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Muheremu A, Shu L, Liang J, Aili A, Jiang K. Sustained delivery of neurotrophic factors to treat spinal cord injury. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:494-511. [PMID: 34900347 PMCID: PMC8633588 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that results in tremendous physical and psychological harm and a series of socioeconomic problems. Although neurons in the spinal cord need neurotrophic factors for their survival and development to reestablish their connections with their original targets, endogenous neurotrophic factors are scarce and the sustainable delivery of exogeneous neurotrophic factors is challenging. The widely studied neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, nerve growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor have a relatively short cycle that is not sufficient enough for functionally significant neural regeneration after SCI. In the past decades, scholars have tried a variety of cellular and viral vehicles as well as tissue engineering scaffolds to safely and sustainably deliver those necessary neurotrophic factors to the injury site, and achieved satisfactory neural repair and functional recovery on many occasions. Here, we review the neurotrophic factors that have been used in trials to treat SCI, and vehicles that were commonly used for their sustained delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikeremujiang Muheremu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 39 Wuxing Nan Rd, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 39, Wuxing Nan Rd, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abudunaibi Aili
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 39 Wuxing Nan Rd, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
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Hosseini SM, Sharafkhah A, Ziaee SM. Spinal Cord-derived Neural Precursor Cells as a Preventive Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Asian J Neurosurg 2018; 13:1101-1107. [PMID: 30459876 PMCID: PMC6208217 DOI: 10.4103/ajns.ajns_140_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) as one of the most important diseases of central nervous system (CNS) without any definite treatment is still growing in incidence. In addition to trauma, some surgeries such as cardiac and thoracic aorta surgery may result in SCI as a complication. In last years, a promising approach has shed light on this CNS injury thanks to stem cell technology. Stem cell therapy could be considered as a good candidate for transplantation and enhancing neural regeneration in SCI. In this study, we identified the effects of spinal cord-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs) transplantation on SCI in after and before injury injection. Materials and Methods: NPCs were isolated from the adult rat spinal cord and cultured in vitro using complete culture media. After neurosphere formation, the cells were differentiated to neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocyte. The cells were transplanted to the rat model of SCI in 1 day before and 1 day after injury. The animals were followed for 12 weeks to assess their neurological performance. In addition, histological study and inflammatory cytokines levels have been studied. Results: Our results indicate that NPCs infusion both pre- and post-SCI could decrease the level of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the neurological performance and histologic studies showed recovery after this type of injury using NPCs, and it might be due to inflammation modulatory effects on neural stem cells. Conclusion: NPCs therapy for SCI in both two-time points (before and after SCI) could be beneficial and make a neurological recovery. In other words, NPCs therapy could be considered as a therapeutic and also preventive approach for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, Stem Cell Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Sharafkhah
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohyeddin Ziaee
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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3
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Jin L, Li Y, Zhou X, Yuan H. Co-expression network analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs in OPTN-silenced cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1013-1020. [PMID: 29251316 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to reveal the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of the pathogenesis of optineurin (OPTN)-silenced cells. The microarray data set GSE12452 was re-annotated using the non-coding RNA function annotation server to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs. Weighted correlation network analysis was used to construct an lncRNA-lncRNA co-expression network and identify co-expression modules. Three OPTN small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were transiently transfected into HeLa cells. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis were used to detect OPTN expression and select the most effective OPTN siRNA to construct stably transfected cells. RT-qPCR was used to quantify the identified lncRNAs in the OPTN-silenced cells. The potential functions of these modules were explored by the functional enrichment of the corresponding co-expressed genes. A total of 3,495 lncRNAs were re-annotated. Of these, matrix metalloprotease 12 and RP11-169D4.1 were upregulated, and RP1-212P9.2 was downregulated. The results of the RT-qPCR analysis of RP1-212P9.2 and RP11‑169D4.1 were consistent with the re-annotated data in the OPTN‑silenced cells. Gene Ontology analyses indicated that the biological functions of the mRNAs co-expressed with these lncRNAs were associated with gene product regulation, and neuronal migration, polarity and differentiation. In addition, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated that the two validated lncRNAs were associated with the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway and the apoptosis pathway, respectively. In conclusion, the abnormal lncRNAs identified in OPTN-silenced cells indicate that lncRNAs may contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of OPTN-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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4
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Rosich K, Hanna BF, Ibrahim RK, Hellenbrand DJ, Hanna A. The Effects of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:3311-3325. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Rosich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bishoy F. Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ross University School of Medicine, Dominica, West Indies
| | - Rami K. Ibrahim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel J. Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amgad Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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5
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Yao L, Li Y. The Role of Direct Current Electric Field-Guided Stem Cell Migration in Neural Regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:365-75. [PMID: 27108005 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Effective directional axonal growth and neural cell migration are crucial in the neural regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). Endogenous currents have been detected in many developing nervous systems. Experiments have demonstrated that applied direct current (DC) electric fields (EFs) can guide axonal growth in vitro, and attempts have been made to enhance the regrowth of damaged spinal cord axons using DC EFs in in vivo experiments. Recent work has revealed that the migration of stem cells and stem cell-derived neural cells can be guided by DC EFs. These studies have raised the possibility that endogenous and applied DC EFs can be used to direct neural tissue regeneration. Although the mechanism of EF-directed axonal growth and cell migration has not been fully understood, studies have shown that the polarization of cell membrane proteins and the activation of intracellular signaling molecules are involved in the process. The application of EFs is a promising biotechnology for regeneration of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA.
| | - Yongchao Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
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Zhao YZ, Jiang X, Lin Q, Xu HL, Huang YD, Lu CT, Cai J. Thermosensitive heparin-poloxamer hydrogels enhance the effects of GDNF on neuronal circuit remodeling and neuroprotection after spinal cord injury. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2816-2829. [PMID: 28593744 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in paraplegia or quadriplegia, and currently, therapeutic interventions for axonal regeneration after SCI are not clinically available. Animal studies have revealed that glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plays multiple beneficial roles in neuroprotection, glial scarring remodeling, axon regeneration and remyelination in SCI. However, the poor physicochemical stability of GDNF, as well as its limited ability to cross the blood-spinal cord barrier, hampers the development of GDNF as an effective therapeutic intervention in clinical practice. In this study, a novel temperature-sensitive heparin-poloxamer (HP) hydrogel with high GDNF-binding affinity was developed. HP hydrogels showed a supporting scaffold for GDNF when it was injected into the lesion epicenter after SCI. GDNF-HP by orthotopic injection on lesioned spinal cord promoted the beneficial effects of GDNF on neural stem cell proliferation, reactive astrogliosis inhibition, axonal regeneration or plasticity, neuroprotection against cell apoptosis, and body functional recovery. Most interestingly, GDNF demonstrated a bidirectional regulation of autophagy, which inhibited cell apoptosis at different stages of SCI. Furthermore, the HP hydrogel promoted the inhibition of autophagy-induced apoptosis by GDNF in SCI. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2816-2829, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zheng Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China.,Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang University Mingzhou Hospital, Zhejiang, 315104, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China.,Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - He-Lin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Dong Huang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Tao Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.,Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
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Chen BK, Madigan NN, Hakim JS, Dadsetan M, McMahon SS, Yaszemski MJ, Windebank AJ. GDNF Schwann cells in hydrogel scaffolds promote regional axon regeneration, remyelination and functional improvement after spinal cord transection in rats. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e398-e407. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingkun K. Chen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Nicolas N. Madigan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Jeffrey S. Hakim
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Mahrokh Dadsetan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Siobhan S. McMahon
- Department of Medicine; Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland; Galway
| | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Anthony J. Windebank
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
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Combination of grafted Schwann cells and lentiviral-mediated prevention of glial scar formation improve recovery of spinal cord injured rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 76:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Neuro-protective Mechanisms of Lycium barbarum. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:253-63. [PMID: 27033360 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal diseases, including retinal disorders, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and spinal cord injury, affect a large number of people worldwide and cause heavy social and economic burdens. Although many efforts have been made by scientists and clinicians to develop novel drug and healthcare strategies, few of them received satisfactory outcomes to date. Lycium barbarum is a traditional homology of medicine and food in Chinese medicine, with the capability to nourish the eyes, liver and kidneys. Recent studies have also explored its powerful neuro-protective effects on a number of neuronal diseases. In the current review, we collected key recent findings regarding the neuro-protective effects and mechanisms of L. barbarum derivatives, primarily its polysaccharide (LBP) , in some common diseases of the nervous system. A comprehensive comparison with currently available drugs has also been discussed. In general, LBP is a promising neuronal protector with potent ameliorative effects on key pathological events, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and cell death with minimal side effects.
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Mukhamedshina YO, Shaymardanova GF, Garanina ЕЕ, Salafutdinov II, Rizvanov АА, Islamov RR, Chelyshev YA. Adenoviral vector carrying glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor for direct gene therapy in comparison with human umbilical cord blood cell-mediated therapy of spinal cord injury in rat. Spinal Cord 2015; 54:347-59. [PMID: 26415641 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the treatment of spinal cord injury with glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) delivered using an adenoviral vector (AdV-GDNF group) in comparison with treatment performed using human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCB-MCs)-transduced with an adenoviral vector carrying the GDNF gene (UCB-MCs+AdV-GDNF group) in rat. SETTING Kazan, Russian Federation. METHODS We examined the efficacy of AdV-GDNF and UCB-MCs+AdV-GDNF therapy by conducting behavioral tests on the animals and morphometric studies on the spinal cord, performing immunofluorescence analyses on glial cells, investigating the survival and migration potential of UCB-MCs, and evaluating the expression of the recombinant GDNF gene. RESULTS At the 30th postoperative day, equal positive locomotor recovery was observed after both direct and cell-based GDNF therapy. However, after UCB-MCs-mediated GDNF therapy, the area of preserved tissue and the number of spared myelinated fibers were higher than those measured after direct GDNF gene therapy. Moreover, we observed distinct changes in the populations of glial cells; expression patterns of the specific markers for astrocytes (GFAP, S100B and AQP4), oligodendrocytes (PDGFαR and Cx47) and Schwann cells (P0) differed in various areas of the spinal cord of rats treated with AdV-GDNF and UCB-MCs+AdV-GDNF. CONCLUSION The differences detected in the AdV-GDNF and UCB-MCs+AdV-GDNF groups could be partially explained by the action of UCB-MCs. We discuss the insufficiency and the advantages of these two methods of GDNF gene delivery into the spinal cord after traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y O Mukhamedshina
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - G F Shaymardanova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Е Е Garanina
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - I I Salafutdinov
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - А А Rizvanov
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - R R Islamov
- Department of Hystology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Y A Chelyshev
- Department of Hystology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
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Effects of Deep Electroacupuncture Stimulation at "Huantiao" (GB 30) on Expression of Apoptosis-Related Factors in Rats with Acute Sciatic Nerve Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:157897. [PMID: 26167187 PMCID: PMC4488175 DOI: 10.1155/2015/157897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SD rats were randomly divided into normal control, model, deep EA, and shallow EA groups. The model was established by mechanical clamping of the sciatic nerve stem. For deep and shallow EA, the needles were inserted into “Huantiao” (GB 30) by about 16 mm and 7 mm, respectively, once daily for 14 days. The results showed that, compared with the normal control group, the nerve-muscle excitability of rat's hip muscle decreased and the nerve conduction velocity of sciatic nerve slowed down in the model group; meanwhile, the number of apoptotic cells and the expression level of Bax protein in the injured nerve increased significantly, and the expression level of Bcl-2 protein and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax decreased considerably. Compared with the model group, the indices mentioned above were reversed in the two treatment groups, and the changes in the deep EA group were more significant than those in the shallow EA group. These results indicate that EA stimulation at GB 30 can improve the function of injured sciatic nerve, which is closely associated with its effects in upregulating the expression of apoptosis inhibitive factor Bcl-2 and downregulating apoptosis promotive factor Bax. Deep EA is relatively better.
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Yao L, Li Y, Knapp J, Smith P. Exploration of molecular pathways mediating electric field-directed Schwann cell migration by RNA-seq. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1515-24. [PMID: 25557037 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In peripheral nervous systems, Schwann cells wrap around axons of motor and sensory neurons to form the myelin sheath. Following spinal cord injury, Schwann cells regenerate and migrate to the lesion and are involved in the spinal cord regeneration process. Transplantation of Schwann cells into injured neural tissue results in enhanced spinal axonal regeneration. Effective directional migration of Schwann cells is critical in the neural regeneration process. In this study, we report that Schwann cells migrate anodally in an applied electric field (EF). The directedness and displacement of anodal migration increased significantly when the strength of the EF increased from 50 mV/mm to 200 mV/mm. The EF did not significantly affect the cell migration speed. To explore the genes and signaling pathways that regulate cell migration in EFs, we performed a comparative analysis of differential gene expression between cells stimulated with an EF (100 mV/mm) and those without using next-generation RNA sequencing, verified by RT-qPCR. Based on the cut-off criteria (FC > 1.2, q < 0.05), we identified 1,045 up-regulated and 1,636 down-regulated genes in control cells versus EF-stimulated cells. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis found that compared to the control group, 21 pathways are down-regulated, while 10 pathways are up-regulated. Differentially expressed genes participate in multiple cellular signaling pathways involved in the regulation of cell migration, including pathways of regulation of actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion, and PI3K-Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas
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LUO YANG, FU CHANGFENG, WANG ZHENYU, ZHANG ZHUO, WANG HONGXIA, LIU YI. Asiaticoside attenuates the effects of spinal cord injury through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibition of the p38-MAPK mechanism. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:8294-300. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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