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Gamal RM, Hazem SH, Hamed MF, Abdelaziz RR. PI3K inhibitor "alpelisib" alleviates methotrexate induced liver injury in mice and potentiates its cytotoxic effect against MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 488:116979. [PMID: 38797265 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is the main off-target effect of methotrexate (MTX) limiting its effective clinical use. Besides, MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells show chemoresistance, partly via PI3K/AKT pathway. Therefore, we investigated the ameliorative potentials of the PI3K inhibitor, alpelisib (ALP) on MTX-induced hepatotoxicity (in vivo) and the restraining potentials of ALP on MDA-MB231 chemoresistance to MTX (in vitro). Twenty-eight male BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups. In treatment groups, mice were administered ALP (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) for 5 days and MTX (20 mg/kg) from day 2 till day 5. The results showed that ALP restored hepatic architecture, reduced immune cell infiltration (F4/80, Ly6G and MPO) and repressed the rise in liver enzymes (AST and ALT) induced by MTX. Additionally, ALP rectified the MTX-induced disruption of cellular oxidant status by boosting antioxidant defense systems (HO-1 and GSH) and repressing lipid peroxidation (MDA and 4-HNE). Finally, ALP curbed MTX-induced hepatocyte apoptosis (NF-κB and BAX) and shifted the cytokine milieu away from inflammation (IL-17, IL-22, IL-6 and IL- 10). The results of the in vitro experiments revealed that ALP alone and in combination with MTX, synergistically, reduced cancer cell viability (MTT assay), migration (wound healing assay) and their capacity to establish colonies (colony formation assay) as compared to MTX alone. RT-PCR revealed the antiproliferative (Bcl-2) and proapoptotic (BAX) potentials of ALP and ALP/MTX combination especially after 24 h. In conclusion, targeting PI3K/AKT pathway is a promising strategy in triple negative breast cancer patients by ameliorating hepatotoxicity and restraining chemoresistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M Gamal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Sara H Hazem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed F Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Rania R Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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2
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Tang WJ, Xu D, Liang MX, Wo GQ, Chen WQ, Tang JH, Zhang W. Pitavastatin induces autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells via the mevalonate pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27084. [PMID: 38444467 PMCID: PMC10912485 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is more prone to recurrence and metastasis relative to other subtypes of breast cancer, leading to an extremely poor prognosis. The increasing potential chemoresistance of TNBC patients is mainly due to that tumor cells escape from apoptosis. In recent years, statins have demonstrated extensive anti-tumor effects. It is worth noting that statins have more effective anti-tumor effects on TNBC cells and drug-resistant breast cancer cells. Therefore, this study examines the superior cytotoxic effects of statins on TNBC cell lines and further explores their potential therapeutic mechanisms. We detected different cell phenotypes and found that statins significantly reduced the cell viability of TNBC cells. Specifically, pitavastatin showed an obvious induction in cell death, cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells. The reversal effect of iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) on the morphological and molecular biological changes induced by pitavastatin has revealed a new mode of cell death induced by pitavastatin: ferroptosis. This ferroptotic effect was strengthened by the decreased expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) as well as newly discovered ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1). The data showed that ferroptotic death of MDA-MB-231 cells is autophagy-dependent and mediated by the mevalonate pathway. Finally, we found that therapeutic oral doses of statins can inhibit the growth of transplanted tumors, which establishes statins as a potential treatment for TNBC patients. In conclusion, we found pitavastatin could induce autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in TNBC cells via the mevalonate pathway which may become a potential adjuvant treatment option for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225316, PR China
| | - Di Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Ming-Xing Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Guan-Qun Wo
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Wen-Quan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Jin-Hai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
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3
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Pavitra E, Kancharla J, Gupta VK, Prasad K, Sung JY, Kim J, Tej MB, Choi R, Lee JH, Han YK, Raju GSR, Bhaskar L, Huh YS. The role of NF-κB in breast cancer initiation, growth, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114822. [PMID: 37146418 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most fatal disease and is the prime cause of cancer allied female deaths. BC is caused by aberrant tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes regulated by transcription factors (TFs) like NF-κB. NF-κB is a pro-inflammatory TF that crucially alters the expressions of various genes associated with inflammation, cell progression, metastasis, and apoptosis and modulates a network of genes that underlie tumorigenesis. Herein, we focus on NF-κB signaling pathways, its regulators, and the rationale for targeting NF-κB. This review also includes TFs that maintain NF-κB crosstalk and their roles in promoting angiogenesis and metastasis. In addition, we discuss the importance of combination therapies, resistance to treatment, and potential novel therapeutic strategies including nanomedicine that targets NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eluri Pavitra
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; 3D Convergence Center, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyothsna Kancharla
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Vanasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiran Prasad
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur- 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ju Yong Sung
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jigyeong Kim
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mandava Bhuvan Tej
- Department of Health care informatics, Sacred Heart University, 5151Park Avenue, Fair fields, CT06825, USA
| | - Rino Choi
- 3D Convergence Center, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Lee
- 3D Convergence Center, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganji Seeta Rama Raju
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lvks Bhaskar
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur- 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Marwaha D, Gautam S, Singh N, Rai N, Sharma M, Tiwari P, Shukla RP, Urandur S, Banala VT, Mugale MN, Kumar A, Mishra PR. Synergistic delivery of Imatinib through multifunctional nano-crystalline capsules, in response to redox environment for improved breast cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 226:113316. [PMID: 37086687 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin anchored crystalline nano-capsules bearing Imatinib (IMT), and simvastatin (SMV) was developed using Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) by two-step method, i.e., firstly, by synthesizing chondroitin (CSA) anchored simvastatin (SMV) using cystamine as a spacer (SMV-SS-CSA) for disulfide triggered glutathione (GSH) sensitive release and secondly, by developing phenyl boronic ester grafted Pluronic F68 (PEPF) for H2O2 responsive release. By combining these conjugates, we have prepared crystalline nano-capsules (CNs) for preferential targeting of CD44 receptors. The developed CNs were spherical when characterized through SEM, TEM, and AFM for surface morphology, while changes in particle size and crystalline structure were confirmed through Quasi-Elastic light scattering (QELS) and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS). The enhanced cellular uptake was noted in chondroitin-modified nano-capsules IMT/SMV-SS-CSA@CNs compared to unmodified nano-capsules IMT+SMV@CNs. IMT/SMV-SS-CSA@CNs displayed significantly higher G2/M phase arrest (76.9%) than unmodified nano-capsules. The prototype formulation (IMT/SMV-SS-CSA@CNs) showed an overall improved pharmacokinetic profile in terms of both half-life and AUC0-α. When tested in the 4T1 subcutaneously injected tumor-bearing Balb/c mice model, the tumor growth inhibition rate of IMT/SMV-SS-CSA@CNs was significantly higher (91%) than the IMT+SMV combination. Overall, the findings suggest that the proposed dual responsive chondroitin-modified drug delivery could have a step forward in achieving spatial and temporal targeting at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Marwaha
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Neha Singh
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Nikhil Rai
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Madhu Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Pratiksha Tiwari
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Ravi Prakash Shukla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Sandeep Urandur
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Venkatesh Teja Banala
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | | | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Prabhat Ranjan Mishra
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India.
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5
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Sim Y, Lim C, Phyu N, Tan KTB, Chew LST, Wong CY, Madhukumar P, Yong WS, Lim SZ, Hamzah JLB, Tan SY, Chay WY, Wong FY, Tan PH, Tan VKM. The Impact of Statin Use and Breast Cancer Recurrence - A Retrospective Study in Singapore. Front Oncol 2022; 12:835320. [PMID: 35433431 PMCID: PMC9008885 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.835320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are commonly used cholesterol-lowering medications which are also increasingly recognized to have anti-cancer properties for various cancers, including breast cancer. Most clinical evidence supports a protective effect of statin on reducing breast cancer recurrence, particularly in hormone-receptor positive breast cancers.This study seeks to study the impact of statin use on breast cancer recurrence in an Asian population. Methods This is a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with breast cancer at the National Cancer Centre and Singapore General Hospital from 2005-2015. Statin use was defined as use after surgery. Associations between statin use, breast cancer recurrence and overall survival were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression with adjustment for age, TNM stage, grade, ER/HER2 status, and co-morbidities. Associations between statin-use and disease-specific survival were estimated using competing risks regression. Results A total of 7858 females with breast cancer were studied, 1353(17.2%) were statin users, 6505(82.8%) were non-statin users, with a median follow-up of 8.67 years. Distribution of cancer stage, histology, molecular subtypes and grades were similar in both groups. Estrogen receptor(ER) positive (HR 0.57,95%CI 0.43-0.76,p<0.001) and HER2 negative (HR 0.74,95%CI 0.57-0.96,p=0.026) invasive cancers had a lower risk of recurrence in statin users. Statin users trended towards a long term recurrence-risk reduction (all subtypes,HR 0.48,p=0.002; ER-, HR 0.34,p=0.036; HER2+,HR 0.10,p=0.002). The risk-reduction benefit is not appreciated in statin users with DCIS, possibly due to small recurrence event numbers. Disease-specific survival benefit was seen in statin users with ER+ cancers (adjusted SHR 0.71,95%CI 0.53-0.96,p=0.027), especially ER+ invasive cancers (adjusted SHR 0.72, 95%CI 0.53-0.97,p=0.028), but with no statistically significant benefit in overall survival for statin users (all subtypes). Conclusion This is the first known retrospective study on the effect of statin use and breast cancer recurrence in an Asian population. Similar to previous international studies, statin use is associated with a risk reduction in breast cancer recurrence. This is especially beneficial in patients who have ER+ and HER2- invasive breast cancer. Statin use is also associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer recurrence in all subtypes of breast cancer in the long term (>6 years post diagnosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Sim
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cindy Lim
- Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Sciences (CTE), National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nitar Phyu
- Department of Cancer Informatics, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kiat Tee Benita Tan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of General Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lita Sui Tjien Chew
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chow Yin Wong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Preetha Madhukumar
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Sean Yong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sue Zann Lim
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julie Liana Bte Hamzah
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Si Ying Tan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Yee Chay
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fuh Yong Wong
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veronique Kiak-Mien Tan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Elimam H, Hussein J, Abdel-Latif Y, Abdel-Aziz AK, El-Say KM. Preclinical activity of fluvastatin-loaded self-nanoemulsifying delivery system against breast cancer models: Emphasis on apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:947-963. [PMID: 35342983 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Statins trigger apoptotic cell death in some types of growing tumor cells in a cholesterol-lowering-independent manner. Self-nanoemulsifying delivery systems (SNEDs) are potentially effective for the suppression of breast cancer development. This study aims to investigate the potential anticancer activity of fluvastatin (FLV)-SNEDs in breast cancer while comparing it with FLV in vitro as well as in vivo exploiting/using MDA-MB-231 and Erhlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice, respectively. Biochemical analysis of liver and kidney functions, oxidative stress markers, and histopathological examinations of such tumor tissues were performed showing the potentiality of SNEDs as a nanocarrier for antitumor agents. FLV-SNEDs demonstrated more potent anticancer activity compared to FLV on MDA-MB-231 and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. In vivo experiments on the EAC-bearing mice model indicated that FLV and-to a greater extent-FLV-SNEDs ameliorated EAC-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. FLV or FLV-SNEDs evidently reduced the percent of Ki-67 +ve EAC cells by 57.5% and 86.5% in comparison to the vehicle-treated EAC group. In addition, FLV or FLV-SNEDs decreased Bcl-2 levels in serum and liver specimens. In contrast, FLV or FLV-SNEDs significantly activated the executioner caspase-3. Simultaneously, both FLV and FLV-SNEDs stimulated p53 signaling and modulated Bcl-2 protein levels in treated cells. Collectively, these results support the contribution of apoptotic cell death in mediating the anticancer activities of FLV and FLV-SNEDs against murine EAC model in vivo. This study provides new understandings of how FLV and FLV-SNEDs regulate EAC cell viability via upregulation of p53 signaling, and through modulation of cleaved caspase-3 as well as antiapoptotic Bcl-2 marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Elimam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantara, Egypt
| | - Jihan Hussein
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Abdel-Latif
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.,Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khalid M El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Elakkad YE, Mohamed SNS, Abuelezz NZ. Potentiating the Cytotoxic Activity of a Novel Simvastatin-Loaded Cubosome against Breast Cancer Cells: Insights on Dual Cell Death via Ferroptosis and Apoptosis. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2021; 13:675-689. [PMID: 34934357 PMCID: PMC8684378 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s336712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Female breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer worldwide. Emerging evidence shows that simvastatin (SIM) has promising anticancer activities. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Increasing reports imply statins can modulate ferroptosis through disrupting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GPX4) levels. However, whether ferroptosis contributes to SIM anticancer activity, especially regarding GPX4 is unclear. Moreover, poor aqueous SIM solubility hinders its delivery in adequate levels to tumor sites. Meanwhile, cubosomes are biocompatible nanocarriers that enhance lipophilic drug delivery. Therefore, in this study, we formulated a novel SIM-loaded cubosome (SIM-CB) and analyzed its cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cancer cells in comparison with free SIM. Methods The present study tested the cytotoxic activity of SIM-CB on MCF-7 cells, in comparison with SIM using sulphorhodamine assay. We analyzed SIM-CB effect on apoptosis and cell cycle using flowcytometry, and investigated its effect on Bcl-2, caspase 3, ROS, reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxides and GPX4 enzyme. Finally, we tested the persistence of SIM-CB apoptosis and ferroptosis activities on MCF-7 cells in presence of vitamin E, a potent antioxidant and ferroptosis inhibitor. Results SIM-CB was successfully formulated at the nano size. SIM-CB significantly increased simvastatin therapeutic activity, with IC50 of SIM-CB 52% lower than SIM. 95% CI [1.8, 2.7], SD = 0.34 for SIM-CB, and [4.1, 5.2], SD = 0.45 for SIM. Compared with free SIM, SIM-CB doubled total deaths and increased apoptosis (p < 0.05). Moreover, SIM-CB remarkably increased caspase-3, ROS, and lipid peroxide levels but decreased antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, GSH, and GPX4 compared with free SIM. Notably, SIM-CB elicited a high distinguished resistance against the inhibitory effects of vitamin E. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to present SIM-CB as a promising means to enhancing the therapeutic potential of simvastatin against breast cancer cells, through potentiating both apoptosis and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara E Elakkad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Nabil Senousy Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Center of Basic Sciences, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nermeen Z Abuelezz
- Biochemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
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8
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Ortiz N, Díaz C. Mevalonate pathway as a novel target for the treatment of metastatic gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:320. [PMID: 33093924 PMCID: PMC7573883 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric mucosa tumors may present as two distinct major entities: Diffuse and intestinal subtypes. There is no standard treatment for advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. The mevalonate pathway and cholesterol homeostasis are important processes in cancer cells that may be highly relevant in terms of cell growth, survival and metastatic potential. Two model cell lines representing intestinal (NCI-N87) and diffuse (Hs746T) metastatic gastric tumor histological subtypes were treated with different drugs that alter membrane lipid metabolism to determine whether cell proliferation, viability and migration were affected. The results indicated that the cells exhibited significant differences in proliferation when treated with the cholesterol-lowering drug simvastatin, but not with terbinafine, another compound that affects cholesterol synthesis. Only simvastatin affected migration in both cell lines. Reposition studies with mevalonolactone, farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate in the presence of high and low FBS concentrations indicated that both isoprenoids and cholesterol reversed the antiproliferative effects of simvastatin in gastric cancer cells. The cell lines used in the present study had different sensitivities to several potential anti-neoplastic agents that affect the synthesis of membrane lipids. The diffuse gastric cancer cells were particularly sensitive to simvastatin, suggesting it as an option for combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Cecilia Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.,Institute Clodomiro Picado, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
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9
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Akbarzadeh I, Saremi Poor A, Yaghmaei S, Norouzian D, Noorbazargan H, Saffar S, Ahangari Cohan R, Bakhshandeh H. Niosomal delivery of simvastatin to MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1535-1549. [PMID: 32808813 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1810269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to use nano-niosomal formulations to deliver simvastatin as a poor-water soluble drug into breast cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE Our study focused on the problem associated with poor water-soluble drugs which have significant biological activity in vivo. METHODS Different niosomal formulations of simvastatin were prepared and characterized in terms of morphology, size, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and release kinetic. Antiproliferative activity and the mechanism were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Moreover, confocal microscopy was employed to analyze the cell uptake of simvastatin loaded niosomes to the cancerous cells. RESULTS Size, polydispersity index (PDI), and EE of the best formulation were obtained as 164.8 nm, 0.232, and 97%, respectively. The formulated simvastatin had a spherical shape and showed a slow release profile of the drug after 72 h. Stability data elucidated an increase in mean diameter and PDI which was lower for 4 °C than 25 °C. Confocal microscopy showed the localization of drug loaded niosomes in the cancer cells. The MTT assay revealed both free drug and drug loaded niosomes exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 cells). Flow cytometry and qPCR analysis revealed drug loaded niosomes exert their cytotoxicity on cancerous cells via regulation of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes. CONCLUSION The prepared niosomal simvastatin showed good physicochemical and biological properties than free drug. Our study suggests that niosomal delivery could be considered as a promising strategy for the delivery of poor water-soluble drugs to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Akbarzadeh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anita Saremi Poor
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Yaghmaei
- Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Norouzian
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Noorbazargan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Saffar
- Core Facility Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Bakhshandeh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Bai F, Yu Z, Gao X, Gong J, Fan L, Liu F. Simvastatin induces breast cancer cell death through oxidative stress up-regulating miR-140-5p. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:3198-3219. [PMID: 31138773 PMCID: PMC6555469 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Statins, a class of hyperlipidemic drugs, are widely used cholesterol lowering drugs that selectively inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, leading to decreasing of cholesterol biosynthesis. Statins exert anti-tumoral effects on various cancer, including breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms for the actions were not fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of statins on proliferation and apoptosis in the ER-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Our results showed that simvastatin increased the expression of miR-140-5p in a dose dependent manner via activating transcription factor NRF1, reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, and we also found that SLC2A1 was a new target of miR-140-5p. In conclusion, data in this study shed light on the potential anti-tumoral effects of simvastatin in breast cancer and presents a highly promising therapeutic option, using drug and miRNA for combined treating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Bai
- Lubin Environmental Protection Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze Yu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of the Second General Surgery, Jixi Mine Hospital of Heilongjiang, Jixi, China
| | - Jiawei Gong
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lizhi Fan
- Department of Geratology, The First Hospital of Harbin in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Department of Medical Records, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang City, China
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11
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Sherbet GV. Statins: A Conceivable Remedial Role for the Regulation of Cancer Progression. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180611113834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway (also known as the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway) plays a crucial metabolic role in normal cell function as well as in the pathological environment. It leads to the synthesis of sterol and non-sterol isoprenoid biomolecules which subserve a variety of cellular functions. It is known to be deregulated in many disease processes. Statins and bisphosphonates are prominent inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway. They inhibit cell proliferation and activate apoptotic signalling and suppress tumour growth. Statins subdue metastatic spread of tumours by virtue of their ability to suppress invasion and angiogenesis. The induction of autophagy is another feature of statin effects that could contribute to the suppression of metastasis. Herein highlighted are the major signalling systems that statins engage to generate these biological effects. Statins can constrain tumour growth by influencing the expression and function of growth factor and receptor systems. They may suppress epithelial mesenchymal transition with resultant inhibition of cell survival signalling, together with the inhibition of cancer stem cell generation, and their maintenance and expansion. They can suppress ER (oestrogen receptor)-α in breast cancer cells. Statins have been implicated in the activation of the serine/threonine protein kinase AMPK (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein) leading to the suppression of cell proliferation. Both statins and bisphosphonates can suppress angiogenic signalling by HIF (hypoxia- inducible factor)-1/eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/VEGFR (VEGF receptor). Statins have been linked with improvements in disease prognosis. Also attributed to them is the ability of cancer prevention and reduction of risk of some forms of cancer. The wide spectrum of cancer associated events which these mevalonate inhibitors appear to influence would suggest a conceivable role for them in cancer management. However, much deliberation is warranted in the design and planning of clinical trials, their scope and definition of endpoints, modes risk assessment and the accrual of benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan V. Sherbet
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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12
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Christie CF, Fang D, Hunt EG, Morris ME, Rovini A, Heslop KA, Beeson GC, Beeson CC, Maldonado EN. Statin-dependent modulation of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells is independent of cholesterol content. FASEB J 2019; 33:8186-8201. [PMID: 30951369 PMCID: PMC6593894 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802723r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Statins, widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia, inhibit the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo cholesterol (Chol) synthesis. Statins have been also reported to slow tumor progression. In cancer cells, ATP is generated both by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), a readout of mitochondrial metabolism, is sustained by the oxidation of respiratory substrates in the Krebs cycle to generate NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide, which are further oxidized by the respiratory chain. Here, we studied the short-term effects of statins (3-24 h) on mitochondrial metabolism on cancer cells. Lovastatin (LOV) and simvastatin (SIM) increased ΔΨ in HepG2 and Huh7 human hepatocarcinoma cells and HCC4006 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization after LOV and SIM was dose and time dependent. Maximal increase in ΔΨ occurred at 10 µM and 24 h for both statins. The structurally unrelated atorvastatin also hyperpolarized mitochondria in HepG2 cells. Cellular and mitochondrial Chol remained unchanged after SIM. Both LOV and SIM decreased basal respiration, ATP-linked respiration, and ATP production. LOV and SIM did not change the rate of lactic acid production. In summary, statins modulate mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells independently of the Chol content in cellular membranes without affecting glycolysis.-Christie, C. F., Fang, D., Hunt, E. G., Morris, M. E., Rovini, A., Heslop, K. A., Beeson, G. C., Beeson, C. C., Maldonado, E. N. Statin-dependent modulation of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells is independent of cholesterol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleston F. Christie
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Diana Fang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth G. Hunt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan E. Morris
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amandine Rovini
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kareem A. Heslop
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gyda C. Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Craig C. Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Eduardo N. Maldonado
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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13
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Środa-Pomianek K, Michalak K, Palko-Łabuz A, Uryga A, Świątek P, Majkowski M, Wesołowska O. The Combined Use of Phenothiazines and Statins Strongly Affects Doxorubicin-Resistance, Apoptosis, and Cox-2 Activity in Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040955. [PMID: 30813251 PMCID: PMC6412564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since none of the multidrug resistance (MDR) modulators tested so far found their way into clinic, a novel approach to overcome the MDR of cancer cells has been proposed. The combined use of two MDR modulators of dissimilar mechanisms of action was suggested to benefit from the synergy between them. The effect of three phenothiazine derivatives that were used as single agents and in combination with simvastatin on cell growth, apoptosis induction, activity, and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in doxorubicin-resistant colon cancer cells (LoVo/Dx) was investigated. Treatment of LoVo/Dx cells by phenothiazine derivatives combined with simvastatin resulted in an increase of doxorubicin cytotoxicity and its intracellular accumulation as compared to the treatment with phenothiazine derivatives that were used as single agents. Similarly, LoVo/Dx cells treated with two-component mixture of modulators showed the reduced expression of ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) transporter and COX-2 enzyme, both on mRNA and protein level. Reduced expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and increased expression of pro-apoptotic Bax were also detected. Additionally, COX-2 activity was diminished, and caspase-3 activity was increased to a higher extent by phenothiazine derivative:simvastatin mixtures than by phenothiazine derivatives themselves. Therefore, the introduction of simvastatin strengthened the anti-MDR, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic properties of phenothiazines in LoVo/Dx cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Michalak
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Palko-Łabuz
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Uryga
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Chemistry of Drugs, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Majkowski
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Polish Center for Technology Development, ul. Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Olga Wesołowska
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
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14
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Palko-Łabuz A, Środa-Pomianek K, Wesołowska O, Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Uryga A, Michalak K. MDR reversal and pro-apoptotic effects of statins and statins combined with flavonoids in colon cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1511-1522. [PMID: 30551403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance of cancer cells to a variety of structurally non-related cytotoxic drugs is known as multidrug resistance phenomenon (MDR). In cellular membranes an activity of MDR transporters such as P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) is affected by their lipid environment. Many various compounds have been examined for their ability to restore drug-sensitivity of resistant cancer cells. Statins, inhibitors of the key enzyme of mevalonate pathway HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase are drugs commonly prescribed in order to reduce serum level of cholesterol and to diminish the risk of cardiovascular disease. Statins as drugs that influence lipid composition of cell membrane and in that way they also exert influence on lipid bilayer properties appear to be good candidates as MDR modulators. In this work it was shown that statins - mevastatin and simvastatin exert antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic and reversing drug resistance effect in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line LoVo and its drug-resistant subline LoVo/Dx. A hypothesis was also checked whether flavones, which as it is well known are able to influence the biosynthesis of cholesterol, may change the anticancer activity of statins. Our investigations have revealed that combined use of statins and studied flavonoids results in enhanced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis and lower cancer cell proliferation as compared to the application only statins alone. Moreover, in drug resistant LoVo/Dx cells a stronger decrease of resistance to doxorubicine was observed in the presence of statins in combination with flavones as compared to the effect observed for statins only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Palko-Łabuz
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Wesołowska
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Uryga
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Michalak
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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15
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Lee JY, Kim MS, Ju JE, Lee MS, Chung N, Jeong YK. Simvastatin enhances the radiosensitivity of p53‑deficient cells via inhibition of mouse double minute 2 homolog. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:211-218. [PMID: 29115437 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin exhibits anticancer activities, but its molecular mechanisms and radiosensitizing effects relative to p53 status remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the combination of simvastatin and ionizing radiation (IR) would enhance the antitumor effects of IR alone in HCT116 p53+/+ and p53‑/- colon cancer cells. Using colony formation assays and a xenograft mouse model, we found that simvastatin potently stimulated radiosensitization of HCT116 p53‑/- cells and xenograft tumors. The combination of simvastatin with IR decreased G2/M arrest and delayed the repair of IR-induced DNA damage; however, no differences between the HCT116 p53+/+ and p53‑/- cells were evident. A further analysis revealed that simvastatin exhibited a novel function, namely, MDM2 suppression, regardless of p53 status. Interestingly, simvastatin induced radiosensitization by enhancing MDM2 suppression and elevating IR-induced p‑ATM foci formation compared with IR alone in HCT116 p53‑/- cells. Furthermore, simvastatin caused accumulations of the FOXO3a, E-cadherin, and p21 tumor suppressor proteins, which are downstream factors of MDM2, in HCT116 p53‑/- cells. In conclusion, simvastatin enhanced radiosensitivity by inducing MDM2 inhibition and increasing tumor suppressor protein levels in radioresistant HCT116 p53‑/- cells and xenografts. Overall, our novel findings suggest a scientific rationale for the clinical use of simvastatin as an MDM2 inhibitor and radiosensitizer for p53‑deficient colorectal tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- Radiation Non-Clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Ju
- Radiation Non-Clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi So Lee
- Radiation Non-Clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhyun Chung
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyoung Jeong
- Radiation Non-Clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Mevalonate Cascade Inhibition by Simvastatin Induces the Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway via Depletion of Isoprenoids in Tumor Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44841. [PMID: 28344327 PMCID: PMC5366866 DOI: 10.1038/srep44841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate (MEV) cascade is responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and the formation of the intermediate metabolites geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) and farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) used in the prenylation of proteins. Here we show that the MEV cascade inhibitor simvastatin induced significant cell death in a wide range of human tumor cell lines, including glioblastoma, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and breast cancer. Simvastatin induced apoptotic cell death via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In all cancer cell types tested, simvastatin-induced cell death was not rescued by cholesterol, but was dependent on GGPP- and FPP-depletion. We confirmed that simvastatin caused the translocation of the small Rho GTPases RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac1/2/3 from cell membranes to the cytosol in U251 (glioblastoma), A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and MDA-MB-231(breast cancer). Simvastatin-induced Rho-GTP loading significantly increased in U251 cells which were reversed with MEV, FPP, GGPP. In contrast, simvastatin did not change Rho-GTP loading in A549 and MDA-MB-231. Inhibition of geranylgeranyltransferase I by GGTi-298, but not farnesyltransferase by FTi-277, induced significant cell death in U251, A549, and MDA-MB-231. These results indicate that MEV cascade inhibition by simvastatin induced the intrinsic apoptosis pathway via inhibition of Rho family prenylation and depletion of GGPP, in a variety of different human cancer cell lines.
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17
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Digitoxin enhances the growth inhibitory effects of thapsigargin and simvastatin on ER negative human breast cancer cells. Fitoterapia 2016; 109:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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