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Huang P, Zhou Y, Ruan F, Sun J, Shen J, Chen H. Optimization of Extraction of Four Components from Radix Scrophulariae with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Evaluation of Extract's Antioxidant Activity. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae037. [PMID: 38851208 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
In this research, eight natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) consisting of food-grade ingredients were screened for the extraction of four bioactive compounds (acteoside, cinnamic acid, angoroside C and harpagoside) from radix scrophulariae (RS). Among these NaDESs, Proline-Glycerol NaDES with higher comprehensive score was selected. The Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) was applied to calculate the information entropy and the weight of indexes, and figured out a comprehensive score. The weights of acteoside, cinnamic acid, angoroside C and harpagoside were 0.369, 0.172, 0.241 and 0.218, respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) mathematical model was used to optimize the extraction parameters. The optimal extraction parameters were as follows: extraction time with 42.21 min, NaDES concentration with 52.89%, solid-to-liquid ratio with 1 : 37.05 g/mL and the predicted value of comprehensive score was 0.885. Under the optimal condition, the comprehensive score was 0.903 ± 0.005. Finally, the antioxidant activity experiment revealed that the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl · radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the extract at 2.0 mg/mL and 1.5 mg/mL were approximately equal to those of ascorbic acid, respectively. The results showed that the extraction condition optimized by RSM combined with CRITIC was reasonable and dependable, and the extract of radix scrophulariae exhibited good antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 453 Tiyu Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 31007, China
| | - Yanxia Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medical College, 399 Zhimin Avenue, Xinzhou District, Shangrao 334000, China
| | - Fei Ruan
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 453 Tiyu Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 31007, China
| | - Jianyu Sun
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 453 Tiyu Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 31007, China
| | - Jinglin Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medical College, 399 Zhimin Avenue, Xinzhou District, Shangrao 334000, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 453 Tiyu Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 31007, China
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Shi Y, Chen Z, Huang L, Gong Y, Shi L. A network pharmacology approach to reveal the key ingredients in Scrophulariae Radix (SR) and their effects against Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24785. [PMID: 38322920 PMCID: PMC10844110 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Scrophulariae Radix (SR) is a commonly used medicinal plant. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease for which there is no effective treatment. This study aims to initially clarify the potential mechanism of SR in the treatment of AD based on network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. Methods The principal components and corresponding protein targets of SR were conducted by HPLC analysis and searched on TCMSP. AD targets were searched on DrugBank, Chemogenomics, TTD, OMIM and GeneCards databases. The compound-target network was constructed by Cytoscape3.8.2. The intersection of compound target and disease target was obtained and the coincidence target was imported into STRING database to construct a PPI network. We further performed GO and KEGG enrichment analysis on the targets. Meanwhile, molecular docking study and cell experiments were approved for the core target and the active compound. Results Through multidatabase retrieval and integration, it was found that 17 components of SR could exert anti-AD effects against 40 targets. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that Alzheimer's disease (hsa05010) was one of the most significant AD enrichment signalling pathways. Combined with the gene expression profile information in the AlzData database, 15 targets were found to be associated with tau or beta-amyloid protein (Aβ). GO analysis indicated that the primary molecular functions of SR in the treatment of AD were neurotransmitter receptor activity (GO:0007268), postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity (GO:0070997), and acetylcholine receptor activity (GO:0050435). Moreover, we explored the anti-AD effects of SR extract and ursolic acid (UA) using SH-SY5Y cells. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 20 μM UA significantly reduced the oxidative damage to these neuronal cells. Conclusion This study reveals the active ingredients and potential molecular mechanism of SR in the treatment of AD, and provides a theoretical basis for further basic research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China
| | - Zhongqiang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China
| | - Lixia Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China
| | - Yeli Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China
| | - Lu Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China
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Li X, Cheng Z, Chen X, Yang D, Li H, Deng Y. Purpurogallin improves neurological functions of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion mice by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and neuroinflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109057. [PMID: 35964408 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purpurogallin (PPG) has been testified to have neuroprotective effects. This study intends to probe the neuroprotection of PPG on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and its potential mechanism. METHODS C57/B6 mice, BV2 microglia and HT22 hippocampal neurons were used for in-vivo and in-vitro experiments. I/R injury models were constructed using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), respectively. The expression of apoptosis and inflammatory proteins, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins were gauged by Western blotting (WB). The contents of inflammatory cytokines in OGD/R-induced BV2 microglia were testified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), TUNEL assay and flow cytometry (FCM) were utilized to examine the viability and apoptosis of cells. The neurological, learning and memory functions were evaluated by the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and water maze experiment. 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazole chloride (TTC) staining was utilized to calculate the volume of cerebral infarction and cerebral edema in the peri-infarct area. Apoptosis-related proteins, inflammation-related proteins and ER stress proteins were gauged by WB. ELISA was conducted to verify inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS PPG treatment notably abated the expression of ER stress proteins and inflammatory factors in OGD/R-induced BV2 microglia and boosted HT22 neuron's viability and eased their apoptosis in comparison to the control group. In vivo, PPG treatment signally lessened cerebral infarct area, cerebral edema, and neurological deficit scores in MCAO/R mice. Additionally, PPG caused a dramatic decline in neuronal apoptosis and levels of ER stress proteins and inflammatory factors in the brain's peri-infarct region of MCAO/R mice. Mechanically, PPG blocked the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in OGD/R-induced BV2, HT22 neurons, and the MCAO/R mice. CONCLUSION PPG attenuates brain I/R damage probably by suppressing ER stress and neuroinflammation via inactivation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, suggesting that PPG may be a candidate drug for treating cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
| | - Zongxin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Dejiang Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Youqing Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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Lei L, Wang Y, Zheng YW, Fei LR, Shen HY, Li ZH, Huang WJ, Yu JH, Xu HT. Overexpression of Nemo-like Kinase Promotes the Proliferation and Invasion of Lung Cancer Cells and Indicates Poor Prognosis. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:674-680. [PMID: 30451112 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666181119150521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nemo-like kinase (NLK) is an evolutionarily conserved MAP kinaserelated kinase involved in the pathogenesis of several human cancers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and role of NLK in lung cancers, and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS We examined the expression of NLK in lung cancer tissues through western blot analysis. We enhanced or knocked down NLK expression by gene transfection or RNA interference, respectively, in lung cancer cells, and examined expression alterations of key proteins in the Wnt signaling pathway and in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We also examined the roles of NLK in the proliferation and invasiveness of lung cancer cells by cell proliferation, colony formation, and Matrigel invasion assays. RESULTS NLK expression was found to be significantly higher in lung cancer tissue samples than in corresponding healthy lung tissue samples. Overexpression of NLK correlated with poor prognosis of patients with lung cancer. Overexpression of NLK upregulated β-catenin, TCF4, and Wnt target genes such as cyclin D1, c-Myc, and MMP7. N-cadherin and TWIST, the key proteins in EMT, were upregulated, while E-cadherin expression was reduced. Additionally, proliferation, colony formation, and invasion turned out to be enhanced in NLK-overexpressing cells. After NLK knockdown in lung cancer cells, we obtained the opposite results. CONCLUSION NLK is overexpressed in lung cancers and indicates poor prognosis. Overexpression of NLK activates the Wnt signaling pathway and EMT and promotes the proliferation and invasiveness of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yi-Wen Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Liang-Ru Fei
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Hao-Yue Shen
- 100K80B, Clinical Medicine of Seven-year Programme, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Zhi-Han Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Wen-Jing Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Juan-Han Yu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Hong-Tao Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Han R, Chen S, Wang J, Zhao Y, Li G. LncRNA UCA1 affects epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, migration and apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:3044-3053. [PMID: 31537148 PMCID: PMC6791705 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1667707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: In this study, long non-coding RNA urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (lncRNA UCA1) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its effect on the malignant phenotype of NPC cells was investigated. Methods: Initially, the expression of UCA1 in NPC tissues and cells was detected. NPC cell line that with highest expression of UCA1 was selected for subsequent cell function test. A series of experiments were used to detect proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, invasion and migration of NPC cells with the interference of UCA1 expression. Western blot analysis was carried out to detect the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin for verifying the effect of UCA1 on epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Results: The expression of UCA1 was found to be upregulated in NPC tissues and cells. The expression of UCA1 in stage Ⅲ + IV of NPC tissues and in patients with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that in patients at stage Ⅰ + Ⅱ and in patients without lymph node metastasis. Inhibition of UCA1 repressed proliferation, EMT, colony formation, invasion and migration while stimulating apoptosis of NPC cells. Conclusion: Our study suggests that UCA1 expression was overexpressed in NPC. Additionally, UCA1 suppression could inhibit proliferation, EMT, invasion and migration, and promote apoptosis of NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , PR. China
| | - Shunjin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Dongguan People's Hospital , Dongguan , PR. China
| | - Jianqi Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , PR. China
| | - Yunteng Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , PR. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , PR. China
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Yang W, Gu L, Yang C, Liu T. Expression of Nemo-like kinase in cervical squamous cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological study. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:743-749. [PMID: 29445289 PMCID: PMC5810516 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s154188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Nemo-like kinase (NLK) has been reported to play different roles in tumors. However, the role of NLK in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) remains unknown. In this study, we explored the clinical significance including survival of NLK protein expression in CSCCs. Patients and methods Immunohistochemical method was performed using tissues from 130 patients with CSCC. The associations between NLK expression and the clinicopathological factors and prognosis of CSCCs were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square test, the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, and the Kaplan–Meier method. Results Immunohistochemical staining analysis showed that NLK was localized predominately in the nucleus of the tumor cells, and increased NLK expression was detected in 71 (54.6%) of 130 patients. NLK overexpression significantly correlated with higher histological grade (P=0.001), vascular/lymphatic invasion (P=0.010), lymph node metastasis (P=0.012), and recurrence (P=0.022). Patients with elevated NLK expression had poorer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.006 and P=0.004, respectively) compared with patients with decreased NLK expression. Multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that NLK overexpression was an independent factor for OS and DFS (P=0.034 and P=0.025, respectively). Conclusion NLK may be a valuable biomarker for predicting the prognosis of CSCC patients and may serve as a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Yang
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lina Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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Zhao Z, Liu W, Liu J, Wang J, Luo B. The effect of EBV on WIF1, NLK, and APC gene methylation and expression in gastric carcinoma and nasopharyngeal cancer. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1844-1851. [PMID: 28543390 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important DNA tumor virus that is associated with approximately 10% of gastric carcinomas and 99% of nasopharyngeal cancers (NPC). DNA methylation and microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most studied epigenetic mechanisms that can prompt disease susceptibility. This study aimed to detect the effect of EBV on Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1), Nemo-like kinase (NLK), and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene methylation, and expression in gastric carcinoma and NPC. The WIF1, NLK, and APC gene mRNA expression levels were measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR in four EBV-positive cell lines and four EBV-negative cell lines. Bisulfite genomic sequencing or methylation-specific PCR was used to detect the methylation status of the WIF1, NLK, and APC promoters. All cell lines were treated with 5-azacytidine (5-aza-dC), miR-BART19-3p mimics or an inhibitor, and analyzed by flow cytometry and MTT cell proliferation assays. The WIF1, NLK, and APC promoters were hypermethylated in all eight cell lines. 5-Aza-dC displayed a growth inhibitory effect on cells . After transfection with miR-BART19-3p mimics, the expression of WIF1, and APC decreased, and the cellular proliferation rate increased. After transfection with the miR-BART19-3p inhibitor, the expression levels were higher, and the cell growth was inhibited. In the NPC and GC cell lines, the promoters of WIF1, NLK, and APC are highly methylated, and the expression of these three genes is regulated by miR-BART19-3p. The activity of the Wnt pathway in EBV-associated tumors may be enhanced by miR-BART19-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
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Lv M, Li Y, Tian X, Dai S, Sun J, Jin G, Jiang S. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown of NLK inhibits small-cell lung cancer growth and metastasis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:3737-3746. [PMID: 27895463 PMCID: PMC5117896 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s87435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nemo-like kinase (NLK), an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase, has been recognized as a critical regulator of various cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of NLK in human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), which is the most aggressive form of lung cancer. NLK expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in 20 paired fresh SCLC tissue samples and found to be noticeably elevated in tumor tissues. Lentivirus-mediated RNAi efficiently suppressed NLK expression in NCI-H446 cells, resulting in a significant reduction in cell viability and proliferation in vitro. Moreover, knockdown of NLK led to cell cycle arrest at the S-phase via suppression of Cyclin A, CDK2, and CDC25A, which could contribute to cell growth inhibition. Furthermore, knockdown of NLK decreased the migration of NCI-H446 cells and downregulated matrix metalloproteinase 9. Treatment with NLK short hairpin RNA significantly reduced SCLC tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, this study suggests that NLK plays an important role in the growth and metastasis of SCLC and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Tian
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Shundong Dai
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University; Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute
| | | | - Shenyi Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Chen HW, Qiao HY, Li HC, Li ZF, Zhang HJ, Pei L, Liu HW, Jin L, Wang D, Li JL. Prognostic significance of Nemo-like kinase expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8447-53. [PMID: 26022162 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nemo-like kinase (NLK) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinase and belongs to the extracellular signal-regulated kinases/microtubule-associated protein kinase families (Erks/MAPKs). Previous studies have indicated that abnormal expressions of NLK played critical roles in various types of human cancers. Recent studies suggested that NLK expression was significantly upregulated in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens. However, the clinical significance of NLK expression in HCC remains largely unknown. In this study, we focused on the clinical significance of NLK in HCC and found that high expression of NLK was significantly associated with Edmondson-Steiner grade (P = 0.002), tumor size (P = 0.022), and no. of tumor nodules (P < 0.001), and NLK was positively correlated with proliferation marker Ki-67 (P < 0.01). Univariate analysis suggested that NLK expression was associated with poor prognosis (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that NLK expression was an independent prognostic indicator for HCC (P = 0.0370). In conclusion, NLK overexpression is associated with poor overall survival in patients with HCC, it might be an independent poor prognostic marker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China.
| | - Hong-Ying Qiao
- Department of Allergy, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Hong-Chen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Zong-Feng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Hong-Juan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Liu Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Hong-Wei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Jun-Liang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
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Control of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation by the heterochronic genes and the cellular asymmetry machinery in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E287-96. [PMID: 25561544 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422852112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transitions between asymmetric (self-renewing) and symmetric (proliferative) cell divisions are robustly regulated in the context of normal development and tissue homeostasis. To genetically assess the regulation of these transitions, we used the postembryonic epithelial stem (seam) cell lineages of Caenorhabditis elegans. In these lineages, the timing of these transitions is regulated by the evolutionarily conserved heterochronic pathway, whereas cell division asymmetry is conferred by a pathway consisting of Wnt (Wingless) pathway components, including posterior pharynx defect (POP-1)/TCF, APC related/adenomatosis polyposis coli (APR-1)/APC, and LIT-1/NLK (loss of intestine/Nemo-like kinase). Here we explore the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying stage-specific transitions between self-renewing and proliferative behavior in the seam cell lineages. We show that mutations of genes in the heterochronic developmental timing pathway, including lin-14 (lineage defect), lin-28, lin-46, and the lin-4 and let-7 (lethal defects)-family microRNAs, affect the activity of LIT-1/POP-1 cellular asymmetry machinery and APR-1 polarity during larval development. Surprisingly, heterochronic mutations that enhance LIT-1 activity in seam cells can simultaneously also enhance the opposing, POP-1 activity, suggesting a role in modulating the potency of the cellular polarizing activity of the LIT-1/POP-1 system as development proceeds. These findings illuminate how the evolutionarily conserved cellular asymmetry machinery can be coupled to microRNA-regulated developmental pathways for robust regulation of stem cell maintenance and proliferation during the course of development. Such genetic interactions between developmental timing regulators and cell polarity regulators could underlie transitions between asymmetric and symmetric stem cell fates in other systems and could be deregulated in the context of developmental disorders and cancer.
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