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Yang F, Wei Y, Han D, Li Y, Shi S, Jiao D, Wu J, Zhang Q, Shi C, Yang L, Song W, Zhang J, Han Y, Zhang R, Yang AG, Dimitrov DS, Zhao A, Qin W, Wen W. Interaction with CD68 and Regulation of GAS6 Expression by Endosialin in Fibroblasts Drives Recruitment and Polarization of Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3892-3905. [PMID: 32591411 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts and macrophages play key roles in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, cross-talk between these two kinds of cells has not been well studied. Endosialin (CD248/TEM1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed in certain cancer cells, tumor stromal cells, and pericytes. In this study, we found that endosialin is mainly expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) in HCC and its expression inversely correlates with patient prognosis. Endosialin interacted with CD68 to recruit macrophages and regulated expression of GAS6 in CAFs to mediate M2 polarization of macrophages. The fully human antibody IgG78 bound glycosylated endosialin and induced its internalization in CAFs, thus weakening the cross-talk between CAFs and macrophages. In subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models of HCC in nude mice, treatment with IgG78 significantly inhibited tumor growth. These results indicate that endosialin-positive CAFs promote HCC progression and highlight IgG78 as a promising therapeutic candidate for HCC treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings highlight CAF-expressed endosialin as a primary regulator of macrophage recruitment and polarization and demonstrate endosialin inhibition as a potential treatment strategy for HCC. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/18/3892/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Yang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghui Han
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengjia Shi
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dian Jiao
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jieheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingliang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - An-Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Weihong Wen
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.
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Beringer A, Miossec P. IL-17 and TNF-α co-operation contributes to the proinflammatory response of hepatic stellate cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:111-120. [PMID: 31102558 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have a central role in liver inflammation and fibrosis by producing inflammatory and fibrotic mediators. Their activation is regulated through direct cell-cell interactions, but also through systemic and local effects of soluble factors such as cytokines. The effects of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and cell interactions with hepatocytes on HSC activation were assessed. Human HSC and HepaRG cells were exposed to IL-17 and/or TNF-α. IL-17 and TNF-α contribution from immune cells was determined in a co-culture model with phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), HSC and/or hepatocytes. IL-17 enhanced TNF-α effects on the induction of IL-6, IL-1β, and the chemokine IL-8, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression/secretion in isolated HSC cultures. HSC-hepatocyte interactions did not enhance IL-6, IL-8 and CCL20 production compared to hepatocyte alone. However, HSC-hepatocyte interactions increased C-reactive protein expression. IL-17 and/or TNF-α had no direct profibrotic effects on collagen 1 α1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 gene expression, whereas mRNA levels of MMP3, an enzyme involved in matrix destruction, were up-regulated in HSCs. The use of specific inhibitors of IL-17 and TNF-α indicated their contribution to the strong increase of IL-6 and IL-8 production induced by PBMC, HSC and/or hepatocyte interactions. As chronic liver inflammation leads to liver fibrosis, IL-17 and/or TNF-α neutralization can be of interest to control liver inflammation and therefore its effects on fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beringer
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation research Unit EA 4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - P Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation research Unit EA 4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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The Role of Fibrosis and Liver-Associated Fibroblasts in the Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019. [PMID: 30959975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071723.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive types of cancer and lacks effective therapeutic approaches. Most HCC develops in the setting of chronic liver injury, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key players in liver fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis, respectively. CAFs, which probably derive from HSCs, activate into extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing myofibroblasts and crosstalk with cancer cells to affect tumor growth and invasion. In this review, we describe the different components which form the HCC premalignant microenvironment (PME) and the tumor microenvironment (TME), focusing on the liver fibrosis process and the biology of CAFs. We will describe the CAF-dependent mechanisms which have been suggested to promote hepatocarcinogenesis, such as the alteration of ECM, CAF-dependent production of cytokines and angiogenic factors, CAF-dependent reduction of immuno-surveillance, and CAF-dependent promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). New knowledge of the fibrosis process and the role of CAFs in HCC may pave the way for new therapeutic strategies for liver cancer.
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4
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Baglieri J, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. The Role of Fibrosis and Liver-Associated Fibroblasts in the Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071723. [PMID: 30959975 PMCID: PMC6479943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive types of cancer and lacks effective therapeutic approaches. Most HCC develops in the setting of chronic liver injury, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key players in liver fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis, respectively. CAFs, which probably derive from HSCs, activate into extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing myofibroblasts and crosstalk with cancer cells to affect tumor growth and invasion. In this review, we describe the different components which form the HCC premalignant microenvironment (PME) and the tumor microenvironment (TME), focusing on the liver fibrosis process and the biology of CAFs. We will describe the CAF-dependent mechanisms which have been suggested to promote hepatocarcinogenesis, such as the alteration of ECM, CAF-dependent production of cytokines and angiogenic factors, CAF-dependent reduction of immuno-surveillance, and CAF-dependent promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). New knowledge of the fibrosis process and the role of CAFs in HCC may pave the way for new therapeutic strategies for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Baglieri
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Mazza G, Al-Akkad W, Rombouts K. Engineering in vitro models of hepatofibrogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:147-157. [PMID: 28578016 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide marked by chronic inflammation and fibrosis/scarring, resulting in end-stage liver disease and its complications. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a dominant contributor to liver fibrosis by producing excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), irrespective of the underlying disease aetiologies, and for many decades research has focused on the development of a number of anti-fibrotic strategies targeting this cell. Despite major improvements in two-dimensional systems (2D) by using a variety of cell culture models of different complexity, an efficient anti-fibrogenic therapy has yet to be developed. The development of well-defined three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, which mimic ECM structures as found in vivo, have demonstrated the importance of cell-matrix bio-mechanics, the complex interactions between HSCs and hepatocytes and other non-parenchymal cells, and this to improve and promote liver cell-specific functions. Henceforth, refinement of these 3D in vitro models, which reproduce the liver microenvironment, will lead to new objectives and to a possible new era in the search for antifibrogenic compounds.
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Affo S, Yu LX, Schwabe RF. The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Fibrosis in Liver Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:153-186. [PMID: 27959632 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, causing more than 700,000 deaths annually. Because of the wide landscape of genomic alterations and limited therapeutic success of targeting tumor cells, a recent focus has been on better understanding and possibly targeting the microenvironment in which liver tumors develop. A unique feature of liver cancer is its close association with liver fibrosis. More than 80% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) develop in fibrotic or cirrhotic livers, suggesting an important role of liver fibrosis in the premalignant environment (PME) of the liver. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), in contrast, is characterized by a strong desmoplasia that typically occurs in response to the tumor, suggesting a key role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and fibrosis in its tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we discuss the functional contributions of myofibroblasts, CAFs, and fibrosis to the development of HCC and CCA in the hepatic PME and TME, focusing on myofibroblast- and extracellular matrix-associated growth factors, fibrosis-associated immunosuppressive pathways, as well as mechanosensitive signaling cascades that are activated by increased tissue stiffness. Better understanding of the role of myofibroblasts in HCC and CCA development and progression may provide the basis to target these cells for tumor prevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Affo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
| | - Le-Xing Yu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
| | - Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
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Engelmann JC, Amann T, Ott-Rötzer B, Nützel M, Reinders Y, Reinders J, Thasler WE, Kristl T, Teufel A, Huber CG, Oefner PJ, Spang R, Hellerbrand C. Causal Modeling of Cancer-Stromal Communication Identifies PAPPA as a Novel Stroma-Secreted Factor Activating NFκB Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004293. [PMID: 26020769 PMCID: PMC4447342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-cellular communication with stromal cells is vital for cancer cells. Molecules involved in the communication are potential drug targets. To identify them systematically, we applied a systems level analysis that combined reverse network engineering with causal effect estimation. Using only observational transcriptome profiles we searched for paracrine factors sending messages from activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. We condensed these messages to predict ten proteins that, acting in concert, cause the majority of the gene expression changes observed in HCC cells. Among the 10 paracrine factors were both known and unknown cancer promoting stromal factors, the former including Placental Growth Factor (PGF) and Periostin (POSTN), while Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPPA) was among the latter. Further support for the predicted effect of PAPPA on HCC cells came from both in vitro studies that showed PAPPA to contribute to the activation of NFκB signaling, and clinical data, which linked higher expression levels of PAPPA to advanced stage HCC. In summary, this study demonstrates the potential of causal modeling in combination with a condensation step borrowed from gene set analysis [Model-based Gene Set Analysis (MGSA)] in the identification of stromal signaling molecules influencing the cancer phenotype. All living cells rely on communication with other cells to ensure their function and survival. Molecular signals are sent among cells of the same cell type and from cells of one cell type to another. In cancer, not only the cancer cells themselves are responsible for the malignancy, but also stromal (non-cancerous) cells and the molecular signals they send to cancer cells are important factors that determine the severity and outcome of the disease. Therefore, the identification of stromal signals and their influence on cancer cells is important for the development of novel treatment strategies. With a computational systems biology model of stroma-cancer cell communication, we have compiled a set of ten proteins secreted by stromal cells that shape the cancer phenotype. Most importantly, our causal analysis uncovered Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPPA) as a novel paracrine inducer of the pro-tumorigenic NFκB signaling pathway. In liver cancer patients, higher levels of PAPPA protein indicate a more progressed tumor stage, confirming its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Engelmann
- Department of Statistical Bioinformatics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (JCE); (RS); (CH)
| | - Thomas Amann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Birgitta Ott-Rötzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Margit Nützel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reinders
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Biobank under the authority of Human Tissue and Cell Research (HTCR) and Center for Liver Cell Research, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Kristl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter J. Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spang
- Department of Statistical Bioinformatics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (JCE); (RS); (CH)
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (JCE); (RS); (CH)
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