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Wang Y, Fu S, Zeng Y, Jiao S, Chai G, Xu Y. Tea polyphenols nanoparticles integrated with microneedles multifunctionally boost 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for skin cancer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 677:446-458. [PMID: 39098278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is an emerging therapeutic strategy for skin cancer due to its noninvasiveness and high spatiotemporal selectivity. However, poor skin penetration, poor intratumoral delivery, the instability of aqueous ALA, and the tumor's inherent hypoxia microenvironment are major hurdles hindering the efficacy of ALA-PDT. Herein, we aim to address these challenges by using microneedles (MNs) to assist in delivering nanoparticles based on natural polymeric tea polyphenols (TP NPs) to self-assemble and load ALA (ALA@TP NPs). The TP NPs specifically increase cellular uptake of ALA by A375 and A431 cells and reduce mitochondrial membrane potential. Subsequently, the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX derived from ALA accumulates in the tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner with TP NPs, generating reactive oxygen species to promote apoptosis and necrosis of A375 and A431 cells. Interestingly, TP NPs can ameliorate the tumor's inherent hypoxia microenvironment and rapid oxygen consumption during PDT by inhibiting hypoxia inducible factor-1α, thereby boosting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and enhancing ALA-PDT efficacy through a positive feedback loop. After ALA@TP NPs are loaded into MNs to fabricate ALA@TP NPs@MNs, the MNs enhance skin penetration and storage stability of ALA. Importantly, they exhibit remarkable antitumor efficacy in A375-induced melanoma and A431-induced squamous cell carcinoma with a reduced dose of ALA and reverse hypoxia in vivo. This study provides a facile and novel strategy that integrates MNs and green NPs of TP for addressing the bottlenecks of ALA-PDT and enhancing the ALA-PDT efficacy against skin cancers for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shijia Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yao Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Siwen Jiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guihong Chai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuehong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Tamer F, Tullemans B, Kuijpers M, Claushuis D, Heemskerk JW. Nutrition phytochemicals affecting platelet signaling and responsiveness: implications for thrombosis and hemostasis. Thromb Haemost 2021; 122:879-894. [PMID: 34715717 DOI: 10.1055/a-1683-5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, in particular due to arterial thrombosis, is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, with crucial roles of platelets in thrombus formation. For multiple plant-derived phytochemicals found in common dietary components, claims have been made regarding cardiovascular health and antiplatelet activities. Here we present a systematic overview of the published effects of common phytochemicals, applied in vitro or in nutritional intervention studies, on agonist-induced platelet activation properties and platelet signaling pathways. Comparing the phytochemical effects per structural class, we included general phenols: curcuminoids (e.g., curcumin), lignans (honokiol, silybin), phenolic acids (caffeic and chlorogenic acid), derivatives of these (shikimic acid) and stilbenoids (isorhapontigenin, resveratrol). Furthermore, we evaluated the flavonoid polyphenols, including anthocyanidins (delphinidin, malvidin), flavan-3-ols (catechins), flavanones (hesperidin), flavones (apigenin, nobiletin), flavonols (kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin), isoflavones (daidzein, genistein); and terpenoids including carotenes and limonene; and finally miscellaneous compounds like betalains, indoles, organosulfides (diallyl trisulfide) and phytosterols. We furthermore discuss the implications for selected phytochemicals to interfere in thrombosis and hemostasis, indicating their possible clinical relevance. Lastly, we provide guidance on which compounds are of interest for further platelet-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Tamer
- Biochemistry, Maastricht University Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bibian Tullemans
- Biochemistry, Maastricht University Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marijke Kuijpers
- Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Thrombosis Expertise Centre, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Wm Heemskerk
- Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Synapse Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Joo HJ, Park JY, Hong SJ, Kim KA, Lee SH, Cho JY, Park JH, Yu CW, Lim DS. Anti-platelet effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in addition to the concomitant aspirin, clopidogrel or ticagrelor treatment. Korean J Intern Med 2018; 33:522-531. [PMID: 29050464 PMCID: PMC5943656 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which is found in high contents in the dried leaves of green tea, has been reported to have an anti-platelet effect, synergistic effects of EGCG in addition to current anti-platelet medications remains to be elucidated. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 40 participants who took aspirin (ASA, n = 10), clopidogrel (CPD, n = 10), ticagrelor (TCG, n = 10) and no anti-platelet medication (Control, n = 10). Ex vivo platelet aggregation and adhesion under various stimulators were analyzed by multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) and Impact-R systems. PAC-1 and P-selectin expressions in human platelets were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS In MEA analysis, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP)-induced platelet aggregations were lower in the CPD and the TCG groups; arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation was lower in the ASA group, whereas collagen (COL)-induced platelet aggregations were comparable among four groups. EGCG significantly reduced ADP- and COL-induced platelet aggregation in dose-dependent manner (ADP, p = 0.04; COL, p < 0.01). There were no additional suppressions of platelet aggregation stimulated by AA in the ASA group, and by ADP in the CPD and TCG groups. Moreover, EGCG suppressed shear stress-induced platelet adhesion on Impact-R, and had no effect on P-selectin and PAC-1 expressions. CONCLUSIONS Ex vivo treatment of EGCG inhibited platelet adhesion and aggregation without changes in P-selectin and PAC-1 expression. There was no additional suppressions in platelet aggregation stimulated by AA in the ASA group and ADP in the CPD and TCG groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Joo
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Jun Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Soon Jun Hong, M.D. Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea Tel: +82-2-920-5445 Fax: +82-2-927-1478 E-mail:
| | - Kyoung-Ah Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Cho
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyoung Park
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Woong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Sun Lim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Kumazoe M, Yamashita M, Nakamura Y, Takamatsu K, Bae J, Yamashita S, Yamada S, Onda H, Nojiri T, Kangawa K, Tachibana H. Green Tea Polyphenol EGCG Upregulates Tollip Expression by Suppressing Elf-1 Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3261-3269. [PMID: 28954885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TLR signaling is critical to innate immune system regulation; however, aberrant TLR signaling is involved in several diseases, including insulin resistance, Alzheimer's disease, and tumor metastasis. Moreover, a recent study found that TLR-4 signaling pathway inhibition might be a target for the suppression of chronic inflammatory disorders. In this article, we show that the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) increases the expression of Toll interacting protein, a strong inhibitor of TLR4 signaling, by suppressing the expression of E74-like ETS transcription factor 1 (Elf-1). A mechanistic study revealed that EGCG suppressed Elf-1 expression via protein phosphatase 2A/cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent mechanisms. We also confirmed that orally administered EGCG and a cGMP inducer upregulated Toll interacting protein expression, increased intracellular levels of cGMP in macrophages, and suppressed Elf-1 expression. These data support EGCG and a cGMP inducer as potential candidate suppressors of TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motofumi Kumazoe
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; and.,Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Mai Yamashita
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; and
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; and
| | - Kanako Takamatsu
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; and
| | - Jaehoon Bae
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; and
| | - Shuya Yamashita
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; and
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; and
| | - Hiroaki Onda
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Takashi Nojiri
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; and
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Onuma T, Tanabe K, Kito Y, Tsujimoto M, Uematsu K, Enomoto Y, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Doi T, Nagase K, Akamatsu S, Tokuda H, Ogura S, Iwama T, Kozawa O, Iida H. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) suppresses the collagen-induced activation of human platelets via S1P4 receptor. Thromb Res 2017; 156:91-100. [PMID: 28609704 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is as an extracellular factor that acts as a potent lipid mediator by binding to specific receptors, S1P receptors (S1PRs). However, the precise role of S1P in human platelets that express S1PRs has not yet been fully clarified. We previously reported that heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is released from human platelets accompanied by its phosphorylation stimulated by collagen. In the present study, we investigated the effect of S1P on the collagen-induced platelet activation. S1P pretreatment markedly attenuated the collagen-induced aggregation. Co-stimulation with S1P and collagen suppressed collagen-induced platelet activation, but the effect was weaker than that of S1P-pretreatment. The collagen-stimulated secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB and the soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) release were significantly reduced by S1P. In addition, S1P suppressed the collagen-induced release of HSP27 as well as the phosphorylation of HSP27. S1P significantly suppressed the collagen-induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. S1P increased the levels of GTP-bound Gαi and GTP-bound Gα13 coupled to S1PPR1 and/or S1PR4. CYM50260, a selective S1PR4 agonist, but not SEW2871, a selective S1PR1 agonist, suppressed the collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation, PDGF-AB secretion and sCD40L release. In addition, CYM50260 reduced the release of phosphorylated-HSP27 by collagen as well as the phosphorylation of HSP27. The selective S1PR4 antagonist CYM50358, which failed to affect collagen-induced HSP27 phosphorylation, reversed the S1P-induced attenuation of HSP27 phosphorylation by collagen. These results strongly suggest that S1P inhibits the collagen-induced human platelet activation through S1PR4 but not S1PR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Onuma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kumiko Tanabe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuko Kito
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masanori Tsujimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kodai Uematsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Enomoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Tomoaki Doi
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Nagase
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shigeru Akamatsu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Chuno Kosei Hospital, Seki, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Tokuda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biobank, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Shinji Ogura
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toru Iwama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Osamu Kozawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Kumazoe M, Nakamura Y, Yamashita M, Suzuki T, Takamatsu K, Huang Y, Bae J, Yamashita S, Murata M, Yamada S, Shinoda Y, Yamaguchi W, Toyoda Y, Tachibana H. Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Suppresses Toll-like Receptor 4 Expression via Up-regulation of E3 Ubiquitin-protein Ligase RNF216. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4077-4088. [PMID: 28154178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an essential role in innate immunity through inflammatory cytokine induction. Recent studies demonstrated that the abnormal activation of TLR4 has a pivotal role in obesity-induced inflammation, which is associated with several diseases, including hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and cardiovascular disease. Here we demonstrate that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, a natural agonist of the 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR), suppressed TLR4 expression through E3 ubiquitin-protein ring finger protein 216 (RNF216) up-regulation. Our data indicate cyclic GMP mediates 67LR agonist-dependent RNF216 up-regulation. Moreover, we show that the highly absorbent 67LR agonist (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl)-gallate (EGCG3″Me) significantly attenuated TLR4 expression in the adipose tissue. EGCG3″Me completely inhibited the high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS)-induced up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor α in adipose tissue and serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 increase. Furthermore, this agonist intake prevented HF/HS-induced hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Taken together, 67LR presents an attractive target for the relief of obesity-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motofumi Kumazoe
- From the Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 and
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- From the Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 and
| | - Mai Yamashita
- From the Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 and
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- From the Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 and
| | - Kanako Takamatsu
- From the Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 and
| | - Yuhui Huang
- From the Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 and
| | - Jaehoon Bae
- From the Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 and
| | - Shuya Yamashita
- From the Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 and
| | - Motoki Murata
- From the Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 and
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- From the Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 and
| | - Yuki Shinoda
- the Products Research & Development Laboratory, Asahi Soft Drinks Co., Ltd., Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamaguchi
- the Products Research & Development Laboratory, Asahi Soft Drinks Co., Ltd., Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan
| | - Yui Toyoda
- the Products Research & Development Laboratory, Asahi Soft Drinks Co., Ltd., Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- From the Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581 and
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Ning W, Wang S, Liu D, Fu L, Jin R, Xu A. Potent effects of peracetylated (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in human epidermal melanocytes via attenuation of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2016; 41:616-24. [PMID: 27339454 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to melanocytes induced by oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. A polyphenol found in green tea, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), exhibits certain antioxidative effects in the treatment of various diseases. The major problem that limits the clinical application of this polyphenol is its low bioavailability and stability. Peracetylated EGCG (AcEGCG), a fully acetylated derivative of EGCG, is more stable and bioavailable than EGCG, but the effects of its action on human epidermal melanocytes have not been elucidated. AIM To compare the protective effects of AcEGCG and EGCG on hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced damage to human melanocytes. METHODS Effects of AcEGCG and EGCG on human melanocytes were examined by measuring cell viability, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm)and protein levels of caspase-9, caspase-3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. RESULTS Both AcEGCG and EGCG decreased ROS generation, restored lost mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced H2 O2 -induced apoptosis in melanocytes. All of these effects were more pronounced with AcEGCG than with EGCG. Furthermore, AcEGCG effectively suppressed H2 O2 -induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, which has been suggested to contribute to melanocyte damage. CONCLUSIONS AcEGCG is a more potent agent than EGCG for protection of melanocytes from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ning
- Department of Dermatology, Guangxing Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, PR, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - D Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - L Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - R Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - A Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, PR, China
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