1
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Hassan AY, Shabaan SN, El-Sebaey SA, Abou-Amra ES. Synthesis of pyrido-annelated [1,2,4,5]tetrazines, [1,2,4]triazepine, and [1,2,4,5]tetrazepines for anticancer, DFT, and molecular docking studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5585. [PMID: 37020093 PMCID: PMC10076274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this strategy, we attempt to design various novel nitrogen-rich heterocycles in one molecule. Green, simple, and efficient aza-annulations of an active, versatile building block, 1-amino-4-methyl-2-oxo-6-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (1), with different bifunctional reagents were developed under solvent-free conditions, resulting in the bridgehead tetrazines and azepines (triazepine and tetrazepines). Pyrido[1,2,4,5]tetrazines have been synthesized through two pathways; [3 + 3]- and [5 + 1]-annulations. In addition, pyrido-azepines have been developed by applying [4 + 3]-and [5 + 2]-annulations. This protocol establishes an efficient technique for synthesizing essential biological derivatives of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines, 1,2,4-triazepines, and 1,2,4,5-tetrazepine, tolerating a diverse variety of functionalities without the need for catalysis and fast reaction rates in high yields. The National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, USA) examined twelve compounds produced at a single high dosage (10-5 M). Compounds 4, 8, and 9 were discovered to have potent anticancer action against certain cancer cell types. To explain NCI results, the density of states was calculated to conduct a better description of the FMOs. The molecular electrostatic potential maps were created to explain a molecule's chemical reactivity. In silico ADME experiments were performed to better understand their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Finally, the molecular docking investigations on Janus Kinase-2 (PDB ID: 4P7E) were carried out to study the binding mechanism, binding affinity, and non-bonding contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Y Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Youssef Abbas Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara N Shabaan
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Youssef Abbas Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samiha A El-Sebaey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Youssef Abbas Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman S Abou-Amra
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Youssef Abbas Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Abdelkarim M, Ben Younes K, Limam I, Guermazi R, ElGaaied ABA, Aissa-Fennira FB. 3,6-dichloro-1,2,4,5-Tetrazine Assayed at High Doses in the Metastatic Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231 Reduces Cell Numbers and Induces Apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407215666181224105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The lack of treatment options for patients with chemotherapy-resistant cancers
is pushing the field toward the development of new therapies. 1,2,4,5-tetrazine derivatives are a class of
heterocyclic compounds that exhibit a broad spectrum of antitumor activities.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to assess the biological activity of four s-tetrazine derivatives
by substitution of two chloride atom of 3,6-dichloro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine with long hydrophobic side
chains.
Methods:
We analyzed the anti-proliferative effects of four s-tetrazine derivatives with MTT assay and
their pro-apoptotic effect with AV/ IP flow cytometry analysis and Hoechst 33342 staining.
Results:
We demonstrated that 3,6-dichloro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (compound (1)) has a cytotoxic effect and
induces apoptosis.
Conclusion:
3,6-dichloro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine presents a new cytotoxic drug against metastatic breast cancer
cell line MDA-MB-231 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelkarim
- Laboratory of onco-hematology, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khaoula Ben Younes
- Laboratory of onco-hematology, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Limam
- Laboratory of onco-hematology, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Refka Guermazi
- Laboratory of Organic Molecular Chemistry, ENSIT MONTFLEURY 5 Taha Hussein Avenue 1008 Montfleury, University of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Ben Ammaar ElGaaied
- Laboratory of Genetics Immunology and Humans Pathologies, Faculty of sciences of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ben Aissa-Fennira
- Laboratory of onco-hematology, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
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3
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Le T, Winham CL, Andromidas F, Silver AC, Jellison ER, Levesque AA, Koob AO. Chimera RNA interference knockdown of γ-synuclein in human cortical astrocytes results in mitotic catastrophe. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1894-1902. [PMID: 32246638 PMCID: PMC7513975 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of γ-synuclein (γ-syn) expression have been noted in the progression of glioblastomas, and also in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases. γ-Syn can be either internalized from the extracellular milieu or expressed endogenously by human cortical astrocytes. Internalized γ-syn results in increased cellular proliferation, brain derived neurotrophic factor release and astroprotection. However, the function of endogenous γ-syn in primary astrocytes, and the relationship to these two opposing disease states are unknown. γ-Syn is expressed by astrocytes in the human cortex, and to gain a better understanding of the role of endogenous γ-syn, primary human cortical astrocytes were treated with chimera RNA interference (RNAi) targeting γ-syn after release from cell synchronization. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated an increase in endogenous γ-syn expression 48 hours after release from cell synchronization, while RNAi reduced γ-syn expression to control levels. Immunocytochemistry of Ki67 and 5-bromodeoxyuridine showed chimera RNAi γ-syn knockdown reduced cellular proliferation at 24 and 48 hours after release from cell synchronization. To further investigate the consequence of γ-syn knockdown on the astrocytic cell cycle, phosphorylated histone H3 pSer10 (pHH3) and phosphorylated cyclin dependent kinase-2 pTyr15 (pCDK2) levels were observed via western blot analysis. The results revealed an elevated expression of pHH3, but not pCDK2, indicating γ-syn knockdown leads to disruption of the cell cycle and chromosomal compaction after 48 hours. Subsequently, flow cytometry with propidium iodide determined that increases in apoptosis coincided with γ-syn knockdown. Therefore, γ-syn exerts its effect to allow normal astrocytic progression through the cell cycle, as evidenced by decreased proliferation marker expression, increased pHH3, and mitotic catastrophe after knockdown. In this study, we demonstrated that the knockdown of γ-syn within primary human cortical astrocytes using chimera RNAi leads to cell cycle disruption and apoptosis, indicating an essential role for γ-syn in regulating normal cell division in astrocytes. Therefore, disruption to γ-syn function would influence astrocytic proliferation, and could be an important contributor to neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timmy Le
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biology Department, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Cynthia L Winham
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biology Department, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Fotis Andromidas
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biology Department, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Adam C Silver
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biology Department, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, UCONN Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Aime A Levesque
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biology Department, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Andrew O Koob
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biology Department, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
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4
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A novel anti-cancer role of β-apopicropodophyllin against non-small cell lung cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 357:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Liu J, Qiu L, Xia J, Chen S, Yu X, Zhou Y. ZGDHu-1 for cancer therapy. Oncol Lett 2018; 14:6334-6340. [PMID: 29344112 PMCID: PMC5754890 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N'-di-(m-methylphenyl)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,4-dicarboamide (ZGDHu-1) is a novel tetrazine derivative that was initially designed and produced by Professor W.X. Hu, and which has been reported by our group to exhibit antitumor activity. Accumulating evidence suggests that the anticancer mechanisms of ZGDHu-1 may be involved indifferent biological activities, particularly in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. At a high concentration, ZGDHu-1 has been demonstrated to inhibit the proliferation of the leukemia cells by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, and by inducing cell apoptosis via inducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, the translocation of phosphatidylserine across the plasma membrane and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, at a low concentration, it was demonstrated to induce the differentiation and degrade the AML1-eight-twenty-one fusion protein in AML cells. Finally, results from a previous study indicate that ZGDHu-1 is a potential proteasome inhibitor. Overall, our preliminary research suggests that ZGDHu-1 may be a promising anticancer drug; however, further research is warranted to identify the exact drug target and potential clinical application in leukemia cells or solid tumors. In the present review, the application of ZGDHu-1 in cancer research, in addition to the specific underlying targets of ZGDHu-1, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Liannv Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Sufeng Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiping Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yonglie Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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ZGDHu-1 promotes apoptosis of mantle cell lymphoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11659-11675. [PMID: 28035065 PMCID: PMC5355294 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a well-defined aggressive Non-Hodgkin-lymphoma with short survival rates and remains incurable to date. Previously, we demonstrated the antitumor activity of ZGDHu-1(N, N'-di-(m-methylphenyi)-3, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-dihydro-1, 2, 4, 5-tetrazine-1, 4-dicarboamide) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In this study, ZGDHu-1 shows potent anti-lymphoma activity in MCL cells. ZGDHu-1 significantly induces cell cycle G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in MCL cells. ZGDHu-1 reduces the protein levels of Mcl-1, Bcl-XL and cyclin D1. Importantly, ZGDHu-1 inhibits TNFα-induced IkBa phosphorylation, p65 nuclear translocation and NF-kB downstream target gene expression in MCL cells. MCL samples expressing high levels of Bcl-2 and high Bcl-2/Bax ratios tend to be less effective to ZGDHu-1. Together, these results suggest that ZGDHu-1 could inhibit the NF-kB signaling pathway partly, which may lead to the suppression of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in MCL cells. Thus, our studies provide evidence of the potential of ZGDHu-1 in treating mantle cell lymphoma.
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Shen X, Wu Z, Chen S, Chen Y, Xia J, Lv Y, Zhou Y. Induction of G 2/M phase arrest and apoptosis by ZGDHU-1 in A549 and RERF-LC-MA lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:989-994. [PMID: 27446382 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major public health issue worldwide and is associated with high mortality and poor prognosis. Chemotherapy has the potential to reduce tumor size, increase operability and eradicate micrometastases; therefore, novel chemicals to treat lung cancer are urgently required. In the present study, the effects of N, N'-di-(m-methylphenyi)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4, 5-tetrazine-1,4-dicarboamide (ZGDHu-1), a novel tetrazine derivative, were investigated in A549 and RERF-LC-MA lung cancer cells, and the underlying molecular mechanism of ZGDHu in treating lung cancer was determined. Following incubation with different concentrations of ZGDHu-1, flow cytometry analysis results indicated that ZGDHu-1 could induce G2/mitotic (M) cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 and RERF-LC-MA cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of G2/M regulatory molecules, including cyclin B1, Cdc2 and cell division cycle 25c, decreased following treatment with ZGDHu-1, whilst p53 expression increased. In addition, A549 and RERF-LC-MA cell apoptosis was induced by cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and through the downregulation of nuclear factor-κB. These results suggest that ZGDHu-1 may induce G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis of lung cancer cells, and may serve as a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Shen
- Inspection Department, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China; Clinical Laboratory Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, P.R. China
| | - Sufeng Chen
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Inspection Department, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xia
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Lv
- Laboratory Center, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yonglie Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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8
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Yu X, Ruan X, Zhang J, Zhao Q. Celastrol Induces Cell Apoptosis and Inhibits the Expression of the AML1-ETO/C-KIT Oncoprotein in t(8;21) Leukemia. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050574. [PMID: 27144550 PMCID: PMC6274014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy is a major challenge to improving overall survival in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Therefore, the development of innovative therapies and the identification of more novel agents for AML are urgently needed. Celastrol, a compound extracted from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook, exerts anticancer activity. We investigated the effect of celastrol in the t(8;21) AML cell lines Kasumi-1 and SKNO-1. We demonstrated that inhibition of cell proliferation activated caspases and disrupted mitochondrial function. In addition, we found that celastrol downregulated the AML1-ETO fusion protein, therefore downregulating C-KIT kinases and inhibiting AKT, STAT3 and Erk1/2. These findings provide clear evidence that celastrol might provide clinical benefits to patients with t(8;21) leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/biosynthesis
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Pentacyclic Triterpenes
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/biosynthesis
- RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Translocation, Genetic
- Triterpenes/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China.
| | - Xuzhi Ruan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China.
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China.
| | - Qun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Choi HK, Ryu H, Son AR, Seo B, Hwang SG, Song JY, Ahn J. The novel anthraquinone derivative IMP1338 induces death of human cancer cells by p53-independent S and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 79:308-14. [PMID: 27044842 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify novel small molecules that induce selective cancer cell death, we screened a chemical library containing 1040 compounds in HT29 colon cancer and CCD18-Co normal colon cells, using a phenotypic cell-based viability assay system with the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). We discovered a novel anthraquinone derivative, N-(4-[{(9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydro-1-anthracenyl)sulfonyl}amino]phenyl)-N-methylacetamide (IMP1338), which was cytotoxic against the human colon cancer cells tested. The MTT cell viability assay showed that treatment with IMP1338 selectively inhibited HCT116, HCT116 p53(-/-), HT29, and A549 cancer cell proliferation compared to that of Beas2B normal epithelial cells. To elucidate the cellular mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of IMP1338, we examined the effect of IMP1338 on the cell cycle distribution and death of cancer cells. IMP1338 treatment significantly arrested the cell cycle at S and G2/M phases by DNA damage and led to apoptotic cell death, which was determined using FACS analysis with Annexin V/PI double staining. Furthermore, IMP1338 increased caspase-3 cleavage in wild-type p53, p53 knockout HCT116, and HT29 cells as determined using immunoblotting. In addition, IMP1338 markedly induced the phosphorylation of histone H2AX and Chk1 in both cell lines while the combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and radiation inhibited the viability of HCT116, HCT116 p53(-/-), and HT29 cells compared to 5-FU or radiation alone. Our findings indicated that IMP1338 induced p53-independent cell death through S and G2/M phase arrest as well as DNA damage. These results provide a basis for future investigations assessing the promising anticancer properties of IMP1338.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Choi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jungwon University, 85 Munmuro, Goesan 28024, South Korea
| | - Hwani Ryu
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowonro Nowongu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - A-Rang Son
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowonro Nowongu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - Bitna Seo
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowonro Nowongu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowonro Nowongu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - Jie-Young Song
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowonro Nowongu, Seoul 01812, South Korea.
| | - Jiyeon Ahn
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowonro Nowongu, Seoul 01812, South Korea.
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