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Han Y, Dong C, Hu M, Wang X, Wang G. Unlocking the adenosine receptor mechanism of the tumour immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1434118. [PMID: 38994361 PMCID: PMC11236561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1434118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The suppressive tumour microenvironment significantly hinders the efficacy of immunotherapy in treating solid tumors. In this context, stromal cells, such as tumour-associated fibroblasts, undergo changes that include an increase in the number and function of immunosuppressive cells. Adenosine, a factor that promotes tumour growth, is produced from ATP breakdown and is markedly elevated in the tumour microenvironment. It acts through specific binding to adenosine receptors, with A2A and A2B adenosine receptor being primary drivers of immunosuppression. This paper presents the roles of various adenosine receptors in different tumour microenvironments. This review focus on the function of adenosine receptors in the stromal cells and non-cellular components of the tumour microenvironment. Additionally, we summarize and discuss recent advances and potential trends in using adenosine receptor antagonists combined with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecheng Han
- General Affairs Office of Shenyang Hongqiao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenshuang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingwang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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2
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Bessa-Gonçalves M, Bragança B, Martins-Dias E, Vinhas A, Certal M, Rodrigues T, Ferreirinha F, Costa MA, Correia-de-Sá P, Fontes-Sousa AP. Blockage of the adenosine A 2B receptor prevents cardiac fibroblasts overgrowth in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:163-179. [PMID: 37402944 PMCID: PMC10997572 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained pressure overload and fibrosis of the right ventricle (RV) are the leading causes of mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Although the role of adenosine in PAH has been attributed to the control of pulmonary vascular tone, cardiac reserve, and inflammatory processes, the involvement of the nucleoside in RV remodelling remains poorly understood. Conflicting results exist on targeting the low-affinity adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) for the treatment of PAH mostly because it displays dual roles in acute vs. chronic lung diseases. Herein, we investigated the role of the A2BAR in the viability/proliferation and collagen production by cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) isolated from RVs of rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. CFs from MCT-treated rats display higher cell viability/proliferation capacity and overexpress A2BAR compared to the cells from healthy littermates. The enzymatically stable adenosine analogue, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 1-30 μM), concentration-dependently increased growth, and type I collagen production by CFs originated from control and PAH rats, but its effects were more prominent in cells from rats with PAH. Blockage of the A2BAR with PSB603 (100 nM), but not of the A2AAR with SCH442416 (100 nM), attenuated the proliferative effect of NECA in CFs from PAH rats. The A2AAR agonist, CGS21680 (3 and 10 nM), was virtually devoid of effect. Overall, data suggest that adenosine signalling via A2BAR may contribute to RV overgrowth secondary to PAH. Therefore, blockage of the A2AAR may be a valuable therapeutic alternative to mitigate cardiac remodelling and prevent right heart failure in PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Bessa-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Bragança
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Martins-Dias
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adriana Vinhas
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Certal
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Adelina Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, ICBAS-UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Patrícia Fontes-Sousa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Kaur H, Yerra VG, Batchu SN, Tran DT, Kabir MDG, Liu Y, Advani SL, Sedrak P, Geldenhuys L, Tennankore KK, Poyah P, Siddiqi FS, Advani A. Single cell G-protein coupled receptor profiling of activated kidney fibroblasts expressing transcription factor 21. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2898-2915. [PMID: 37115600 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Activated fibroblasts deposit fibrotic matrix in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most druggable therapeutic targets. Here, we set out to establish a transcriptional profile that identifies activated kidney fibroblasts and the GPCRs that they express. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH RNA sequencing and single cell qRT-PCR were performed on mouse kidneys after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Candidate expression was evaluated in mice with UUO or diabetes or injected with adriamycin or folic acid. Intervention studies were conducted in mice with diabetes or UUO. Correlative histology was performed in human kidney tissue. KEY RESULTS Transcription factor 21 (Tcf21)+ cells that expressed 2 or 3 of Postn, Acta2 and Pdgfra were highly enriched for fibrogenic genes and were defined as activated kidney fibroblasts. Tcf21+ α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+ interstitial cells accumulated in kidneys of mice with UUO or diabetes or injected with adriamycin or folic acid, whereas renin-angiotensin system blockade attenuated increases in Tcf21 in diabetic mice. Fifty-six GPCRs were up-regulated in single Tcf21+ kidney fibroblasts, the most up-regulated being Adgra2 and S1pr3. Adenosine receptors, Adora2a/2b, were up-regulated in Tcf21+ fibroblasts and the adenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine decreased Tcf21 upregulation and kidney fibrosis in UUO mice. TCF21, ADGRA2, S1PR3 and ADORA2A/2B were each detectable in α-SMA+ interstitial cells in human kidney samples. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Tcf21 is a marker of kidney fibroblasts that are enriched for fibrogenic genes in CKD. Further analysis of the GPCRs expressed by these cells may identify new targets for treating CKD. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Advances in Fibrosis as a Therapeutic Target. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmandeep Kaur
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veera Ganesh Yerra
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sri Nagarjun Batchu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Duc Tin Tran
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M D Golam Kabir
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youan Liu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne L Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phelopater Sedrak
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Penelope Poyah
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ferhan S Siddiqi
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Fabricating a Novel Three-Dimensional Skin Model Using Silica Nonwoven Fabrics (SNF). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silica nonwoven fabrics (SNF) prepared using electrospinning have high biocompatibility, thermal stability, and porosity that allows growing three-dimensional culture of cells. In this study, we used SNF to construct a three-dimensional artificial skin model consisting of epidermal and dermal layers with immortalized and primary human cell lines, creating a novel model that minimizes tissue shrinkage. As a result, SNF dermal/epidermal models have enhanced functions in the basement membrane, whereas Collagen dermal/epidermal models have advantages in keratinization and barrier functions. The SNF dermal/epidermal model with mechanical strength formed a basement membrane mimicking structure, suggesting the construction of a stable skin model. Next, we constructed three-dimensional skin models consisting of SNF and collagen. In the combination models, the expression of genes in the basement membrane was significantly increased compared with that in the Collagen dermal/epidermal model, and the gene for keratinization was increased compared with that in the SNF dermal/epidermal model. We believe that the combination model can be a biomimetic model that takes advantage of both SNF and collagen and can be applied to various basic research. Our new skin model is expected to be an alternative method for skin testing to improve the shrinkage of the collagen matrix gel.
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5
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Kitabatake K, Yoshida E, Kaji T, Tsukimoto M. Involvement of adenosine A2B receptor in radiation-induced translocation of epidermal growth factor receptor and DNA damage response leading to radioresistance in human lung cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129457. [PMID: 31678144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine receptors are involved in tumor growth, progression, and response to therapy. Among them, A2B receptor is highly expressed in various tumors. Furthermore, ionizing radiation induces translocation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which promotes DNA repair and contributes to radioresistance. We hypothesized that A2B receptor might be involved in the translocation of EGFR. METHODS We investigated whether A2B receptor is involved in EGFR translocation and DNA damage response (γH2AX/53BP1 focus formation) of lung cancer cells by means of immunofluorescence studies. Radiosensitivity was evaluated by colony formation assay after γ-irradiation. RESULTS A2B receptor was expressed at higher levels in cancer cells than in normal cells. A2B receptor antagonist treatment or A2B receptor knockdown suppressed EGFR translocation, γH2AX/53BP1 focus formation, and colony formation of lung cancer cell lines A549, calu-6 and NCI-H446, compared with a normal cell line (beas-2b). γ-Irradiation-induced phosphorylation of src and EGFR was also attenuated by suppression of A2B receptor expression. CONCLUSION Activation of A2B receptor mediates γ-radiation-induced translocation of EGFR and phosphorylation of src and EGFR, thereby promoting recovery of irradiated lung cancer cells from DNA damage. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that A2B receptors contribute to radiation resistance in a cancer-cell-specific manner, and may be a promising target for radiosensitizers in cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kitabatake
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.
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6
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Zhou Y, Chu X, Yi Y, Hao Z, Zheng X, Yuxin T, Dai Y. MRS1754 inhibits proliferation and migration of bladder urothelial carcinoma by regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11360-11368. [PMID: 30565699 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) is one of the most common urological malignancies. Our previous study found that adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) was upregulated in BUC tissues and cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of MRS1754 (a selective A2bR antagonist) on cell proliferation and migration in two well-studied invasive urothelial cell carcinoma lines EJ and T24. Our results showed that MRS1754 reduced BUC cell proliferation and induced a G0/G1 phase cell-cycle arrest. Next, MRS1754 inhibited cell migration and Bay60-6583 (a selective A2bR agonist) treatment could reverse the inhibitory effect of MRS1754 on BUC cells migration. Furthermore, our results showed MRS1754 treatment downregulated the protein levels of p-P38, p-JNK, and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK). These findings suggest that MRS1754 can inhibit progression of BUC via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and indicate the therapeutic potential of A2B antagonists in BUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi Chu
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ye Yi
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Hao
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaoping Zheng
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tang Yuxin
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yingbo Dai
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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7
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors: The State of the Art. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1591-1625. [PMID: 29848236 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid generation of adenosine from cellular metabolism, and the widespread distribution of its receptor subtypes in almost all organs and tissues, this nucleoside induces a multitude of physiopathological effects, regulating central nervous, cardiovascular, peripheral, and immune systems. It is becoming clear that the expression patterns of adenosine receptors vary among cell types, lending weight to the idea that they may be both markers of pathologies and useful targets for novel drugs. This review offers an overview of current knowledge on adenosine receptors, including their characteristic structural features, molecular interactions and cellular functions, as well as their essential roles in pain, cancer, and neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. Finally, we highlight the latest findings on molecules capable of targeting adenosine receptors and report which stage of drug development they have reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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8
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Bekisz JM, Lopez CD, Corciulo C, Mediero A, Coelho PG, Witek L, Flores RL, Cronstein BN. The Role of Adenosine Receptor Activation in Attenuating Cartilaginous Inflammation. Inflammation 2018; 41:1135-1141. [PMID: 29656316 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor activation has been explored as a modulator of the inflammatory process that propagates osteoarthritis. It has been reported that cartilage has enhanced regenerative potential when influenced by adenosine receptor activation. As adenosine's role in maintaining chondrocyte homeostasis at the cellular and molecular levels is explored, successful in vivo applications of adenosine delivery for cartilage repair continue to be reported. This review summarizes the role adenosine receptor ligation plays in chondrocyte homeostasis and regeneration of articular cartilage damaged in osteoarthritis. It also reports on all the modalities reported for delivery of adenosine through in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Bekisz
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 521, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery at New York University School of Medicine, 307 East 33rd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Christopher D Lopez
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics at New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Aranzazu Mediero
- Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery at New York University School of Medicine, 307 East 33rd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics at New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics at New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Roberto L Flores
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery at New York University School of Medicine, 307 East 33rd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 521, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Division of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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9
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Cervical cancer cells produce TGF-β1 through the CD73-adenosine pathway and maintain CD73 expression through the autocrine activity of TGF-β1. Cytokine 2018; 118:71-79. [PMID: 30301599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In cancer, the adenosinergic pathway participates in the generation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and in the promotion of tumor growth through the generation of adenosine (Ado). The present study analyzed the participation of Ado, generated through the functional activity of the cervical cancer (CeCa) pathway in CeCa cells, to induce the expression and secretion of TGF-β1, as well as the participation of this factor to maintain CD73 expression. Ado concentrations greater than 10 μM were necessary to induce an increase of over 50% in the production and expression of TGF-β1 in CeCa tumor cells. Blockade of A2AR and A2BR with the specific antagonists, ZM241385 and MRS1754, respectively, strongly reversed the production of TGF-β1. TGF-β1 produced by CeCa cells was necessary to maintain CD73 expression because the addition of anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibodies or the inhibition of TGF-βRI strongly reversed the expression of CD73 in the CeCa cells. These results suggested a feedback loop in CeCa cells that favors immunosuppressive activity through the production of TGF-β1 and Ado as well as the autocrine activity of TGF-β1 and expression of CD73.
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10
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Zhou Y, Chu X, Deng F, Tong L, Tong G, Yi Y, Liu J, Tang J, Tang Y, Xia Y, Dai Y. The adenosine A2b receptor promotes tumor progression of bladder urothelial carcinoma by enhancing MAPK signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48755-48768. [PMID: 28548944 PMCID: PMC5564722 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) was considered to play an oncogenic role in many human malignancies. However, the expression and molecular function of A2bR in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) have not been well elucidated. Herein, we found that the expression of A2bR was higher than other adenosine receptors in BUC tissues and cells, and it was upregulated in BUC tissues compared with matched normal bladder tissues. Furthermore, high expression of A2bR was associated with poor prognosis of patients with BUC. In addition, suppression of A2bR inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of BUC cells and arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase. Finally, we demonstrated that downregulation of A2bR inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of BUC in part via the MAPK signaling pathway, increasing the levels of P21 but decreasing the levels of cyclin B1, D, E1, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Overexpression of MMP-2 could rescue BUC cells migration and invasion. Thus, the present study indicates that A2bR may play a potential oncogenic role in BUC progression and act as a potential biomarker to identify BUC patients with poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi Chu
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Deng
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guoxiong Tong
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Yi
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianye Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yingbo Dai
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Sorrentino C, Miele L, Porta A, Pinto A, Morello S. Activation of the A2B adenosine receptor in B16 melanomas induces CXCL12 expression in FAP-positive tumor stromal cells, enhancing tumor progression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64274-64288. [PMID: 27590504 PMCID: PMC5325441 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The A2B receptor (A2BR) can mediate adenosine-induced tumor proliferation, immunosuppression and angiogenesis. Targeting the A2BR has proved to be therapeutically effective in some murine tumor models, but the mechanisms of these effects are still incompletely understood. Here, we report that pharmacologic inhibition of A2BR with PSB1115, which inhibits tumor growth, decreased the number of fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-expressing cells in tumors in a mouse model of melanoma. This effect was associated with reduced expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. Treatment of melanoma-associated fibroblasts with the A2BR agonist Bay60-6583 enhanced CXCL12 and FGF2 expression. This effect was abrogated by PSB1115. The A2AR agonist CGS21680 did not induce CXCL12 or FGF2 expression in tumor associated fibroblasts. Similar results were obtained under hypoxic conditions in skin-derived fibroblasts, which responded to Bay60-6583 in an A2BR-dependent manner, by stimulating pERK1/2. FGF2 produced by Bay60-6583-treated fibroblasts directly enhanced the proliferation of melanoma cells. This effect could be reversed by PSB1115 or an anti-FGF2 antibody. Interestingly, melanoma growth in mice receiving Bay60-6583 was attenuated by inhibition of the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway with AMD3100. CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are involved in angiogenesis and immune-suppression. Treatment of mice with AMD3100 reduced the number of CD31+ cells induced by Bay60-6583. Conversely, CXCR4 blockade did not affect the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating MDSCs or Tregs. Together, our data reveal an important role for A2BR in stimulating FGF2 and CXCL12 expression in melanoma-associated fibroblasts. These factors contribute to create a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Our findings support the therapeutic potential of PSB1115 for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sorrentino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy.,PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Amalia Porta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Aldo Pinto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Silvana Morello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
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12
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Feig JL, Mediero A, Corciulo C, Liu H, Zhang J, Perez-Aso M, Picard L, Wilder T, Cronstein B. The antiviral drug tenofovir, an inhibitor of Pannexin-1-mediated ATP release, prevents liver and skin fibrosis by downregulating adenosine levels in the liver and skin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188135. [PMID: 29145453 PMCID: PMC5690602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrosing diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and, therefore, there is a need for safe and effective antifibrotic therapies. Adenosine, generated extracellularly by the dephosphorylation of adenine nucleotides, ligates specific receptors which play a critical role in development of hepatic and dermal fibrosis. Results of recent clinical trials indicate that tenofovir, a widely used antiviral agent, reverses hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Belonging to the class of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, tenofovir is an analogue of AMP. We tested the hypothesis that tenofovir has direct antifibrotic effects in vivo by interfering with adenosine pathways of fibrosis using two distinct models of adenosine and A2AR-mediated fibrosis. Methods Thioacetamide (100mg/kg IP)-treated mice were treated with vehicle, or tenofovir (75mg/kg, SubQ) (n = 5–10). Bleomycin (0.25U, SubQ)-treated mice were treated with vehicle or tenofovir (75mg/kg, IP) (n = 5–10). Adenosine levels were determined by HPLC, and ATP release was quantitated as luciferase-dependent bioluminescence. Skin breaking strength was analysed and H&E and picrosirus red-stained slides were imaged. Pannexin-1expression was knocked down following retroviral-mediated expression of of Pannexin-1-specific or scrambled siRNA. Results Treatment of mice with tenofovir diminished adenosine release from the skin of bleomycin-treated mice and the liver of thioacetamide-treated mice, models of diffuse skin fibrosis and hepatic cirrhosis, respectively. More importantly, tenofovir treatment diminished skin and liver fibrosis in these models. Tenofovir diminished extracellular adenosine concentrations by inhibiting, in a dose-dependent fashion, cellular ATP release but not in cells lacking Pannexin-1. Conclusions These studies suggest that tenofovir, a widely used antiviral agent, could be useful in the treatment of fibrosing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Feig
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aranzazu Mediero
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hailing Liu
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jin Zhang
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, LiHuili Hospital, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Miguel Perez-Aso
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura Picard
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tuere Wilder
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Pathological overproduction: the bad side of adenosine. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1945-1960. [PMID: 28252203 PMCID: PMC6398520 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous ubiquitous purine nucleoside, which is increased by hypoxia, ischaemia and tissue damage and mediates a number of physiopathological effects by interacting with four GPCRs, identified as A1 , A2A , A2B and A3 . Physiological and acutely increased adenosine is mostly associated with beneficial effects that include vasodilatation and a decrease in inflammation. In contrast, chronic overproduction of adenosine occurs in important pathological states, where long-lasting increases in the nucleoside levels are responsible for the bad side of adenosine associated with chronic inflammation, fibrosis and organ damage. In this review, we describe and critically discuss the pathological overproduction of adenosine and analyse when, where and how adenosine exerts its detrimental effects throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerrara44121Italy
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14
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Ouyang P, Wang S, Zhang H, Huang Z, Wei P, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Li T. Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in L929 mouse fibroblast cells exposed to leptin and hypoxia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:181-191. [PMID: 28534985 PMCID: PMC5482097 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin and hypoxia are pro-fibrotic factors involved in fibrogenesis, however, the gene expression profiles remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulatory roles of leptin and hypoxia on the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. The cells were assigned to a normoxia, normoxia with leptin, hypoxia, and hypoxia with leptin group. The cDNA expression was detected using an Agilent mRNA array platform. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to leptin and hypoxia were identified using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, followed by clustering analysis, Gene Ontology analysis and pathway analysis. As a result, 54, 1,507 and 1,502 DEGs were found in response to leptin, hypoxia and the two combined, respectively, among which 52 (96.30%), 467 (30.99%) and 495 (32.96%) of the DEGs were downregulated. The most significant functional terms in response to leptin were meiosis I for biological process (P=0.0041) and synaptonemal complex for cell component (P=0.0013). Only one significant pathway responded to leptin, which was axon guidance (P=0.029). Flow cytometry confirmed that leptin promoted L929 cell proliferation. The most significant functional terms in response to hypoxia were ion binding for molecular function (P=7.8621E-05), glucose metabolic process for biological process (P=0.0008) and cell projection part for cell component (P=0.003). There were 12 pathways, which significantly responded to hypoxia (P<0.05) and the pathway with the highest significance was the chemokine signaling pathway (P=0.0001), which comprised 28 genes, including C-C motif ligand (CCL)1, C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)9, CXCL10, son of sevenless homolog 1, AKT serine/threonine kinase 2, Rho-associated protein kinase 1, vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1, CCL17, arrestin β1 and C-C motif chemokine receptor 2. In conclusion, the present study showed that leptin and hypoxia altered the profiles of gene expression in L929 cells. These findings not only extend the cell spectrum of leptin on cell proliferation, but also improve current understanding of hypoxia in fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Sen Wang
- Cancer Institute of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Pei Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Cancer Institute of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Zhuguo Wu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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15
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Liu M, Ning X, Li R, Yang Z, Yang X, Sun S, Qian Q. Signalling pathways involved in hypoxia-induced renal fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1248-1259. [PMID: 28097825 PMCID: PMC5487923 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the common pathological hallmark of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) with diverse aetiologies. Recent researches have highlighted the critical role of hypoxia during the development of renal fibrosis as a final common pathway in end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD), which joints the scientist's attention recently to exploit the molecular mechanism underlying hypoxia‐induced renal fibrogenesis. The scaring formation is a multilayered cellular response and involves the regulation of multiple hypoxia‐inducible signalling pathways and complex interactive networks. Therefore, this review will focus on the signalling pathways involved in hypoxia‐induced pathogenesis of interstitial fibrosis, including pathways mediated by HIF, TGF‐β, Notch, PKC/ERK, PI3K/Akt, NF‐κB, Ang II/ROS and microRNAs. Roles of molecules such as IL‐6, IL‐18, KIM‐1 and ADO are also reviewed. A comprehensive understanding of the roles that these hypoxia‐responsive signalling pathways and molecules play in the context of renal fibrosis will provide a foundation towards revealing the underlying mechanisms of progression of CKD and identifying novel therapeutic targets. In the future, promising new effective therapy against hypoxic effects may be successfully translated into the clinic to alleviate renal fibrosis and inhibit the progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ning
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiren Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Qian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, USA
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16
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Sun Y, Huang P. Adenosine A2B Receptor: From Cell Biology to Human Diseases. Front Chem 2016; 4:37. [PMID: 27606311 PMCID: PMC4995213 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2016.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that modulates a wide array of biological processes. Recently, significant advances have been made in our understanding of A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR). In this review, we first summarize some of the general characteristics of A2BAR, and then we describe the multiple binding partners of the receptor, such as newly identified α-actinin-1 and p105, and discuss how these associated proteins could modulate A2BAR's functions, including certain seemingly paradoxical functions of the receptor. Growing evidence indicates a critical role of A2BAR in cancer, renal disease, and diabetes, in addition to its importance in the regulation of vascular diseases, and lung disease. Here, we also discuss the role of A2BAR in cancer, renal disease, and diabetes and the potential of the receptor as a target for treating these three diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, South University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen, China
| | - Pingbo Huang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong, China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong, China
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17
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Ferrari D, Gambari R, Idzko M, Müller T, Albanesi C, Pastore S, La Manna G, Robson SC, Cronstein B. Purinergic signaling in scarring. FASEB J 2016; 30:3-12. [PMID: 26333425 PMCID: PMC4684510 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) and nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, and uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP), among others, may serve as extracellular signaling molecules. These mediators activate specific cell-surface receptors-namely, purinergic 1 and 2 (P1 and P2)-to modulate crucial pathophysiological responses. Regulation of this process is maintained by nucleoside and nucleotide transporters, as well as the ectonucleotidases ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase [ENTPD; cluster of differentiation (CD)39] and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT; CD73), among others. Cells involved in tissue repair, healing, and scarring respond to both ADO and ATP. Our recent investigations have shown that modulation of purinergic signaling regulates matrix deposition during tissue repair and fibrosis in several organs. Cells release adenine nucleotides into the extracellular space, where these mediators are converted by CD39 and CD73 into ADO, which is anti-inflammatory in the short term but may also promote dermal, heart, liver, and lung fibrosis with repetitive signaling under defined circumstances. Extracellular ATP stimulates cardiac fibroblast proliferation, lung inflammation, and fibrosis. P2Y2 (UTP/ATP) and P2Y6 [ADP/UTP/uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)] have been shown to have profibrotic effects, as well. Modulation of purinergic signaling represents a novel approach to preventing or diminishing fibrosis. We provide an overview of the current understanding of purinergic signaling in scarring and discuss its potential to prevent or decrease fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roberto Gambari
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marco Idzko
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tobias Müller
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Saveria Pastore
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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