1
|
Li J, Chen K, Li X, Zhang X, Zhang L, Yang Q, Xia Y, Xie C, Wang X, Tong J, Shen Y. Mechanistic insights into the alterations and regulation of the AKT signaling pathway in diabetic retinopathy. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:418. [PMID: 37978169 PMCID: PMC10656479 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetes-related hyperglycemia directly inhibits the AKT signaling pathway by increasing oxidative stress or inhibiting growth factor expression, which leads to retinal cell apoptosis, nerve proliferation and fundus microvascular disease. However, due to compensatory vascular hyperplasia in the late stage of DR, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT cascade is activated, resulting in opposite levels of AKT regulation compared with the early stage. Studies have shown that many factors, including insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), VEGF and others, can regulate the AKT pathway. Disruption of the insulin pathway decreases AKT activation. IGF-1 downregulation decreases the activation of AKT in DR, which abrogates the neuroprotective effect, upregulates VEGF expression and thus induces neovascularization. Although inhibiting VEGF is the main treatment for neovascularization in DR, excessive inhibition may lead to apoptosis in inner retinal neurons. AKT pathway substrates, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), forkhead box O (FOXO), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), are a research focus. mTOR inhibitors can delay or prevent retinal microangiopathy, whereas low mTOR activity can decrease retinal protein synthesis. Inactivated AKT fails to inhibit FOXO and thus causes apoptosis. The GSK-3/Nrf2 cascade regulates oxidation and inflammation in DR. NF-κB is activated in diabetic retinas and is involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Many pathways or vital activities, such as the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, interact with the AKT pathway to influence DR development. Numerous regulatory methods can simultaneously impact the AKT pathway and other pathways, and it is essential to consider both the connections and interactions between these pathways. In this review, we summarize changes in the AKT signaling pathway in DR and targeted drugs based on these potential sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuangqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuhong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianjie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yutong Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiawei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baldavira CM, Gomes LF, Cruz LTDL, Maria DA, Capelozzi VL. In vivo evidence of angiogenesis inhibition by β2-glycoprotein I subfractions in the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10291. [PMID: 33470390 PMCID: PMC7812911 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vascular network expansion and functioning are important factors affecting normal intra-uterine fetal development. This study addressed the previously reported antiangiogenic potential of beta-2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) in vivo in the chick embryo model of angiogenesis. The effects of two naturally occurring β2GPI forms on the development of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) vessels and the chicken embryo were investigated. β2GPI monomers and dimers were obtained by fractioned purification and characterized using SDS-PAGE, immunoblot, and ELISA. The egg exposure was performed by injection of small volumes of 2.5 µg/mL solutions of the β2GPI subfractions. Angiogenesis was evaluated through quantitative measurements of vascular architecture parameters in the captured CAM images, using computational analysis of texture contrasts and computer vision techniques. Quantitative information was assigned to the CAM vasculature modifications. In vivo, the β2GPI dimer completely halted the formation of CAM vessels and led to embryo death after 48 h of exposure. The β2GPI monomer allowed the embryo to develop up to the 10th day, despite early changes of CAM vessels. The impaired normal vessel growth proceeded as a self-limited effect. The β2GPI monomer-exposed eggs showed reduced vascularization on the 6th day of incubation, but embryos were viable on the 10th day of incubation, with ingurgitated CAM vessels implying sequelae of the angiogenesis inhibition. Both subfractions impaired CAM vasculature development. The β2GPI dimer proved to be largely more harmful than the β2GPI monomer. β2GPI modification by cleavage or dimerization may play a role in angiogenesis control in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Baldavira
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L F Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L T De La Cruz
- Laboratório de Sistemas Planctônicos, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - D A Maria
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V L Capelozzi
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saijun Z, Xin L, Jie W, Shumin X, Shuaihui L, Pei Y. Reduced β2GPI Inhibiting Glomerular Mesangial Cells VEGF-NO Axis Uncoupling Induced by High Glucose. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5484731. [PMID: 30112400 PMCID: PMC6077591 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5484731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
VEGF-NO axis uncoupling is an important pathogenesis for DN. Reduced β2GPI could play a part in VEGF signaling pathway and has a protective effect on diabetic vascular disease. This study investigates the effect of reduced β2GPI on glomerular mesangial cells VEGF-NO axis uncoupling induced by high glucose. Compared to control group, glomerular mesangial cell line HBZY-1 cells treated with high glucose expressed higher levels of VEGF mRNA and protein and produced more ROS but less NO. The related proteins related to VEGF-NO axis were assayed. High glucose could significantly increase the expression of the level of VEGFR2 and obviously increase phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS but significantly decrease the expression of GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH-1), reducing the production of eNOS dimer. Both β2GPI and reduced β2GPI partly reverse these effects caused by high glucose. Reduced β2GPI had stronger effect than β2GPI. GCH-1 is the speed limit of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis enzyme. As the key part of eNOS cofactors, BH4 could partly restore eNOS dimer induced by high glucose. Our results indicated that high glucose could interfere with eNOS dimer formation. β2GPI and reduced β2GPI can partly reverse the VEGF-NO axis uncoupling by restoring the GCH-1 expression level and then promote eNOS dimer formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Saijun
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Li Xin
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Wang Jie
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiao Shumin
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Liu Shuaihui
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yu Pei
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A Critical Analysis of the Available In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methods to Study Retinal Angiogenesis. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:3034953. [PMID: 28848677 PMCID: PMC5564124 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3034953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a biological process with a central role in retinal diseases. The choice of the ideal method to study angiogenesis, particularly in the retina, remains a problem. Angiogenesis can be assessed through in vitro and in vivo studies. In spite of inherent limitations, in vitro studies are faster, easier to perform and quantify, and typically less expensive and allow the study of isolated angiogenesis steps. We performed a systematic review of PubMed searching for original articles that applied in vitro or ex vivo angiogenic retinal assays until May 2017, presenting the available assays and discussing their applicability, advantages, and disadvantages. Most of the studies evaluated migration, proliferation, and tube formation of endothelial cells in response to inhibitory or stimulatory compounds. Other aspects of angiogenesis were studied by assessing cell permeability, adhesion, or apoptosis, as well as by implementing organotypic models of the retina. Emphasis is placed on how the methods are applied and how they can contribute to retinal angiogenesis comprehension. We also discuss how to choose the best cell culture to implement these methods. When applied together, in vitro and ex vivo studies constitute a powerful tool to improve retinal angiogenesis knowledge. This review provides support for researchers to better select the most suitable protocols in this field.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cadau S, Leoty-Okombi S, Pain S, Bechetoille N, André-Frei V, Berthod F. In vitro glycation of an endothelialized and innervated tissue-engineered skin to screen anti-AGE molecules. Biomaterials 2015; 51:216-225. [PMID: 25771012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycation is one of the major processes responsible for skin aging through induction of the detrimental formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). We developed an innovative tissue-engineered skin combining both a capillary-like and a nerve networks and designed a protocol to induce continuous AGEs formation by a treatment with glyoxal. We determined the optimal concentration of glyoxal to induce AGEs formation identified by carboxymethyl-lysin expression while keeping their toxic effects low. We showed that our tissue-engineered skin cultured for 44 days and treated with 200 μm glyoxal for 31 days displayed high carboxymethyl-lysine expression, which induced a progressively increased alteration of its capillary and nerve networks between 28 and 44 days. Moreover, it produced an epidermal differentiation defect evidenced by the lack of loricrin and filaggrin expression in the epidermis. These effects were almost completely prevented by addition of aminoguanidine 1.5 mm, an anti-glycation compound, and only slightly decreased by alagebrium 500 μm, an AGE-breaker molecule. This tissue-engineered skin model is the first one to combine a capillary and nerve network and to enable a continuous glycation over a long-term culture period. It is a unique tool to investigate the effects of glycation on skin and to screen new molecules that could prevent AGEs formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Cadau
- Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 1401, 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sabine Pain
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions, 32 Rue Saint Jean de Dieu, Lyon 69007, France
| | | | - Valérie André-Frei
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions, 32 Rue Saint Jean de Dieu, Lyon 69007, France
| | - François Berthod
- Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 1401, 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|