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Lu T, Xie F, Huang C, Zhou L, Lai K, Gong Y, Li Z, Li L, Liang J, Cong Q, Li W, Ju R, Zhang SX, Jin C. ERp29 Attenuates Nicotine-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15523. [PMID: 37958506 PMCID: PMC10649101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells is thought to be one pathological mechanism underlying age-related macular degeneration (AMD). ERp29 attenuates tobacco extract-induced ER stress and mitigates tight junction damage in RPE cells. Herein, we aimed to further investigate the role of ERp29 in nicotine-induced ER stress and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). We found that the expression of ERp29 and GRP78 in ARPE-19 cells was increased in response to nicotine exposure. Overexpression of ERp29 decreased the levels of GRP78 and the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Knockdown of ERp29 increased the levels of GRP78 and CHOP while reducing the viability of ARPE-19 cells under nicotine exposure conditions. In the ARPE-19 cell/macrophage coculture system, overexpression of ERp29 decreased the levels of M2 markers and increased the levels of M1 markers. The viability, migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were inhibited by conditioned medium from the ERp29-overexpressing group. Moreover, overexpression of ERp29 inhibits the activity and growth of CNV in mice exposed to nicotine in vivo. Taken together, our results revealed that ERp29 attenuated nicotine-induced ER stress, regulated macrophage polarization and inhibited CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Fangfang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chuangxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Kunbei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yajun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Longhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jiandong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qifeng Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Sarah X. Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Chenjin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Migheli R, Lostia G, Galleri G, Rocchitta G, Serra PA, Campesi I, Bassareo V, Acquas E, Peana AT. New perspective for an old drug: Can naloxone be considered an antioxidant agent? Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101441. [PMID: 36875795 PMCID: PMC9975616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental evidence indicates that Naloxone (NLX) holds antioxidant properties. The present study aims at verifying the hypothesis that NLX could prevent oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in PC12 cells. Methods To investigate the antioxidant effect of NLX, initially, we performed electrochemical experiments by means of platinum-based sensors in a cell-free system. Subsequently, NLX was tested in PC12 cells on H2O2-induced overproduction of intracellular levels of reactive-oxygen-species (ROS), apoptosis, modification of cells' cycle distribution and damage of cells' plasma membrane. Results This study reveals that NLX counteracts intracellular ROS production, reduces H2O2-induced apoptosis levels, and prevents the oxidative damage-dependent increases of the percentage of cells in G2/M phase. Likewise, NLX protects PC12 cells from H2O2- induced oxidative damage, by preventing the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Moreover, electrochemical experiments confirmed the antioxidant properties of NLX. Conclusion Overall, these findings provide a starting point for studying further the protective effects of NLX on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Migheli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Giada Lostia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Grazia Galleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Campesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Bassareo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center of Excellence for the Study of Neurobiology of Addiction, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elio Acquas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences and Center of Excellence for the Study of Neurobiology of Addiction, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra T. Peana
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Corresponding author.
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AVCI O, TAŞKIRAN AŞ. Anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, increases the morphine analgesic effect and decreases morphine tolerance development by modulating oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:2048-2058. [PMID: 32659878 PMCID: PMC7775719 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2005-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Recent studies have shown that inflammation plays a role in morphine analgesia and tolerance development. Anakinra is a competitive inhibitor of IL-1 receptors and an antiinflammatory protein regulating IL-1β’s biological activity by avoiding signal transduction. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of anakinra on morphine analgesia and tolerance. Materials and methods In this study, 36 Wistar Albino (230–250 g) male rats were used. Animals were divided into 6 groups: saline (S), 100 mg/kg anakinra (A), 5mg/kg morphine (M), M+A, morphine tolerance (MT), and MT+A. The resulting analgesic effect was measured with hot plate and tail-flick analgesia tests. After the analgesia tests, the dorsal root ganglions (DRG) tissues were removed. Oxidative stress parameters [total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS)], endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis proteins [E74-like factor 2 (elF-2α), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-3, and bcl-2-associated X protein (bax)] were measured in DRG tissues. Results Anakinra showed an antinociceptive effect when given alone (P < 0.001). In addition, anakinra increased the analgesic effect of morphine (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), and also decreased the tolerance to morphine at a significant level (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Moreover, it decreased oxidative stress and ER-stress when given as a single-dose morphine and tolerance induction (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001). Furthermore, anakinra decreased apoptosis proteins after tolerance development (P < 0.001). Conclusion Anakinra has antinociceptive properties, and it increases the analgesic effect of morphine and also prevents tolerance development. These effects probably occur by the modulation of oxidative stress and ER-stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur AVCI
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, SivasTurkey
| | - Ahmet Şevki TAŞKIRAN
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, SivasTurkey
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Tsai SYA, Bendriem RM, Lee CTD. The cellular basis of fetal endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in drug-induced neurodevelopmental deficits. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 10:100145. [PMID: 30937351 PMCID: PMC6430408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal substance exposure is a growing public health concern worldwide. Although the opioid crisis remains one of the most prevalent addiction problems in our society, abuse of cocaine, methamphetamines, and other illicit drugs, particularly amongst pregnant women, are nonetheless significant and widespread. Evidence demonstrates prenatal drug exposure can affect fetal brain development and thus can have long-lasting impact on neurobehavioral and cognitive performance later in life. In this review, we highlight research examining the most prevalent drugs of abuse and their effects on brain development with a focus on endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress signaling pathways. A thorough exploration of drug-induced cellular stress mechanisms during prenatal brain development may provide insight into therapeutic interventions to combat effects of prenatal drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y A Tsai
- Integrative Neuroscience Branch, Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Drug Abuse, The National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Raphael M Bendriem
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Chun-Ting D Lee
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
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Liu D, Zhou Y, Peng Y, Su P, Li Z, Xu Q, Tu Y, Tian X, Yang H, Wu Z, Mei W, Gao F. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Spinal Cord Contributes to the Development of Morphine Tolerance. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:72. [PMID: 29559889 PMCID: PMC5845556 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine tolerance remains an intractable problem, which hinders its prolonged use in clinical practice. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been proved to play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, etc. In this study, we provide the first direct evidence that ER stress may be a significant driver of morphine tolerance. Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), the ER stress marker, was significantly upregulated in neurons in spinal dorsal horn in rats being treated with morphine for 7 days. Additionally, chronic morphine treatment resulted in the activation of three arms of unfolded protein response (UPR): inositol-requiring enzyme 1/X-box binding protein 1 (IRE1/XBP1), protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (PERK/eIF2α), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). More importantly, inhibiting either one of the three cascades could attenuate the development of morphine tolerance. Taken together, our results suggest that ER stress in spinal cord might contribute to the development of morphine tolerance. These findings implicate a potential clinical strategy for preventing morphine tolerance and may contribute to expanding the morphine usage in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaqun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yawen Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuebi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Xin JL, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang LZ, Lin Y, Zheng LW. Protective effects of Cervus nippon Temminck velvet antler polypeptides against MPP+‑induced cytotoxicity in SH‑SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5143-5150. [PMID: 28849030 PMCID: PMC5647048 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the protective effects and mechanism of sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) velvet antler polypeptides (VAPs) against MPP+ exposure in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. MPP+ cytotoxicity and the protective effects of VAPs on the SH-SY5Y cells were determined using an MTT assay. Cell apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected using Hoechst 33342 and Rhodamine123 staining, respectively. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the SH-SY5Y cells was detected using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescent probes. The expression levels of proteins, including caspase-12, glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) were detected using western blot analysis. The results showed that the half inhibitory concentration of MPP+ at 72 h was 120.9 µmol/l, and that 62.5, 125, and 250 µg/ml concentrations of VAPs protected the SH-SY5Y cells under MPP+ exposure. When exposed to 120.9 µmol/l MPP+, changes in cell nucleus morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ROS were observed. VAPs at concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250 µg/ml reduced this damage. Western blot analysis showed that protein expression levels of caspase-12, GRP78 and p-JNK were upregulated in the SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 120.9 µmol/l MPP+ for 72 h. In addition, 62.5, 125, and 250 µg/ml VAPs downregulated the expression levels of caspase-12 and p-JNK in a concentration- dependent manner, particularly the p-JNK pathway. The effects of VAPs on GRP78 and CHOP were weak. In conclusion, MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cell death may be linked to ER stress. VAPs prevented MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cell death by affecting the p-JNK pathway and caspase-12-mediated apoptosis. These findings assist in understanding the mechanism underlying the protective effect of VAPs on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Le Xin
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Zhu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Ecology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, Hainan 572000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130051, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Wen Zheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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Huang C, Wang JJ, Jing G, Li J, Jin C, Yu Q, Falkowski MW, Zhang SX. Erp29 Attenuates Cigarette Smoke Extract-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitigates Tight Junction Damage in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:6196-207. [PMID: 26431474 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (ERp29) is a novel chaperone that was recently found decreased in human retinas with AMD. Herein, we examined the effect of ERp29 on cigarette smoke-induced RPE apoptosis and tight junction disruption. METHODS Cultured human RPE (HRPE) cells (ARPE-19) or mouse RPE eyecup explants were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for short (up to 24 hours) or long (up to 3 weeks) periods. Expression of ERp29 was up- and downregulated by adenovirus and siRNA, respectively. Endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, apoptosis, and cell death, the expression and distribution of tight junction protein ZO-1, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and F-actin expression were examined. RESULTS Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 was significantly increased by short-term exposure to CSE in ARPE-19 cells or eyecup explants but was reduced after 3-week exposure. Overexpression of ERp29 increased the levels of GRP78, p58(IPK), and Nrf-2, while reducing p-eIF2α and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and protected RPE cells from CSE-induced apoptosis. In contrast, knockdown of ERp29 decreased the levels of p58(IPK) and Nrf2, but increased p-eIF2α and CHOP and exacerbated CSE-triggered cell death. In addition, overexpression of ERp29 attenuated CSE-induced reduction in ZO-1 and enhanced the RPE barrier function, as measured by TEER. Knockdown of ERp29 decreased the level of ZO-1 protein. These effects were associated with changes in the expression of cytoskeleton F-actin. CONCLUSIONS Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 attenuates CSE-induced ER stress and enhances cell viability and barrier integrity of RPE cells, and therefore may act as a protective mechanism for RPE survival and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 2Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States 3SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States 4Department of Med
| | - Guangjun Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Junhua Li
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States 3SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Chenjin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marek W Falkowski
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States 3SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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