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Gill E, Perks CM. Mini-Review: Current Bladder Cancer Treatment-The Need for Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1557. [PMID: 38338835 PMCID: PMC10855537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer and is a significant burden on health care services worldwide, as it is one of the most costly cancers to treat per patient. This expense is due to the extensive treatment and follow-ups that occur with costly and invasive procedures. Improvement in both treatment options and the quality of life these interventions offer has not progressed at the rates of other cancers, and new alternatives are desperately needed to ease the burden. A more modern approach needs to be taken, with urinary biomarkers being a positive step in making treatments more patient-friendly, but there is still a long way to go to make these widely available and of a comparable standard to the current treatment options. New targets to hit the major signalling pathways that are upregulated in bladder cancer, such as the PI3K/AkT/mTOR pathway, are urgently needed, with only one drug approved so far, Erdafitinib. Immune checkpoint inhibitors also hold promise, with both PD-1 and CDLA-4 antibody therapies approved for use. They effectively block ligand/receptor binding to block the immune checkpoint used by tumour cells. Other avenues must be explored, including drug repurposing and novel biomarkers, which have revolutionised this area in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire M. Perks
- Cancer Endocrinology Group, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK;
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2
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Saher F, Ijaz MU, Hamza A, Ain QU, Hayat MF, Afsar T, Almajwal A, Shafique H, Razak S. Mitigative potential of rhoifolin against cisplatin prompted testicular toxicity: biochemical, spermatogenic and histological based analysis. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:814-823. [PMID: 37915485 PMCID: PMC10615821 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhoifolin (ROF) is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound with diverse pharmacological and therapeutic benefits. The current investigation was designed to evaluate the curative potential of Rhoifolin (ROF) against Cisplatin (CP) induced testicular damage. Mature male albino rats (n = 48) were randomly distributed into 4 equal groups: control, CP (10 mg/kg), CP + ROF (10 mg/kg + 20 mg/kg) and ROF (20 mg/kg) supplemented group. Following 56 days of the trial, biochemical, inflammatory markers, spermatogenic, steroidogenic, hormonal, apoptotic, anti-apoptotic, and histopathological parameters were evaluated. The exposure to CP markedly (p < 0.05) lowered the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes, glutathione reductase (GSR), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) in testicular tissues of male albino rats. Besides the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were considerably augmented in CP exposed rats. The administration of CP also increased the level of inflammatory cytokines i.e. IL-6, TNF-α, 1L-1β and NF-κβ as well as COX-2 activity. Additionally, a notable (p < 0.05) upsurge was observed in dead sperms count, abnormality in the tail, midpiece as well as head of sperms along with a notable decline in sperm motility in CP treated rats. Moreover, the expressions of steroidogenic enzymes were also lowered in CP administered group. The levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and plasma testosterone as well as luteinizing hormone (LH) were decreased in CP treated group. Moreover, the expression of Bax as well as Caspase-3 (apoptotic markers) were increased. On the other hand, Bcl-2 expression (anti-apoptotic marker) was reduced. Furthermore, the histopathological analysis showed that CP considerably (p < 0.05) damaged the testicular tissues. However, the administration of ROF significantly reduced the damaging effects of CP in testicular tissues. The results of our study suggested that ROF can potentially alleviate CP-induced testicular damages due to its androgenic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory as well as anti-apoptotic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Saher
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hamza
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Qurat Ul Ain
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal Hayat
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, 11433, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, 11433, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huma Shafique
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, 11433, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Xu Z, Goel HL, Burkart C, Burman L, Chong YE, Barber AG, Geng Y, Zhai L, Wang M, Kumar A, Menefee A, Polizzi C, Eide L, Rauch K, Rahman J, Hamel K, Fogassy Z, Klopp-Savino S, Paz S, Zhang M, Cubitt A, Nangle LA, Mercurio AM. Inhibition of VEGF binding to neuropilin-2 enhances chemosensitivity and inhibits metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf1128. [PMID: 37134152 PMCID: PMC10583499 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although blocking the binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to neuropilin-2 (NRP2) on tumor cells is a potential strategy to treat aggressive carcinomas, a lack of effective reagents that can be used clinically has hampered this potential therapy. Here, we describe the generation of a fully humanized, high-affinity monoclonal antibody (aNRP2-10) that specifically inhibits the binding of VEGF to NRP2, conferring antitumor activity without causing toxicity. Using triple-negative breast cancer as a model, we demonstrated that aNRP2-10 could be used to isolate cancer stem cells (CSCs) from heterogeneous tumor populations and inhibit CSC function and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. aNRP2-10 sensitized cell lines, organoids, and xenografts to chemotherapy and inhibited metastasis by promoting the differentiation of CSCs to a state that is more responsive to chemotherapy and less prone to metastasis. These data provide justification for the initiation of clinical trials designed to improve the response of patients with aggressive tumors to chemotherapy using this monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Xu
- aTyr Pharma, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanyan Geng
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Pangu Biopharma, 26th Floor, Three Exchange Square, 8 Connaught Place, Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liting Zhai
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Pangu Biopharma, 26th Floor, Three Exchange Square, 8 Connaught Place, Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengdie Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Eide
- aTyr Pharma, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingjie Zhang
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Arthur M. Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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4
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Chemoprotective effect of vitexin against cisplatin-induced biochemical, spermatological, steroidogenic, hormonal, apoptotic and histopathological damages in the testes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:519-526. [PMID: 35693443 PMCID: PMC9177451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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5
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Zhang C, Hu J, Li H, Ma H, Othmane B, Ren W, Yi Z, Qiu D, Ou Z, Chen J, Zu X. Emerging Biomarkers for Predicting Bladder Cancer Lymph Node Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:648968. [PMID: 33869048 PMCID: PMC8044933 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.648968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Early detection of lymph node metastasis of bladder cancer is essential to improve patients' prognosis and overall survival. Current diagnostic methods are limited, so there is an urgent need for new specific biomarkers. Non-coding RNA and m6A have recently been reported to be abnormally expressed in bladder cancer related to lymph node metastasis. In this review, we tried to summarize the latest knowledge about biomarkers, which predict lymph node metastasis in bladder cancer and their mechanisms. In particular, we paid attention to the impact of non-coding RNA on lymphatic metastasis of bladder cancer and its specific molecular mechanisms, as well as some prediction models based on imaging, pathology, and biomolecules, in an effort to find more accurate diagnostic methods for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huihuang Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongzhi Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Belaydi Othmane
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbiao Ren
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Zhenglin Yi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongxu Qiu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyu Ou
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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6
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Barth DA, Juracek J, Slaby O, Pichler M, Calin GA. lncRNA and Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Cancers of the Genitourinary System. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082148. [PMID: 32756406 PMCID: PMC7463785 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Available systemic treatment options for cancers of the genitourinary system have experienced great progress in the last decade. However, a large proportion of patients eventually develop resistance to treatment, resulting in disease progression and shorter overall survival. Biomarkers indicating the increasing resistance to cancer therapies are yet to enter clinical routine. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are non-protein coding RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that exert multiple types of regulatory functions of all known cellular processes. Increasing evidence supports the role of lncRNAs in cancer development and progression. Additionally, their involvement in the development of drug resistance across various cancer entities, including genitourinary malignancies, are starting to be discovered. Consequently, lncRNAs have been suggested as factors in novel therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance in cancer. In this review, the existing evidences on lncRNAs and their involvement in mechanisms of drug resistance in cancers of the genitourinary system, including renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and testicular cancer, will be highlighted and discussed to facilitate and encourage further research in this field. We summarize a significant number of lncRNAs with proposed pathways in drug resistance and available reported studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik A. Barth
- Research Unit of Non-Coding RNAs and Genome Editing in Cancer, Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (D.A.B.); (M.P.)
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Jaroslav Juracek
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pichler
- Research Unit of Non-Coding RNAs and Genome Editing in Cancer, Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (D.A.B.); (M.P.)
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Momeny M, Alishahi Z, Eyvani H, Esmaeili F, Zaghal A, Ghaffari P, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A, Ghaffari SH. Anti-tumor activity of cediranib, a pan-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 43:81-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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8
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Banias L, Jung I, Gurzu S. Subcellular expression of maspin – from normal tissue to tumor cells. World J Meta-Anal 2019; 7:142-155. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v7.i4.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maspin or SerpinB5, a member of the serine protease inhibitor family, was shown to function as a tumor suppressor, especially in carcinomas. It seems to inhibit invasion, tumor cells motility and angiogenesis, and promotes apoptosis. Maspin can also induce epigenetic changes such as cytosine methylation, de-acetylation, chromatin condensation, and histone modulation. In this review, a comprehensive synthesis of the literature was done to present maspin function from normal tissues to pathologic conditions. Data was sourced from MEDLINE and PubMed. Study eligibility criteria included: Published in English, between 1994 and 2019, specific to humans, and with full-text availability. Most of the 118 studies included in the present review focused on maspin immunostaining and mRNA levels. It was shown that maspin function is organ-related and depends on its subcellular localization. In malignant tumors, it might be downregulated or negative (e.g., carcinoma of prostate, stomach, and breast) or upregulated (e.g., colorectal and pancreatic tumors). Its subcellular localization (nuclear vs cytoplasm), which can be proved using immunohistochemical methods, was shown to influence both tumor behavior and response to chemotherapy. Although the number of maspin-related papers increased, the exact role of this protein remains unknown, and its interpretation should be done with extremely high caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Banias
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tirgu-Mures, Tirgu Mures 540139, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Clinical County Emergency Hospital, Tirgu Mures 540139, Romania
| | - Ioan Jung
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tirgu-Mures, Tirgu Mures 540139, Romania
| | - Simona Gurzu
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tirgu-Mures, Tirgu Mures 540139, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Clinical County Emergency Hospital, Tirgu Mures 540139, Romania
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9
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Köroğlu KM, Çevik Ö, Şener G, Ercan F. Apocynin alleviates cisplatin-induced testicular cytotoxicity by regulating oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13227. [PMID: 30623469 DOI: 10.1111/and.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate possible protective effects of apocynin (APO), an NADPH oxidase (NOX2) inhibitor, on cisplatin (CIS)-induced testicular damage. Four groups of Sprague Dawley rats were used: control, APO, CIS and CIS+APO. Following a single intraperitoneal dose of CIS (7 mg/kg), either dimethyl sulfoxide or APO (25 mg/kg) was administered orally for 5 days. Testis samples were evaluated microscopically for general histopathology and ultrastructure, proliferating and apoptotic cells, and NOX2 localization. Sperm parameters were evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) activities were analysed biochemically. The CIS group had a greater number of abnormal spermatozoa, atrophic seminiferous tubules, apoptotic and NOX2-immunoreactive cells; numerous large vacuole formations in the cytoplasm of germinal epithelial cells; degenerated intercellular tight junctions; higher MDA, 8-OHdG and MPO levels; decreased numbers of spermatozoa; and lower proliferative index and GSH and SOD levels. All these histologic and biochemical results were better in the CIS+APO group. CIS causes testicular damage by decreasing spermatogenic cell lines and increasing NOX2 activity and apoptosis through oxidative stress. APO prevents testicular damage, possibly by its antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutay M Köroğlu
- School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özge Çevik
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Göksel Şener
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gan Y, He L, Yao K, Tan J, Zeng Q, Dai Y, Liu J, Tang Y. Knockdown of HMGN5 increases the chemosensitivity of human urothelial bladder cancer cells to cisplatin by targeting PI3K/Akt signaling. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6463-6470. [PMID: 29163683 PMCID: PMC5691390 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group nucleosome-binding domain 5 (HMGN5) is the latest member of the HMGN family of proteins. Numerous studies have confirmed the carcinogenic role of HMGN5 in cancer, but its function in the regulation of chemosensitivity is largely unknown and controversial. A previous study by the authors of the present study demonstrated that HMGN5 contributes to the progression of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) through regulating the expression of E-cadherin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, which are associated with the sensitivity of tumor cells to cisplatin. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the regulation of HMGN5 and investigate the involvement of HMGN5 in cisplatin treatment. The results of the present study revealed that HMGN5 is able to positively regulate the expression of phosphorylated (p-)Akt in UBC cells. In addition, HMGN5 expression was negatively associated with the response of UBC cells to cisplatin. The findings indicated that HMGN5 may be a potential therapeutic target of cisplatin treatment, since cisplatin treatment reduced HMGN5 expression in a dose-dependent manner. It was also confirmed that the knockdown of HMGN5 decreased the viability, colony formation and invasion of 5637 cells but increased apoptosis under cisplatin treatment. The changes caused by HMGN5 knockdown in 5637 cells were able to be reversed by treatment with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling activator. Additionally, with the decreased expression of HMGN5, the expression of p-Akt, slug, E-cadherin and VEGF-C was subsequently inhibited. By contrast, the expression of cytochrome c, cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-poly ADP ribose polymerase was increased following HMGN5 knockdown. Consistently, these changes in protein expression were able to be reversed by IGF-1 treatment. In conclusion, findings from the in vitro experiments indicate that HMGN5 may a target of cisplatin treatment and that the inhibition of HMGN5 increases the chemosensitivity of UBC cells by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gan
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Leye He
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tan
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zeng
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yingbo Dai
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jianye Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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