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Brown A, Pan Q, Fan L, Indersie E, Tian C, Timchenko N, Li L, Hansen BS, Tan H, Lu M, Peng J, Pruett-Miller SM, Yu J, Cairo S, Zhu L. Ribonucleotide reductase subunit switching in hepatoblastoma drug response and relapse. Commun Biol 2023; 6:249. [PMID: 36882565 PMCID: PMC9992519 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognosis of children with high-risk hepatoblastoma (HB), the most common pediatric liver cancer, remains poor. In this study, we found ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit M2 (RRM2) was one of the key genes supporting cell proliferation in high-risk HB. While standard chemotherapies could effectively suppress RRM2 in HB cells, they induced a significant upregulation of the other RNR M2 subunit, RRM2B. Computational analysis revealed distinct signaling networks RRM2 and RRM2B were involved in HB patient tumors, with RRM2 supporting cell proliferation and RRM2B participating heavily in stress response pathways. Indeed, RRM2B upregulation in chemotherapy-treated HB cells promoted cell survival and subsequent relapse, during which RRM2B was gradually replaced back by RRM2. Combining an RRM2 inhibitor with chemotherapy showed an effective delaying of HB tumor relapse in vivo. Overall, our study revealed the distinct roles of the two RNR M2 subunits and their dynamic switching during HB cell proliferation and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Brown
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qingfei Pan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Cheng Tian
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nikolai Timchenko
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Liyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Baranda S Hansen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Haiyan Tan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meifen Lu
- Center for Comparative Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jiyang Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Liqin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Brown A, Pan Q, Fan L, Indersie E, Tian C, Timchenko N, Li L, Hansen BS, Tan H, Lu M, Peng J, Pruett-Miller SM, Yu J, Cairo S, Zhu L. Ribonucleotide Reductase Subunit Switching in Hepatoblastoma Drug Response and Relapse. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36747774 PMCID: PMC9900781 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.525404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prognosis of children with high-risk hepatoblastoma (HB), the most common pediatric liver cancer, remains poor. In this study, we found ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit M2 ( RRM2 ) was one of the key genes supporting cell proliferation in high-risk HB. While standard chemotherapies could effectively suppress RRM2 in HB cells, they induced a significant upregulation of the other RNR M2 subunit, RRM2B . Computational analysis revealed distinct signaling networks RRM2 and RRM2B were involved in HB patient tumors, with RRM2 supporting cell proliferation and RRM2B participating heavily in stress response pathways. Indeed, RRM2B upregulation in chemotherapy-treated HB cells promoted cell survival and subsequent relapse, during which RRM2B was gradually replaced back by RRM2. Combining an RRM2 inhibitor with chemotherapy showed an effective delaying of HB tumor relapse in vivo. Overall, our study revealed the distinct roles of the two RNR M2 subunits and their dynamic switching during HB cell proliferation and stress response.
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Lu M, Xiao L, Xu B, Gao Q. Identification of Novel Genes and Associated Drugs in Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Bioinformatic Methods. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2022; 258:79-90. [PMID: 35896362 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2022.j059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University
| | - Liangxiang Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University.,The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University
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Jiang X, Li Y, Zhang N, Gao Y, Han L, Li S, Li J, Liu X, Gong Y, Xie C. RRM2 silencing suppresses malignant phenotype and enhances radiosensitivity via activating cGAS/STING signaling pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:74. [PMID: 33858512 PMCID: PMC8051110 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As one of the most common malignancy, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is characterized by low 5-year survival rate. This research aimed to investigate the effects of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2) on malignant biological behaviors and activation of cGAS/STING pathway. We also explored the synergistic sensitization mechanisms of RRM2 and radiotherapy. Methods Bioinformatic tools were used to evaluate the clinical significance of RRM2 in LUAD patients. The roles of RRM2 in malignant phenotype and DNA damage in LUAD cells were investigated with cell proliferation, colony formation, immunofluorescence, modified Boyden chamber and comet assays. The mouse models were used to evaluate the biological significance of RRM2 in vivo. Cytotoxic T cell infiltration was evaluated via flow cytometric analysis and immunohistochemistry staining in C57BL/6 mice. We also explored the synergistic effects of RRM2 silencing and radiation on LUAD cells with apoptosis assay and immunoblotting in vitro. Results Bioinformatic analysis revealed that RRM2 had diagnostic values for LUAD patients. Higher levels of RRM2 predicted worse prognosis. RRM2 silencing inhibited LUAD cell proliferation, invasion and migration. RRM2 knockdown induced S phase arrest and DNA damage. RRM2 silencing induced cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, and the downstream targets were regulated in a STING-dependent manner. Knockdown of RRM2 suppressed tumor growth in the xenograft tumor models. RRM2 deficiency increased CD8 + T cells in the tumor tissues and spleens. Furthermore, RRM2 silencing had synergistic effects with radiation on inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Meanwhile, this combination promoted the activation of cGAS/STING signaling pathway synergistically, and simultaneously increased expression of IFNβ, CCL5 and CXCL10. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that RRM2 silencing had anti-tumor values and activated the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. RRM2 silencing increased CD8 + T cells infiltration. RRM2 silencing cooperated with radiation to inhibit LUAD cell proliferation, promote apoptosis and enhance the activation of cGAS/STING signaling pathway. RRM2 could be a promising target for tumor regression through cancer immunotherapy in LUAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00586-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yangyi Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yanping Gao
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Linzhi Han
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. .,Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. .,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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Construction and Analysis of lncRNA-Mediated ceRNA Network in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Based on Weighted Correlation Network Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1468980. [PMID: 33102573 PMCID: PMC7569441 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1468980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicated that aberrant expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in tumorigenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The purpose of this study was to construct a lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network based on weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). First, modules with highly correlated genes were identified from GSE102349 via WGCNA, and the preservation of the modules was evaluated by GSE68799. Then, the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs identified from GSE12452 which belonged to the same WGCNA modules and the differentially expressed miRNAs identified from GSE32960 were used to construct a ceRNA network. The prognostic value of the network was evaluated by survival analysis. Furthermore, a risk score model for predicting progression-free survival (PFS) of NPC patients was established via LASSO-penalized Cox regression, and the differences in the expression of the lncRNAs between high- and low-risk groups were investigated. Finally, 14 stable modules were identified, and a ceRNA network composed of 11 lncRNAs, 15 miRNAs, and 40 mRNAs was established. The lncRNAs and mRNAs in the network belonged to the turquoise and salmon modules. Survival analysis indicated that ZNF667-AS1, LDHA, LMNB2, TPI1, UNG, and hsa-miR-142-3p were significantly correlated with the prognosis of NPC. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that the upregulation of ZNF667-AS1 was associated with some immune-related pathways. Besides, a risk score model consisting of 12 genes was constructed and showed a good performance in predicting PFS for NPC patients. Among the 11 lncRNAs in the ceRNA network, SNHG16, SNHG17, and THAP9-AS1 were upregulated in the high-risk group of NPC, while ZNF667-AS1 was downregulated in the high-risk group of NPC. These results will promote our understanding of the crosstalk among lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in the tumorigenesis and progression of NPC.
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Zou Z, Gan S, Liu S, Li R, Huang J. Investigation of differentially expressed genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:916-926. [PMID: 31289570 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignancy of the head and neck. The aim of the present study was to conduct an integrated bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and to explore the molecular mechanisms of NPC. Two profiling datasets, GSE12452 and GSE34573, were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and included 44 NPC specimens and 13 normal nasopharyngeal tissues. R software was used to identify the DEGs between NPC and normal nasopharyngeal tissues. Distributions of DEGs in chromosomes were explored based on the annotation file and the CYTOBAND database of DAVID. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were applied. Additionally, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, constructed using the STRING database and visualized by Cytoscape, was used to identify hub genes, key modules and important transcription factors (TFs). A total of 906 DEGs were identified; 434 (47.90%) DEGs were upregulated and 472 (52.10%) were downregulated. The DEGs were demonstrated to be enriched in chromosome 7p15-p14, 2q31, 1q21-q22, 1q21, 4q21 and 1p31-p22. DEGs were mainly enriched for the following GO terms: 'Cilium movement', 'microtubule bundle formation' and 'axoneme assembly'. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that pathways for 'cell cycle', 'DNA replication', 'interleukin-17 signaling', 'amoebiasis' and 'glutathione metabolism' were enriched. In addition, a PPI network comprising 867 nodes and 1,241 edges was constructed. Finally, five hub genes (aurora kinase A, cell division cycle 6, mitotic arrest deficient 2-like 1, DNA topoisomerase 2α and TPX2 microtubule nucleation factor), 8 modules, and 14 TFs were identified. Modules analysis revealed that cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and exportin 1 were involved in the pathway of Epstein-Barr virus infection. In summary, the hub genes, key modules and TFs identified in this study may promote our understanding of the pathogenesis of NPC and require further in-depth investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenning Zou
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Gan
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Rujia Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
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Zou Y, Zhou J, Xu B, Li W, Wang Z. Ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 as a novel target for clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:3267-3275. [PMID: 31118677 PMCID: PMC6501780 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s196347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sufficient supply of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) is required for the uncontrolled replication of cancers. The current study aimed to investigate the biological and clinical role of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2), a key enzyme regulating the dNTP pool, in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods: The expression of RRM2 on disease progression and patient outcome was assessed in ccRCC. Then, the effect of RRM2 inhibition on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) growth using siRNA or Triapine, an RRM2-specific inhibitor, was characterized in RCC cell lines. Results: The expression of RRM2 was up-regulated in ccRCC tissues as compared to the normal tissues. Patients with high RRM2 expression tend to have advanced pT stages, high Fuhrman grades, and shortened overall survival (OS). RRM2-siRNAs or Triapine significantly inhibited the cell growth by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in RCC cells through the attenuation of dNTP pool. Conclusions: The current results provided evidence that RRM2 might act as a novel target for ccRCC, and exploration of nonnucleoside, reversible, small-molecule inhibitors against RRM2 could be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zou
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
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Synthesis, anticancer activity and mechanism of iron chelator derived from 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(acylhydrazones). J Inorg Biochem 2019; 193:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gagat M, Krajewski A, Grzanka D, Grzanka A. Potential role of cyclin F mRNA expression in the survival of skin melanoma patients: Comprehensive analysis of the pathways altered due to cyclin F upregulation. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:123-144. [PMID: 29767233 PMCID: PMC6059736 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin F is a part of the Skp, Cullin, F-box containing ligase complex. The activity of cyclin F includes cell cycle control, centrosome duplication and response to DNA damage. The cyclin F expression pattern is very similar to cyclin A, but cyclin F is an orphan cyclin without its cyclin-dependent kinase partner. There is little evidence concerning the role of cyclin F in cancer. In the present study, for the first time, we present analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data in the context of expression of cyclin F mRNA in melanoma patients. Our original in silico analysis, not published elsewhere before, revealed that high expression of cyclin F in melanoma patients is associated with worse overall survival. Cyclin F and ribonucleotide reductase family member 2 (RRM2) compose a functional axis responsible for nucleotide metabolism. Impairment in this pathway may contribute to increased DNA damage repair and drug resistance. Additionally, we analyzed the expression of RRM2 mRNA and discovered that high expression of RRM2 is associated with worse overall survival. To shed more light on cyclin F overexpression in melanoma, we analyzed all protein data available in the TCGA melanoma dataset. It was found that in patients with upregulated cyclin F mRNA, we noted increased activity of pathways related to cell cycle and DNA damage repair. These data will support further in vitro and in vivo studies on the involvement of cyclin F in skin cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adrian Krajewski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Grzanka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Novel chimeric transcript RRM2-c2orf48 promotes metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3047. [PMID: 28906488 PMCID: PMC5636969 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, chimeric transcripts have been found to be associated with the pathogenesis and poor prognosis of malignant tumors. Through our preliminary experiment, a novel chimeric transcript called chimeric transcript RRM2-c2orf48 was detected in C666-1, a classical cell line of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Therefore, the objective of this study was to demonstrate the existence and expression of novel chimeric transcript RRM2-c2orf48 and to explore the main functions and mechanisms of RRM2-c2orf48 in NPC. In this study, the expression of RRM2-c2orf48 was evaluated in NPC cells and specimens. Effects of RRM2-c2orf48 on migration and invasive capacities were detected invivo and vitro. Moreover, ways in which RRM2-c2orf48 increases the invasive capacities of NPC were explored. As a result, the presence of novel chimeric transcript RRM2-c2orf48 was confirmed in C666-1 by RT-PCR and sequencing, and it was a read-through between RRM2 and c2orf48 through the transcription of interchromosome. Higher expressions of novel RRM2-c2orf48 were detected in NPC cell lines and NPC tissue specimens relative to the controls and its expression was be statistically relevant to TNM staging. High level of RRM2-c2orf48 could increase the migration and invasive capacities of NPC cells, potentially as a result of NPC cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition. RRM2-c2orf48 could also enhance resistance of chemotherapy. In vivo, RRM2-c2orf48 could enhance lung and lymph node metastasis in nude mice. These results demonstrate that high levels of RRM2-c2orf48 expression may be a useful predictor of NPC patients of metastatic potency, presenting potential implications for NPC diagnosis and therapy.
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