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Analysis of cataract-regulated genes using chemical DNA damage induction in a rat ex vivo model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273456. [PMID: 36477544 PMCID: PMC9728860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cataracts affect almost all people at advanced age and carry a risk of blindness, the mechanisms of cataract development remain incompletely understood. Oxidative stress, which is a causative factor in cataract, results in DNA breakage, which suggests that DNA damage could contribute to the formation of cataracts. We developed an ex vivo experimental system to study changes in gene expression during the formation of opacities in the lens by culturing explanted rat lenses with Methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) or Bleomycin, which induce DNA damage. Lenses cultured using this experimental system developed cortical opacity, which increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, we compared expression profiles at the whole gene level using microarray analysis of lenses subjected to MMS or Bleomycin stress. Microarray findings in MMS-induced opacity were validated and gene expression was measured from Days 1-4 using RT-qPCR. Altered genes were classified into four groups based on the days of peak gene expression: Group 1, in which expression peaked on Day 1; Group 2, in which expression peaked on Day 2; Group 3, in which expression progressively increased from Days 1-4 or were upregulated on Day 1 and sustained through Day 4; and Group 4, in which expression level oscillated from Days 1-4. Genes involved in lipid metabolism were restricted to Group 1. DNA repair- and cell cycle-related genes were restricted to Groups 1 and 2. Genes associated with oxidative stress and drug efflux were restricted to Group 2. These findings suggest that in temporal changes of MMS-induced opacity formation, the activated pathways could occur in the following order: lipid metabolism, DNA repair and cell cycle, and oxidative stress and drug efflux.
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Yoshitomi Y, Osada H, Satake H, Kojima M, Saito-Takatsuji H, Ikeda T, Yoshitake Y, Ishigaki Y, Kubo E, Sasaki H, Yonekura H. Ultraviolet B-induced Otx2 expression in lens epithelial cells promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.035691. [PMID: 30718229 PMCID: PMC6398467 DOI: 10.1242/bio.035691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation of eyes is a major risk factor for cataractogenesis, although the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood and genes that are affected by UV radiation have not been fully identified. In this study, we examined the UV-related gene regulation in lens epithelial cells (LECs) of mouse eyes and investigated the molecular mechanisms of UV-triggered cataractogenesis. Forty-one genes were significantly upregulated in LECs following UVB exposure in vivo in two independent experiments. Among these, Otx2 was strongly upregulated in LECs, suggesting that it may act as an upstream regulator of UVB-induced changes in gene expression. Accordingly, Otx2 overexpression in LECs in vitro induced morphological changes in cell shapes. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related molecules, such as TGFβ2, αSMA and fibronectin were upregulated in Otx2-overexpressing LECs, concomitant with suppression of lens fiber cell marker genes, such as CRYAA and DNASEIIB. In vitro experiments suggested that UVB upregulated Otx2 through hydrogen peroxide generation. Aberrant upregulation of Otx2 in LECs following UV irradiation induces the EMT and alteration of the lens cell characteristics, likely contributing to cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yoshitomi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiromi Osada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Haruka Satake
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masami Kojima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Science, Kanazawa Medical University School of Nursing, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hidehito Saito-Takatsuji
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshino Yoshitake
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Ishigaki
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hideto Yonekura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Gross J, Wegener AR, Kronschläger M, Holz FG, Schönfeld CL, Meyer LM. Ultraviolet radiation exposure triggers neurokinin-1 receptor upregulation in ocular tissues in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2018; 174:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Feng K, Guo HK. Eaf2 protects human lens epithelial cells against oxidative stress‑induced apoptosis by Wnt signaling. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2795-2802. [PMID: 29257273 PMCID: PMC5783493 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein ELL-associated factor 2 (Eaf2) serves an important role in lens development and maturation; however, its role in oxidative stress-induced cataract formation remains unclear. In the present study, an in vitro apoptosis model was constructed by treating HLE-B3 cells with 50 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and was confirmed by flow cytometry. Subsequently, overexpression of Eaf2 was induced in H2O2-induced HLE-B3 cells by ligating Eaf2 cDNA to a pcDNA3.0 plasmid and the role of Wnt3a in the function of Eaf2 was also assessed by inhibiting the expression of the gene in Eaf2-overexpression cells. The expression levels of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, β-catenin, Eaf2, caspase 3, Wnt3a, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein were examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Immunocytochemistry was used to locate Eaf2 and Wnt3 protein expression in the H2O2-induced HLE-B3 cells. The results indicated that Eaf2 was able to effectively suppress H2O2-induced apoptosis of HLE cells via inhibition of caspase 3 production and activation of Wnt3a signaling. In addition, knockdown of Wnt3a in Eaf2-overexpression cells evidently counteracted the effect of Eaf2 in antagonizing H2O2-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these findings suggested that Eaf2 may suppress oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of HLE-B3 cells exerted through the activation of Wnt3a signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ke Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Abstract
Despite being a treatable disease, cataract is still the leading cause for blindness in the world. Solar ultraviolet radiation is epidemiologically linked to cataract development, while animal and in vitro studies prove a causal relationship. However, the pathogenetic pathways for the disease are not fully understood and there is still no perfect model for human age related cataract. This non-comprehensive overview focus on recent developments regarding effects of solar UV radiation wavebands on the lens. A smaller number of fundamental papers are also included to provide a backdrop for the overview. Future studies are expected to further clarify the cellular and subcellular mechanisms for UV radiation-induced cataract and especially the isolated or combined temporal and spatial effects of UVA and UVB in the pathogenesis of human cataract. Regardless of the cause for cataract, there is a need for advances in pharmaceutical or other treatment modalities that do not require surgical replacement of the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Löfgren
- Karolinska Institutet, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Polhemsgatan 50, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden.
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