the potential role of SIN in the pathogenesis of AS, an AS mouse model was established and mice were treated with different concentrations of SIN (10, 30, and 50 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally). Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were determined by ELISA assay. Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR were used to quantify the levels of related proteins and gene mRNA expression. RESULTS The results suggest that AS mice has higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p<0.01 for all), and lower levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (p<0.01 for all). SIN treatment reduced the level of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner, and the levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX were dose-dependently increased (p<0.05 for all). The results also revealed that NF-κBp65 expression decreased, while the level of IkB increased, in a dose-dependent manner, after SIN treatment in AS mice (p<0.05 for all). The level of p-p38 was dose-dependently reduced in AS mice by SIN treatment (p<0.05). Moreover, SIN inhibited Cox-2 expression in AS mice in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS SIN has a beneficial role in AS through suppressing inflammatory mediators and by down-regulating oxidative stress via inhibiting the MAPKp38/NF-kB pathway and Cox-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, No. 2 Ward of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
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Yuan Y, Zhang Y, He X, Fan S. Protective Effects of Sinomenine on CFA-Induced Inflammatory Pain in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2018-2024. [PMID: 29620048 PMCID: PMC5903310 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sinomenine (SIN) on CFA-induced inflammatory pain in rats, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Material/Methods To determine the potential influences of SIN in the pathogenesis of inflammatory pain, an inflammatory pain (IP) mouse model was established and rats were treated with SIN (30 mg/kg). Behavioral tests were used to assess the MWT and TWL of the rats. ELISA assay was used to detect the level of inflammation cytokines. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were carried out to measure the related protein and mRNA expression level, respectively. Results We found that the MWT and TWL of the CFA-treated rats were markedly lower than that of the control rats, and they were significantly increased by SIN administration. The results suggest that IP rats had higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 compared with the control rats. SIN administration decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. In addition, we found that p-p65 and p-p38 expression notably decreased after SIN treatment in IP rats. Moreover, the results showed that SIN inhibited Cox-2 and PGE2 expression in IP rats. Conclusions The data indicate that SIN had a protective role in inflammatory pain through repressing inflammatory mediators via preventing the p38MAPK-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaofeng He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Shengdeng Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Zhang X, Rui L, Wang M, Lian H, Cai L. Sinomenine Attenuates Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1574-1580. [PMID: 29549235 PMCID: PMC5870109 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of sinomenine (SIN) on chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)- induced lung injury in rats, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Material/Methods To perform the investigation, a CIH rat model was established. ELISA assay was applied to detect the level of inflammatory cytokines. Oxidative stress bio-markers (MDA, SOD, and CAT) were determined in lung tissues. In addition, the expression level of NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) was analyzed by Western blotting and qRT-PCR, respectively. Results The results showed that compared with other groups, more obvious pulmonary pathological changes were observed in the CIH group. The level of inflammatory cytokines in the CIH group was markedly higher than that in the control and Con-S groups. Compared with the control and Con-S groups, oxidative stress was notably increased in the CIH group. Expression of Nox2 was also increased in the CIH group. The effects caused by CIH in rats were attenuated by SIN treatment. Conclusions SIN can reverse chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced lung injury through inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Lijun Rui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Hairong Lian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Liming Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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MRGPRX2 is essential for sinomenine hydrochloride induced anaphylactoid reactions. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 146:214-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yang Y, Wang H, Li L, Li X, Wang Q, Ding H, Wang X, Ye Z, Wu L, Zhang X, Zhou M, Pan H. Sinomenine Provides Neuroprotection in Model of Traumatic Brain Injury via the Nrf2-ARE Pathway. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:580. [PMID: 28066165 PMCID: PMC5179594 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of sinomenine (SIN) has been demonstrated in several brain injury models. However, its role and molecular mechanism in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of SIN in the weight-drop model of TBI in male ICR mice. Mice were randomly divided into the sham and TBI groups, SIN (10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally) or equal volume of vehicle was given at 30 min after TBI. Treatment with 30 mg/kg SIN significantly improved motor performance and alleviated cerebral edema. However, treatment with 10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg SIN did not exhibit a better outcome. Therefore, we chose 30 mg/kg SIN for our subsequent experiments. SIN significantly increased the expression of Bcl-2 and decreased that of cleaved caspase-3, indicating that SIN is anti-apoptotic. This was confirmed by the observation that SIN-treated animals had fewer apoptotic neurons. Cortical malondialdehyde content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were restored in the group that received SIN. Furthermore, Western blot and immunofluorescence experiments showed that SIN enhanced the translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to the nucleus. SIN administration also significantly upregulated the expression of the downstream factors heme oxygenase 1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 at pre- and post-transcriptional levels. Together, these data demonstrate that SIN exerts a neuroprotective effect in a model of TBI, possibly by activating the Nrf2–antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youqing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University (Guangzhou) Nanjing, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University (Guangzhou) Nanjing, China
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University (Guangzhou) Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University Nanjing, China
| | - Zhennan Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University (Guangzhou) Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangsheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University Nanjing, China
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University Nanjing, China
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Yin Q, Xia Y, Wang G. Sinomenine alleviates high glucose-induced renal glomerular endothelial hyperpermeability by inhibiting the activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:881-886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Qin T, Du R, Huang F, Yin S, Yang J, Qin S, Cao W. Sinomenine activation of Nrf2 signaling prevents hyperactive inflammation and kidney injury in a mouse model of obstructive nephropathy. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 92:90-99. [PMID: 26795599 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sinomenine is originally derived from medicinal herb and used preferentially in treatment of rheumatoid diseases in Far East regions. SIN has strong anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory properties, acting mainly through inhibiting NF-kB signaling. Although the upstream target through which SIN affects NF-kB activity is unknown, evidence suggests that SIN might regulate inflammation through Nrf2 signaling. In this study we explored the role of Nrf2 in mediating SIN's anti-inflammation and kidney protection in a mouse model of obstructive nephropathy. We found that SIN is an activator of Nrf2 signaling. It markedly increased Nrf2 protein level, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, Nef2 transcription capacity, and the downstream protein expression. We further demonstrated that SIN activation of Nrf2 is likely due to its repression of the Nrf2 inhibitor Keap1 since it drastically reduced Keap1 protein through the PKC-sensitive ubiquitination-proteasomal degradation. SIN treatment of nephropathy mice effectively reduced the kidney damage and inflammatory responses, balanced renal oxidative stress, and improved the pathological protein expression in an Nrf2 dependent manner. In addition, SIN also Nrf2-dependently modulated macrophage M1/M2 polarization and inhibited the IkBα phosphorylation and NF-kB nuclear translocation, hence revealing an important upstream event that contributed to its anti-inflammation and tissue protection. Taken together our study has identified a novel pathway through which SIN exerts its anti-inflammation and renal protective functions, and provided a molecular basis for SIN potential applications in the treatment of kidney and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China; School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ronghui Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Fengjie Huang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shasha Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Siyuan Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Wangsen Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
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