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Zhao X, Jiao L, Liu D, Yang T, Zhang Y, Zhou A, Wen Z, Zhang K, Xie J. A phycoerythrin isolated from Rhodomonas salina induces apoptosis via ERK/Bak and JNK/Caspase-3 pathway in A549 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123838. [PMID: 36842747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Rhodomonas salina, Cryptophyta, Rhodomonas genus, is a valuable source for live feed in aquaculture and for the production of phycoerythrin (PE). In this study, PE was extracted from Rhodomonas salina and characterized as having a molecular weight of approximately 24 kDa, an absorbance at 545 nm, and a purity of up to 6.61 (which meets reagent grade requirements with an OD545/OD280 ratio >4). The effects of PE on anticancer activity and its underlying mechanisms were evaluated to assess the immunomodulatory potential on the human lung cancer A549 cell line. Biochemical assays and western blot analysis were applied to confirm the immune mechanisms. The results showed that after 24 h of exposure to PE, the proliferation of A549 cells was significantly and dose-dependently decreased. PE also caused the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The further results showed that PE can remarkably enhance the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and p53. Simultaneously, the BCL-2 family was also affected and had some changes, such as the dramatically enhance of Bim and Bak and the decrease of Bcl-2 level. However, it is interesting to note that there was no apparent alteration in Bax expression during the experiment. Furthermore, the biological mechanism for the potential of PE to induce apoptosis showed that the ERK/Bak and the JNK/caspase-3 signaling pathway were activated. This study provides evidence that the anticancer activity of PE in Rhodomonas salina may have potential for preventing cancer and serving as a novel immunostimulant in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Danting Liu
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Tan Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China.
| | - Aimin Zhou
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Kunsheng Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Junbo Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Salama AAA, Elgohary R, Fahmy MI. Protocatechuic acid ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced kidney damage in mice via downregulation of TLR-4-mediated IKBKB/NF-κB and MAPK/Erk signaling pathways. J Appl Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 36807594 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a very critical cause of death in the whole world. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces kidney damage by activating various deleterious inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Protocatechuic acid, a natural phenolic compound, has shown to exert beneficial effects against oxidative and inflammatory responses. The study aimed to clarify the nephroprotective activity of protocatechuic acid in LPS-induced acute kidney damage in mice. Forty male Swiss mice were allocated in four groups as follows: normal control group; LPS (250 μg/kg, ip)-induced kidney injury group; LPS-injected mice treated with protocatechuic acid (15 mg/kg, po), and LPS-injected mice treated with protocatechuic acid (30 mg/kg, po). Significant toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)-mediated activation of IKBKB/NF-κB and MAPK/Erk/COX-2 inflammatory pathways has been observed in kidneys of mice treated with LPS. Oxidative stress was revealed by inhibition of total antioxidant capacity, catalase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) enzyme along with increased nitric oxide level. In parallel, focal inflammatory effects were shown in between the tubules and glomeruli as well as in the perivascular dilated blood vessels at the cortex affecting the normal morphology of the kidney tissues of LPS-treated mice. However, treatment with protocatechuic acid reduced LPS-induced changes in the aforementioned parameters and restored normal histological features of the affected tissues. In conclusion, our study uncovered that protocatechuic acid has nephroprotective effects in mice with AKI through opposing different inflammatory and oxidative cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rania Elgohary
- Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Fahmy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
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Chen Q, Kao X, Gao Y, Chen J, Dong Z, Chen C. Nitric oxide-caused rabbit chondrocyte apoptosis is linked to cytoskeletal protein proteolysis anomaly through intracellular JNK and ERK signal pathways. Mol Cell Toxicol 2023; 19:71-79. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s13273-022-00241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2024]
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Carboxymethylation of Desmodium styracifolium Polysaccharide and Its Repair Effect on Damaged HK-2 Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2082263. [PMID: 35993017 PMCID: PMC9391130 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2082263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Desmodium styracifolium is the best traditional medicine for treating kidney calculi in China. This study is aimed at increasing the carboxyl (-COOH) content of D. styracifolium polysaccharide (DSP0) and further increasing its antistone activity. Methods DSP0 was carboxymethylated with chloroacetic acid at varying degrees. Then, oxalate-damaged HK-2 cells were repaired with modified polysaccharide, and the changes in biochemical indices before and after repair were detected. Results Three modified polysaccharides with 7.45% (CDSP1), 12.2% (CDSP2), and 17.7% (CDSP3) -COOH are obtained. Compared with DSP0 (-COOH content = 1.17%), CDSPs have stronger antioxidant activity in vitro and can improve the vitality of damaged HK-2 cells. CDSPs repair the cell morphology and cytoskeleton, increase the cell healing ability, reduce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide levels, increase mitochondrial membrane potential, limit autophagy level to a low level, reduce the eversion of phosphatidylserine in the cell membrane, weaken the inhibition of oxalate on DNA synthesis, restore cell cycle to normal state, promote cell proliferation, and reduce apoptosis/necrosis. Conclusion The carboxymethylation modification of DSP0 can improve its antioxidant activity and enhance its ability to repair damaged HK-2 cells. Among them, CDSP2 with medium -COOH content has the highest activity of repairing cells, whereas CDSP3 with the highest -COOH content has the highest antioxidant activity. This difference may be related to the active environment of polysaccharide and conformation of the polysaccharide and cell signal pathway. This result suggests that Desmodium styracifolium polysaccharide with increased -COOH content may have improved potential treatment and prevention of kidney calculi.
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Nitric oxide-caused rabbit chondrocyte apoptosis is linked to cytoskeletal protein proteolysis anomaly through intracellular JNK and ERK signal pathways. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhao X, Hou P, Xin H, Zhang Y, Zhou A, Lai C, Xie J. A glucogalactomanan polysaccharide isolated from Agaricus bisporus causes an inflammatory response via the ERK/MAPK and IκB/NFκB pathways in macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:1067-1073. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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He B, Wu F, Li X, Liu Y, Fan L, Li H. Mitochondrial dependent pathway is involved in the protective effects of carboxymethylated chitosan on nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in chondrocytes. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:23. [PMID: 32020892 PMCID: PMC7076817 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chondrocyte apoptosis activated by the mitochondrial dependent pathway serves a crucial role in cartilage degeneration of osteoarthritis (OA). In the present study, the protective effects of CMCS against sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced chondrocyte apoptosis were evaluated and the underlying molecular mechanisms were elucidated. Methods Chondrocytes were isolated from articular cartilage of SD rats and identified by type II collagen immunohistochemistry. The chondrocytes stimulated with or without SNP to induce apoptosis, were treated by CMCS for various concentrations. The cell viability were determined by MTT and LDH assays. Cell apoptotic ratio was determined by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was detected by using Rhodamine123 (Rho123) staining. To understand the mechanism, the mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c (Cyt c) and cleaved caspase-3 were detected by real-time PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Results It was shown using the MTT and LDH assays that CMCS protected the viability of chondrocyte against SNP damage. Annexin V-FITC/PI and Rho123 staining showed that CMCS not only inhibited the cell apoptosis but also restored the reduction of the ΔΨm in chondrocytes. In SNP-induced chondrocytes, CMCS down-regulated the expression of Bax, Cyt c and cleaved caspase-3 but upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, as shown by real-time PCR and western blot. Conclusions Taken together, these results indicated that CMCS has the protective effect on chondrocytes against SNP-induced apoptosis, at least partly, via inhibiting the mitochondrial dependent apoptotic pathway. Thus, CMCS may be potentially used as a biological agent for prevention and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Haohuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
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He B, Wu F, Fan L, Li XH, Liu Y, Liu YJ, Ding WJ, Deng M, Zhou Y. Carboxymethylated chitosan protects Schwann cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondria dependent pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 825:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis is characterized by a chronic, progressive and irreversible degradation of the articular cartilage associated with joint inflammation and a reparative bone response. More than 100 million people are affected by this condition worldwide with significant health and welfare costs. Our available treatment options in osteoarthritis are extremely limited. Chondral or osteochondral grafts have shown some promising results but joint replacement surgery is by far the most common therapeutic approach. The difficulty lies on the limited regeneration capacity of the articular cartilage, poor blood supply and the paucity of resident progenitor stem cells. In addition, our poor understanding of the molecular signalling pathways involved in the senescence and apoptosis of chondrocytes is a major factor restricting further progress in the area. This review focuses on molecules and approaches that can be implemented to delay or even rescue chondrocyte apoptosis. Ways of modulating the physiologic response to trauma preventing chondrocyte death are proposed. The use of several cytokines, growth factors and advances made in altering several of the degenerative genetic pathways involved in chondrocyte apoptosis and degradation are also presented. The suggested approaches can help clinicians to improve cartilage tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippokratis Pountos
- Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK.
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK; NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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Controlled Release of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist from Hyaluronic Acid-Chitosan Microspheres Attenuates Interleukin-1 β-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in Chondrocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6290957. [PMID: 27872853 PMCID: PMC5107216 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6290957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the protective effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) released from hyaluronic acid chitosan (HA-CS) microspheres in a controlled manner on IL-1β-induced inflammation and apoptosis in chondrocytes. The IL-1Ra release kinetics was characterized by an initial burst release, which was reduced to a linear release over eight days. Chondrocytes were stimulated with 10 ng/ml IL-1β and subsequently incubated with HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres. The cell viability was decreased by IL-1β, which was attenuated by HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres as indicated by an MTT assay. ELISA showed that HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation by attenuating increases in NO2− and prostaglandin E2 levels as well as increase in glycosaminoglycan release. A terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay revealed that the IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis was decreased by HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres. Moreover, HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres blocked IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis by increasing B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and decreasing Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase-3 expressions at mRNA and protein levels, as indicated by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres as a controlled release system of IL-1Ra possess potential anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties in rat chondrocytes due to their ability to regulate inflammatory factors and apoptosis associated genes.
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He B, Tao H, Wei A, Liu S, Li X, Chen R. Protection of carboxymethylated chitosan on chondrocytes from nitric oxide-induced apoptosis by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:380-386. [PMID: 27644875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis is the most important element of development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Nitric oxide (NO) was used as the agent to induce chondrocyte apoptosis. Carboxymethylated chitosan (CMCS) has anti-apoptosis effect on many cell types in vitro. This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of CMCS on NO-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and the probable molecular mechanisms. The newborn Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in this study for isolation of chondrocytes. The cell viability was determined by cell counting kit (CCK-8), cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V/PI double staining assay kit. The levels of phosphorylated-PI3K (p-PI3K), phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt), Bcl-2 and Bax were determined by Western blot analysis. The caspase-3 activity was determined by a quantitative colorimetric assay. Results showed that pretreatment with CMCS could inhibit the apoptosis induced by NO. CMCS could decrease the activity of NO and decrease the expression of Bcl-2, p-PI3K and p-Akt, increase the expression of Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3. CMCS also could reverse the effect of NO that prompted matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and inhibited tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) activity. All the present results indicated that CMCS can protect NO induced chondrocytes apoptosis by activate PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Haiying Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ailin Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shiqing Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ren Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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