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Glycobiology of the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070770. [PMID: 34356834 PMCID: PMC8301408 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation consists in the covalent, enzyme mediated, attachment of sugar chains to proteins and lipids. A large proportion of membrane and secreted proteins are indeed glycoproteins, while glycolipids are fundamental component of cell membranes. The biosynthesis of sugar chains is mediated by glycosyltransferases, whose level of expression represents a major factor of regulation of the glycosylation process. In cancer, glycosylation undergoes profound changes, which often contribute to invasion and metastasis. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step in metastasis formation and is intimately associated with glycosylation changes. Numerous carbohydrate structures undergo up- or down-regulation during EMT and often regulate the process. In this review, we will discuss the relationship with EMT of the N-glycans, of the different types of O-glycans, including the classical mucin-type, O-GlcNAc, O-linked fucose, O-linked mannose and of glycolipids. Finally, we will discuss the role in EMT of galectins, a major class of mammalian galactoside-binding lectins. While the expression of specific carbohydrate structures can be used as a marker of EMT and of the propensity to migrate, the manipulation of the glycosylation machinery offers new perspectives for cancer treatment through inhibition of EMT.
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Schömel N, Geisslinger G, Wegner MS. Influence of glycosphingolipids on cancer cell energy metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101050. [PMID: 32592726 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of studies describe a connection between glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and glutamine metabolism, glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells. Since deregulated cell energy metabolism is one of cancer cells hallmarks, investigating this connection is an important step in the development of anti-cancer therapies. GSL species are often aberrantly regulated in human cancers. They cluster in signaling platforms in the plasma membrane and organelle membranes in so called glycosphingolipid enriched microdomains (GEMs), thereby regulating cell signaling pathways. The most important glutamine transporter for epithelial cells, alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2) locates in GEMs and is regulated by GEM composition. The accumulation of glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide in mitochondria associated ER membranes (MAMs) leads to increased oxidative phosphorylation. This increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and influences mitochondrial dynamics. Here, we review current knowledge about deregulated GSL species in cancer, GSL influence on glutamine and glucose metabolism. In addition, the role of GSLs in MAMs, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial dynamics with a special focus on mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is discussed. mTOR seems to play a pivotal role in the connection between GSLs and glutamine metabolism as well as in mitochondrial signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schömel
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marthe-Susanna Wegner
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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Russo D, Capolupo L, Loomba JS, Sticco L, D'Angelo G. Glycosphingolipid metabolism in cell fate specification. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/24/jcs219204. [PMID: 30559216 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are ubiquitous components of eukaryotic plasma membranes that consist of a ceramide backbone linked to a glycan moiety. Both the ceramide and the glycan parts of GSLs display structural variations that result in a remarkable repertoire of diverse compounds. This diversity of GSLs is exploited during embryogenesis, when different GSLs are produced at specific developmental stages and along several differentiation trajectories. Importantly, plasma membrane receptors interact with GSLs to modify their activities. Consequently, two otherwise identical cells can respond differently to the same stimulus owing to their different GSL composition. The metabolic reprograming of GSLs is in fact a necessary part of developmental programs, as its impairment results in developmental failure or tissue-specific defects. Moreover, single-cell variability is emerging as a fundamental player in development: GSL composition displays cell-to-cell variability in syngeneic cell populations owing to the regulatory gene expression circuits involved in microenvironment adaptation and in differentiation. Here, we discuss how GSLs are synthesized and classified and review the role of GSLs in the establishment and maintenance of cell identity. We further highlight the existence of the regulatory circuits that modify GSL pathways and speculate how GSL heterogeneity might contribute to developmental patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Russo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Capolupo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, Napoli, Italy.,Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Lipid Cell Biology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jaipreet Singh Loomba
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, Napoli, Italy.,Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Lipid Cell Biology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Sticco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Angelo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, Napoli, Italy .,Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Lipid Cell Biology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Shan X, Liu Q, Li Z, Li C, Gao H, Zhang Y. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by SMAD4 Activation in Invasive Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundThe detection and treatment of invasive growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma (GHPA) remains challenging. Several transcription factors promoting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) can act as cofactors for the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß)/SMAD4. The goal of this study was to investigate the association of SMAD4 expression and clinicopathologic features using a tissue microarray analysis (TMA). The levels of SMAD4 and the related genes of EMT in GHPAs were analyzed by q-PCR and western blot. SMAD4 was strongly expressed in 15/19 cases (78.9%) of invasive GHPA and 10/42 cases (23.8%) of noninvasive GHPA (χ2=10.887,p=0.000). In the high SMAD4 group, a headache was reported in 16/25 cases (64%) compared with 13/36 cases (36.1%) in the low SMAD4 group (χ2=4.565,p=0.032). The progression-free survival (PFS) in the high group was lower than that in the low group (p=0.026). qRT-PCR and western blot analysis further revealed a significant downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin in the invasive GHPA group. SMAD4 was associated with increased levels of invasion of GH3 cells, as determined by a transwell test. SMAD4 downregulated E-cadherin levels and increased the levels of N-cadherin and vimentin. Our data provide evidence that SMAD4 is a potential prognosis biomarker and a therapeutic target for patients with invasive GHPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Shan
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenye Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Brain Tumor Center, Beijing, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Brain Tumor Center, Beijing, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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Zhuo D, Li X, Guan F. Biological Roles of Aberrantly Expressed Glycosphingolipids and Related Enzymes in Human Cancer Development and Progression. Front Physiol 2018; 9:466. [PMID: 29773994 PMCID: PMC5943571 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), which consist of a hydrophobic ceramide backbone and a hydrophilic carbohydrate residue, are an important type of glycolipid expressed in surface membranes of all animal cells. GSLs play essential roles in maintenance of plasma membrane stability, in regulation of numerous cellular processes (including adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, and recognition), and in modulation of signal transduction pathways. GSLs have traditionally been classified as ganglio-series, lacto-series, or globo-series on the basis of their diverse types of oligosaccharide chains. Structures and functions of specific GSLs are also determined by their oligosaccharide chains. Different cells and tissues show differential expression of GSLs, and changes in structures of GSL glycan moieties occur during development of numerous types of human cancer. Association of GSLs and/or related enzymes with initiation and progression of cancer has been documented in 100s of studies, and many such GSLs are useful markers or targets for cancer diagnosis or therapy. In this review, we summarize (i) recent studies on aberrant expression and distribution of GSLs in common human cancers (breast, lung, colorectal, melanoma, prostate, ovarian, leukemia, renal, bladder, gastric); (ii) biological functions of specific GSLs in these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinghao Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Groux-Degroote S, Rodríguez-Walker M, Dewald JH, Daniotti JL, Delannoy P. Gangliosides in Cancer Cell Signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:197-227. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Carvalho-Cruz P, Alisson-Silva F, Todeschini AR, Dias WB. Cellular glycosylation senses metabolic changes and modulates cell plasticity during epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:481-491. [PMID: 28722313 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program reactivated by tumor cells that leads to the switch from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. During EMT, cells are transcriptionally regulated to decrease E-cadherin expression while expressing mesenchymal markers such as vimentin, fibronectin, and N-cadherin. Growing body of evidences suggest that cells engaged in EMT undergo a metabolic reprograming process, redirecting glucose flux toward hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which fuels aberrant glycosylation patterns that are extensively observed in cancer cells. HBP depends on nutrient availability to produce its end product UDP-GlcNAc, and for this reason is considered a metabolic sensor pathway. UDP-GlcNAc is the substrate used for the synthesis of major types of glycosylation, including O-GlcNAc and cell surface glycans. In general, the rate limiting enzyme of HBP, GFAT, is overexpressed in many cancer types that present EMT features as well as aberrant glycosylation. Moreover, altered levels of O-GlcNAcylation can modulate cell morphology and favor EMT. In this review, we summarize some of the current knowledge that correlates glucose metabolism, aberrant glycosylation and hyper O-GlcNAcylation supported by HBP that leads to EMT activation. Developmental Dynamics 247:481-491, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carvalho-Cruz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Frederico Alisson-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriane R Todeschini
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wagner B Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Guo D, Guo J, Li X, Guan F. Differential effects of Pax3 on expression of polysialyltransferases STX and PST in TGF-β-treated normal murine mammary gland cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:177-183. [PMID: 27651434 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216669838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of certain proteins at the mammalian cell surface is an essential event in carcinogenesis. Sialylation, one type of glycosylation, can act on multiple cell-behaviors, such as migration, growth, and malignant invasion. Two polysialyltransferases, ST8Sia II (STX) and ST8Sia IV (PST), are responsible for synthesis of polysialic acid on neural cell adhesion molecule. We showed previously that STX and PST are oppositely expressed in normal murine mammary gland cells undergoing transforming growth factor-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The molecular basis for regulation of STX and PST remained unclear. In the present study, we observed that transcription factor Pax3 upregulates STX expression, downregulates PST expression, and modulates upregulated expression of PSA, which attaches primarily to neural cell adhesion molecule to form PSA-NCAM. Overexpression of Pax3 in normal murine mammary gland cells transformed the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers E-cadherin and N-cadherin, and significantly promoted cell migration, but had no effect on cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- 1 The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jia Guo
- 1 The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiang Li
- 2 Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feng Guan
- 1 The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Levade T, Andrieu-Abadie N, Micheau O, Legembre P, Ségui B. Sphingolipids modulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15001. [PMID: 27551437 PMCID: PMC4979435 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Levade
- INSERM UMR 1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - N Andrieu-Abadie
- INSERM UMR 1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - O Micheau
- INSERM UMR866, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc , Dijon, France
| | - P Legembre
- Université de Rennes-1, CLCC Eugene Marquis, ER440-OSS, Label INSERM, Rue de la Bataille Flandres Dunkerque, Rennes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - B Ségui
- INSERM UMR 1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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