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Tabibzadeh A, Tameshkel FS, Moradi Y, Soltani S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Ashrafi GH, Motamed N, Zamani F, Motevalian SA, Panahi M, Esghaei M, Ajdarkosh H, Mousavi-Jarrahi A, Niya MHK. Signal transduction pathway mutations in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18713. [PMID: 33127962 PMCID: PMC7599243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of the signaling pathways mutation rate in the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers in a systematic review and meta-analysis study. The study was performed based on the PRISMA criteria. Random models by confidence interval (CI: 95%) were used to calculate the pooled estimate of prevalence via Metaprop command. The pooled prevalence indices of signal transduction pathway mutations in gastric cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer were 5% (95% CI: 3-8%), 12% (95% CI: 8-18%), 17% (95% CI: 14-20%), and 20% (95% CI: 5-41%), respectively. Also, the mutation rates for Wnt pathway and MAPK pathway were calculated to be 23% (95% CI, 14-33%) and 20% (95% CI, 17-24%), respectively. Moreover, the most popular genes were APC (in Wnt pathway), KRAS (in MAPK pathway) and PIK3CA (in PI3K pathway) in the colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer while they were beta-catenin and CTNNB1 in liver cancer. The most altered pathway was Wnt pathway followed by the MAPK pathway. In addition, pancreatic cancer was found to be higher under the pressure of mutation compared with others based on pooled prevalence analysis. Finally, APC mutations in colorectal cancer, KRAS in gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer were mostly associated gene alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Safarnezhad Tameshkel
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - G Hossein Ashrafi
- Cancer Theme SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, London, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Nima Motamed
- Department of Social Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Motevalian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Panahi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ajdarkosh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Li D, Yu M, Zhou P, Yang J, Wang Y. Whole-exome sequencing in a patient with synchronous triple primary malignancies involving lung cancer: a case report. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2020; 3:306-310. [PMID: 35692627 PMCID: PMC8982550 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of multiple primary malignancies (MPMs) has been increasing rapidly in recent years, however, the genetic pathogenesis is largely unknown on account of rare cases, especially for those patients who are diagnosed with three or more tumors. Under these circumstances, whole-exome sequencing (WES) may help to provide more comprehensive genomic information and guidance to proper therapeutic strategies. Here, we presented a rare case of a 66-year-old Chinese male patient who was diagnosed with synchronous triple primary malignancies: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), lung adenocarcinoma (LA), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Tumors were surgically removed within 3 months. WES was performed when the patient suffered from cancer recurrence and tumor-specific neoantigens were predicted. Each tumor displayed a distinct somatic mutation profile, providing direct evidence of independent origins. No shared driver gene mutation or neoantigen was detected among the three tumors. Two germline alterations of cancer susceptibility genes—SPINK1 c.194 + 2T>C and JAK3 c.425G>A were identified. This case is the first report of synchronous primary triple cancers covering the esophagus, lung, and liver. Our findings highlight the complexities of MPMs that even when under identical germline genetic backgrounds, the occurrence of MPMs can be a random event and driven by distinct somatic gene mutations. Synchronous multiple primary cancers that originated from different organs may not have common therapeutic gene targets, and it can be difficult to find a treatment to cover all the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Yang
- YuceBio Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518081, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trial, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Igarashi T, Harimoto N, Matsumura N, Sugiyama M, Araki K, Yokobori T, Kosone T, Takagi H, Aishima S, Yokoo H, Shirabe K. Fairly rare small-diameter hepatocellular carcinoma with right adrenal gland metastasis having an inferior vena cava tumor thrombus: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2019; 5:170. [PMID: 31696344 PMCID: PMC6834821 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-019-0705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may lead to extrahepatic metastasis (EHM). Most patients with EHM had either intrahepatic stage III or IVA tumor at the site of metastases. Herein, we present the case of a fairly rare 1.5-cm small-diameter HCC with right adrenal gland tumor having an inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus. Case presentation A 75-year-old man had a 1.5-cm hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in segment 8 of the liver and a 3.0-cm right adrenal gland tumor with inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus. He underwent partial hepatectomy, right adrenalectomy, and IVC tumor thrombectomy. Tumor resection was successful, but the tumor progressed rapidly, and the patient died 8 months after the operation. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that both HCC cells and adrenal tumor cells were positive for HCC markers Glypican-3 and alpha-fetoprotein. In terms of adrenal carcinoma markers vimentin and Melan-A, vimentin was negative in the HCC and adrenal tumor, and Melan-A was negative in the HCC. In adrenal tumor, slight positivity of Melan-A was observed, but the intensity of staining was clearly weak compared with that in normal adrenal glands. CD133, one of the stem cell markers, was positive in both HCC and adrenal tumor cells. Next-generation amplicon sequencing analyses were performed using DNA derived from the HCC, adrenal tumor, and normal liver tissue. After exome data analyses for representative HCC-related genes as TERT, CTNNB1, TP53, and ARID2, TP53 mutation (exon3: c.G351 T: p.R117S) was found in both HCC cells and adrenal tumor cells. Conversely, no significant mutations in other genes were observed. These pathological findings and sequencing results showed that the adrenal tumor might be an adrenal metastasis of HCC in spite of small primary tumor size. Conclusions This case suggests that the right adrenal tumor was a metastasis of HCC. Immunohistochemical staining and gene mutation analyses using NGS are very useful in differentiating the tumor origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamichi Igarashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Norifumi Harimoto
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Matsumura
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- Genome Medical Science Project, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Araki
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of Innovative Cancer Immunotherapy, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Kosone
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kusunoki Hospital, Fujioka, Gunma, 375-0024, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kusunoki Hospital, Fujioka, Gunma, 375-0024, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Saga University Graduate School of Medicine, Saga, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Evaluation of miR-302b-5p expression and molecular mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma: Findings based on RT-qPCR and in silico analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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MDM2-p53 Interactions in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma: What Is the Role of Nutlins and New Therapeutic Options? J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7040064. [PMID: 29584707 PMCID: PMC5920438 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and is associated with poor prognosis worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HCC have been an area of continuing interest, and recent studies using next generation sequencing (NGS) have revealed much regarding previously unsettled issues. Molecular studies using HCC samples have been mainly targeted with the aim to identify the fundamental mechanisms contributing to HCC and identify more effective treatments. In response to cellular stresses (e.g., DNA damage or oncogenes), activated p53 elicits appropriate responses that aim at DNA repair, genetic stability, cell cycle arrest, and the deletion of DNA-damaged cells. On the other hand, the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene protein is an important cellular antagonist of p53. MDM2 negatively regulates p53 activity through the induction of p53 protein degradation. However, current research has shown that the mechanisms underlying MDM2-p53 interactions are more complex than previously thought. Microarray data have added new insight into the transcription changes in HCC. Recently, Nutlin-3 has shown potency against p53-MDM2 binding and the enhancement of p53 stabilization as well as an increment of p53 cellular accumulation with potential therapeutic effects. This review outlines the molecular mechanisms involved in the p53-MDM2 pathways, the biological factors influencing these pathways, and their roles in the pathogenesis of HCC. It also discusses the action of Nutlin-3 treatment in inducing growth arrest in HCC and elaborates on future directions in research in this area. More research on the biology of p53-MDM2 interactions may offer a better understanding of these mechanisms and discover new biomarkers, sensitive prognostic indicators as well as new therapeutic interventions in HCC.
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Yang Z, Jia M, Liu G, Hao H, Chen L, Li G, Liu S, Li Y, Wu CI, Lu X, Wang S. Genomic sequencing identifies a few mutations driving the independent origin of primary liver tumors in a chronic hepatitis murine model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187551. [PMID: 29117265 PMCID: PMC5678715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of high-throughput genomic analysis, sequencing a mouse primary cancer model provides a new opportunity to understand fundamental mechanisms of tumorigenesis and progression. Here, we characterized the genomic variations in a hepatitis-related primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mouse model. A total of 12 tumor sections and four adjacent non-tumor tissues from four mice were used for whole exome and/or whole genome sequencing and validation of genotyping. The functions of the mutated genes in tumorigenesis were studied by analyzing their mutation frequency and expression in clinical HCC samples. A total of 46 single nucleotide variations (SNVs) were detected within coding regions. All SNVs were only validated in the sequencing samples, except the Hras mutation, which was shared by three tumors in the M1 mouse. However, the mutated allele frequency varied from high (0.4) to low (0.1), and low frequency (0.1-0.2) mutations existed in almost every tumor. Together with a diploid karyotype and an equal distribution pattern of these SNVs within the tumor, these results suggest the existence of subclones within tumors. A total of 26 mutated genes were mapped to 17 terms describing different molecular and cellular functions. All 41 human homologs of the mutated genes were mutated in the clinical samples, and some mutations were associated with clinical outcomes, suggesting a high probability of cancer driver genes in the spontaneous tumors of the mouse model. Genomic sequencing shows that a few mutations can drive the independent origin of primary liver tumors and reveals high heterogeneity among tumors in the early stage of hepatitis-related primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Jia
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guojing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaining Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sixue Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chung-I Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xuemei Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (XL)
| | - Shengdian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (XL)
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Bai Y, Shao Y, Bai J, Ma Z, Liu Q, Wu S. Recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing a p53-derived apoptotic peptide (37AA) inhibits HCC cells growth in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16801-16810. [PMID: 28187431 PMCID: PMC5370002 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed that a p53-derived apoptotic peptide (37AA) could act as a tumor suppressor inducing apoptosis in multiple tumor cells through derepressing p73. However, the tumor suppressive effects of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) expressing 37AA on HCC cells are still unknown. In this study, we successfully constructed a recombinant rAAV expressing 37AA. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that transfection of NT4-37AA/rAAV in HCC cells strongly suppressed cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and up-regulated the cellular expression of p73. NT4-37AA/rAAV transfection markedly slowed Huh-7 xenografted tumor growth in murine. Pretreatment of HCC cells with p73 siRNA abrogated these effects of NT4-37AA/rAAV. Furthermore, we found that expression of p73 was upregulated and the formation of P73/iASSP complex was prevented when 37AA was introduced into HCC cells. Taken together, these results indicate that introduction of 37AA into HCC cells with a rAAV vector may lead to the development of broadly applicable agents for the treatment of HCC, and the mechanism may, at least in part, be associated with the upregulation of p73 expression and reduced level of P73/iASSP complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Bai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Shao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jigang Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Kyrochristos ID, Glantzounis GK, Ziogas DE, Gizas I, Schizas D, Lykoudis EG, Felekouras E, Machairas A, Katsios C, Liakakos T, Cho WC, Roukos DH. From Clinical Standards to Translating Next-Generation Sequencing Research into Patient Care Improvement for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E180. [PMID: 28106782 PMCID: PMC5297812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) cancers are associated with high cancer-related death rates. Surgery aiming for complete tumor resection (R0) remains the cornerstone of the treatment for HBP cancers. The current progress in the adjuvant treatment is quite slow, with gemcitabine chemotherapy available only for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). In the advanced and metastatic setting, only two targeted drugs have been approved by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA), which are sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma and erlotinib for PDA. It is a pity that multiple Phase III randomized control trials testing the efficacy of targeted agents have negative results. Failure in the development of effective drugs probably reflects the poor understanding of genome-wide alterations and molecular mechanisms orchestrating therapeutic resistance and recurrence. In the post-ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) era, cancer is referred to as a highly heterogeneous and systemic disease of the genome. The unprecedented potential of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to accurately identify genetic and genomic variations has attracted major research and clinical interest. The applications of NGS include targeted NGS with potential clinical implications, while whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing focus on the discovery of both novel cancer driver genes and therapeutic targets. These advances dictate new designs for clinical trials to validate biomarkers and drugs. This review discusses the findings of available NGS studies on HBP cancers and the limitations of genome sequencing analysis to translate genome-based biomarkers and drugs into patient care in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Kyrochristos
- Centre for Biosystems and Genome Network Medicine, Ioannina University, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- Department of Surgery, Ioannina University Hospital, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | - Demosthenes E Ziogas
- Centre for Biosystems and Genome Network Medicine, Ioannina University, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- Department of Surgery, 'G. Hatzikosta' General Hospital, 45001 Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | - Dimitrios Schizas
- 1st Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Efstathios G Lykoudis
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ioannina University School of Medicine, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Felekouras
- 1st Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Anastasios Machairas
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| | - Christos Katsios
- Department of Surgery, Ioannina University Hospital, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Theodoros Liakakos
- 1st Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Dimitrios H Roukos
- Centre for Biosystems and Genome Network Medicine, Ioannina University, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- Department of Surgery, Ioannina University Hospital, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece.
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