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Prior short-term exercise prevents behavioral and biochemical abnormalities induced by single prolonged stress in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Brain Res 2022; 428:113864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhvania M, Japaridze N, Tizabi Y, Sharikadze I, Pochkhidze N, Cheishvili L. Anxiety and ultrastructural consequences of chronic mild stress in rats. Neurosci Lett 2021; 771:136390. [PMID: 34896437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Detrimental consequences following exposure to severe stress, either acute or chronic are well recognized. Chronic mild stress (CMS) is also a leading cause of emotional distress and neuropsychiatric conditions such as anxiety disorders. However, the neurobiological substrates of the latter, particularly at the ultrastructural levels have not been adequately investigated. In this study, adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 4 h daily mild restraint for 20 days and their behavior in open field and elevated plus maze (EPM) were evaluated 24 h after the last restraint. Anxiety-like behavior was evident in CMS exposed rats by increases in rearing and grooming in the open field and the avoidance of open arms in the EPM. Concomitant ultrastructural alterations such as chromatolysis, agglutination of synaptic vesicles or mitochondrial damage were also observed in the central nucleus of amygdala (CNA), an area intimately involved in emotional and fear response, in CMS exposed rats. These results while confirming detrimental consequences of CMS, also suggest that ultrastructural alterations in CNA may be a basis for CMS-induced anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mzia Zhvania
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University. 3/5 K. Cholokashvili Avenue, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia; Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine. 14 Gotua Street, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia.
| | - Nadezhda Japaridze
- Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine. 14 Gotua Street, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia; School of Medicine, New Vision University. 1A Evgeni Mikeladze Street, Tbilisi 0159, Georgia
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Irina Sharikadze
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University. 3/5 K. Cholokashvili Avenue, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia
| | - Nino Pochkhidze
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University. 3/5 K. Cholokashvili Avenue, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia; Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine. 14 Gotua Street, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia
| | - Levan Cheishvili
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University. 3/5 K. Cholokashvili Avenue, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia
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Wen L, Xiao B, Shi Y, Han F. PERK signalling pathway mediates single prolonged stress-induced dysfunction of medial prefrontal cortex neurons. Apoptosis 2018; 22:753-768. [PMID: 28391375 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized with abnormal learning and memory. Impairments in learning and memory are closely associated with apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We previously examined the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was involved in the apoptosis in the mPFC of PTSD. The PERK pathway plays the important role in the ER stress-induced apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of PERK pathway in neuronal apoptosis in the mPFC of rat models of PTSD. We used the single prolonged stress (SPS) to mimic PTSD in rats and studied the effects of the PERK pathway in mPFC. Learning and memory behavior were examined by Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. Apoptosis in mPFC was detected by TUNEL staining. Our results showed decreased learning memory and increased apoptosis of mPFC neurons in rats exposed to SPS. SPS exposure upregulate mRNA expressions of PERK, p-PERK, eIF2α, p-eIF2α, nuclear ATF4 and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) in mPFC neurons, but the protein levels of these molecules showed difference in magnitude and time course. GSK2606414 (an antagonist of PERK) treatment successfully reversed the above changes. These results suggested that the PERK pathway mediated SPS-induced neural apoptosis in the mPFC. These findings will be helpful in understanding mPFC-related pathogenesis of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wen
- PTSD Lab, Department of Histo-Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- PTSD Lab, Department of Histo-Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- PTSD Lab, Department of Histo-Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Fang Han
- PTSD Lab, Department of Histo-Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
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Souza RR, Noble LJ, McIntyre CK. Using the Single Prolonged Stress Model to Examine the Pathophysiology of PTSD. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:615. [PMID: 28955225 PMCID: PMC5600994 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endurance of memories of emotionally arousing events serves the adaptive role of minimizing future exposure to danger and reinforcing rewarding behaviors. However, following a traumatic event, a subset of individuals suffers from persistent pathological symptoms such as those seen in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite the availability of pharmacological treatments and evidence-based cognitive behavioral therapy, a considerable number of PTSD patients do not respond to the treatment, or show partial remission and relapse of the symptoms. In controlled laboratory studies, PTSD patients show deficient ability to extinguish conditioned fear. Failure to extinguish learned fear could be responsible for the persistence of PTSD symptoms such as elevated anxiety, arousal, and avoidance. It may also explain the high non-response and dropout rates seen during treatment. Animal models are useful for understanding the pathophysiology of the disorder and the development of new treatments. This review examines studies in a rodent model of PTSD with the goal of identifying behavioral and physiological factors that predispose individuals to PTSD symptoms. Single prolonged stress (SPS) is a frequently used rat model of PTSD that involves exposure to several successive stressors. SPS rats show PTSD-like symptoms, including impaired extinction of conditioned fear. Since its development by the Liberzon lab in 1997, the SPS model has been referred to by more than 200 published papers. Here we consider the findings of these studies and unresolved questions that may be investigated using the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimenez R Souza
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, RichardsonTX, United States
| | - Lindsey J Noble
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, RichardsonTX, United States.,Cognition and Neuroscience Program, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, RichardsonTX, United States
| | - Christa K McIntyre
- Cognition and Neuroscience Program, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, RichardsonTX, United States
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Wen L, Han F, Shi Y, Li X. Role of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Pathway in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Model Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:471-82. [PMID: 27112439 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a smaller than normal medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and PTSD rats [single prolonged stress, (SPS)] have an increased mPFC neuron apoptosis, which are related to the severity of PTSD symptoms. Three signalling pathways [protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)] in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) play a critical role in resisting apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the three branches of ER signalling are involved in SPS-induced mPFC neuron apoptosis. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to detect morphological changes in ER and fluorescence spectrophotometry to detect the concentration of intracellular calcium in mPFC. We used molecular biological techniques to detect the expression levels of three branch signalling pathways of ER: phosphorylated PERK (p-PERK)/phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (p-eIF2a), ATF6a/X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), and IRE1a. In addition, the ER molecular chaperone 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and the ER-related apoptosis factors caspase family and Bax also were examined. Apoptosis neurons were detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling. The results showed that the concentration of calcium in mPFC was increased in SPS rats. Using TEM, we found that mPFC neurons in SPS rats showed an expanded ER and chromatin margination. The increased expressions of p-PERK/p-eIF2a, ATF6a/XBP1, and IRE1 in response to SPS were also observed, although the degrees of increase were different. In addition, the protein and mRNA expression of GRP78 was increased in SPS rats; the upregulation of ER-related apoptosis factors and apoptosis neurons after SPS stimulation was observed. These results suggested that the three signalling pathways of unfolded protein response were involved in PTSD-induced, ER-dependent apoptosis in mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wen
- PTSD Lab, Department of histology and embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China, 110122
| | - Fang Han
- PTSD Lab, Department of histology and embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China, 110122.
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- PTSD Lab, Department of histology and embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China, 110122
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- PTSD Lab, Department of histology and embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China, 110122
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Yu L, Wang L, Zhao X, Song M, Wang X. Role of single prolonged stress in acquisition of alcohol conditioned place preference in rats. Life Sci 2016; 151:259-263. [PMID: 26946306 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies showed that exposure to certain types of stressors enhance the rewarding effects of many drugs of abuse, including alcohol; however, no systematic study has investigated the role of single prolonged stress (SPS) in acquisition of alcohol conditioned place preference (CPP). The purpose of this study was to examine whether SPS would facilitate the acquisition of alcohol CPP in rats. MAIN METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either SPS exposure condition or no exposure condition. Freezing behavior and Elevated plus maze (EPM) were employed to evaluate PTSD-like symptoms induced by SPS. Further, using unbiased procedure, CPP conditioning was conducted with alcohol (2g/kg). KEY FINDINGS SPS significantly enhanced freezing behavior of rats, decreased percentages (%) of both time spent and number of entry into the open arms, and facilitated the acquisition of alcohol CPP without inhibiting rats' activity. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that SPS plays an important role in alcohol dependence, and CPP paradigm with SPS may be useful for exploring the rewarding mechanism of alcohol with regard to the interaction between alcohol and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of the Hebei Medical University, China; Mental Health Institute of the Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of the Hebei Medical University, China; Mental Health Institute of the Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Xiaochuan Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of the Hebei Medical University, China; Mental Health Institute of the Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Mei Song
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of the Hebei Medical University, China; Mental Health Institute of the Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of the Hebei Medical University, China; Mental Health Institute of the Hebei Medical University, China.
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Eve DJ, Steele MR, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a potential treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder associated with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2689-2705. [PMID: 27799776 PMCID: PMC5077240 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) describes the presence of physical damage to the brain as a consequence of an insult and frequently possesses psychological and neurological symptoms depending on the severity of the injury. The recent increased military presence of US troops in Iraq and Afghanistan has coincided with greater use of improvised exploding devices, resulting in many returning soldiers suffering from some degree of TBI. A biphasic response is observed which is first directly injury-related, and second due to hypoxia, increased oxidative stress, and inflammation. A proportion of the returning soldiers also suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and in some cases, this may be a consequence of TBI. Effective treatments are still being identified, and a possible therapeutic candidate is hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). Some clinical trials have been performed which suggest benefits with regard to survival and disease severity of TBI and/or PTSD, while several other studies do not see any improvement compared to a possibly poorly controlled sham. HBOT has been shown to reduce apoptosis, upregulate growth factors, promote antioxidant levels, and inhibit inflammatory cytokines in animal models, and hence, it is likely that HBOT could be advantageous in treating at least the secondary phase of TBI and PTSD. There is some evidence of a putative prophylactic or preconditioning benefit of HBOT exposure in animal models of brain injury, and the optimal time frame for treatment is yet to be determined. HBOT has potential side effects such as acute cerebral toxicity and more reactive oxygen species with long-term use, and therefore, optimizing exposure duration to maximize the reward and decrease the detrimental effects of HBOT is necessary. This review provides a summary of the current understanding of HBOT as well as suggests future directions including prophylactic use and chronic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Eve
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine
| | - Martin R Steele
- Veterans Reintegration Steering Committee, Veterans Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine
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