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Molecular docking prediction and in vitro studies elucidate anti-inflammatory effect of Garcinia extract against inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 targets. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Garcinia is a tropical plant that has been traditionally used in medicinal folklore for its potential antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, etc. In this study, methanolic extract of Garcinia herbal supplement (GME) and its important phytoconstituents (Garcinol and hydroxycitric acid) were evaluated for their inhibitory action against important inflammatory markers iNOS and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. iNOS and COX-2 play a major role in the process of inflammation, and inhibition of these molecules will help to alleviate the inflammatory process. The cells were pre-treated with two doses of GME (115 µg/ml and 230 µg/ml); Ggarcinol (6 µM and 12 µM); hydroxycitric acid (17.5 µg/ml and 35 µg/ml) followed by stimulation with 1 µg/ml of LPS for 24 h.
Results
The results of the study demonstrated that Garcinia and its active components Garcinol and HCA play an important role in suppressing LPS-induced relative mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, and subsequent reduction in the levels of total nitric oxide and prostaglandinE2. Molecular docking analysis of Ggarcinol and HCA with iNOS and COX-2 proteins showed potent interactions with negative binding energies.
Conclusions
This study suggests that Garcinia possess anti-inflammatory activity thus providing a possibility for drug designing as iNOS and COX-2 inhibitor.
Graphical Abstract
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The ethanol extract of Garcinia subelliptica Merr. induces autophagy. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:280. [PMID: 34758822 PMCID: PMC8579681 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Garcinia subelliptica Merr. is a multipurpose coastal tree, the potential medicinal effects of which have been studied, including cancer suppression. Here, we present evidence that the ethanol extract of G. subelliptica Merr. (eGSM) induces autophagy in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methods Two different human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, A549 and SNU2292, were treated with varying amounts of eGSM. Cytotoxicity elicited by eGSM was assessed by MTT assay and PARP degradation. Autophagy in A549 and SNU2292 was determined by western blotting for AMPK, mTOR, ULK1, and LC3. Genetic deletion of AMPKα in HEK293 cells was carried out by CRISPR. Results eGSM elicited cytotoxicity, but not apoptosis, in A549 and SNU2292 cells. eGSM increased LC3-II production in both A549 and, more extensively, SNU2292, suggesting that eGSM induces autophagy. In A549, eGSM activated AMPK, an essential autophagy activator, but not suppressed mTOR, an autophagy blocker, suggesting that eGSM induces autophagy by primarily activating the AMPK pathway in A549. By contrast, eGSM suppressed mTOR activity without activating AMPK in SNU2292, suggesting that eGSM induces autophagy by mainly suppressing mTOR in SNU2292. In HEK293 cells lacking AMPKα expression, eGSM increased LC3-II production, confirming that the autophagy induced by eGSM can occur without the AMPK pathway. Conclusion Our findings suggest that eGSM induces autophagy by activating AMPK or suppressing mTOR pathways, depending on cell types. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03454-4.
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Garcinielliptone G from Garcinia subelliptica Induces Apoptosis in Acute Leukemia Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092422. [PMID: 33919344 PMCID: PMC8122622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing properties of compounds isolated from Garcinia subelliptica leaves were investigated. The hexane-soluble portion of MeOH extracts of G. subelliptica leaves that showed cytotoxic activity was separated to yield seven compounds 1–7. Chemical structure analysis using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry confirmed that compound 1 was canophyllol, and compounds 2–7 were garcinielliptones N, O, J, G, F, and garcinielliptin oxide, respectively. Among them, garcinielliptone G (5) showed growth inhibition by causing apoptosis in THP-1 and Jurkat cells derived from human acute monocytic leukemia and T lymphocyte cells, respectively. Apoptosis induced by garcinielliptone G (5) was demonstrated by the detection of early apoptotic cells with fluorescein-labeled Annexin V and increases in cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP protein levels. However, the addition of caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK did not affect growth arrest or apoptosis induction. These results suggest that garcinielliptone G (5) can induce both caspase-3 activation and caspase-independent apoptosis. Therefore, garcinielliptone G (5) may be a potential candidate for acute leukemia treatment.
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Cho YC, Vuong HL, Ha J, Lee S, Park J, Wibow AE, Cho S. Inhibition of Inflammatory Responses by Centella asiatica via Suppression of IRAK1-TAK1 in Mouse Macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:1103-1120. [PMID: 32668965 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (C. asiatica) has been widely treated for inflammation-related diseases in China for thousands of years. While C. asiatica showed relevant effects as traditional medicine, the mechanism of C. asiatica suppressing inflammation has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study was conducted to reveal the anti-inflammatory mechanism of methanol fraction from C. asiatica (MCA) at the molecular level in murine macrophages. Levels of inflammation-related mediators were observed with treatment of MCA. MCA significantly suppressed nitric oxide production and iNOS expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Prostaglandin E2 production was alleviated by MCA via the downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2. MCA treatment also reduced pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text] and interleukin (IL)-6 levels. LPS/D-GalN-induced acute hepatitis in mouse was alleviated by MCA treatment. In addition, MCA decreased the phosphorylation of inhibitory [Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] (I[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text]) at Ser32/36 and thereby blocked I[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] degradation. TXY motif phosphorylation in the activation loops of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was also suppressed by MCA treatment. Further investigation revealed that MCA inhibited transforming growth factor-[Formula: see text]-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) phosphorylation and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK1) degradation, the upstream kinases activating nuclear factor [Formula: see text]B and MAPKs. Taken together, MCA exhibited anti-inflammatory properties via the downregulation of IRAK1-TAK1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Huong Lan Vuong
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jain Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewoong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Agung Eru Wibow
- Center for Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology, Deputy for Agroindustrial Technology and Biotechnology, The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
| | - Sayeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Wang YL, Ye YS, Fu WW, Wu R, Xiang Q, Lao YZ, Yang JL, Tan HS, Yang XW, Yang BC, Xu HX, Xu G. Garsubelone A, the First Dimeric Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols with Complicated Heptacyclic Architecture from Garcinia subelliptica. Org Lett 2019; 21:1534-1537. [PMID: 30775925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Garsubelone A (1), the first dimeric polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols type metabolite featuring a complicated 6/6/6/6/6/6/6 heptacyclic architecture containing 10 stereogenic centers, was isolated from Garcinia subelliptica. Biogenetically, this compound was constructed by the plausible monomeric precursor, garsubelone B (2) and secohyperforin, via a key Diels-Alder cycloaddition to form an unique 2-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane core. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction techniques. The cytotoxic activities of these isolates were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ling Wang
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , and Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai , 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Song Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wei Fu
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , and Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai , 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wu
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , and Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai , 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xiang
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , and Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai , 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Lao
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , and Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai , 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ling Yang
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , and Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai , 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Sheng Tan
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , and Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai , 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Can Yang
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , and Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai , 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , and Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai , 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
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Le HTT, Cho YC, Cho S. Methanol extract of Guettarda speciosa Linn. inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators through the inactivation of Syk and JNK in macrophages. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:1783-1791. [PMID: 29328440 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Guettarda speciosa Linn. (G. speciosa, Rubiaceae) has been used as a traditional medicinal plant in Asia for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions, including cough, fever and maternal postpartum infection. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti‑inflammatory action of G. speciosa extracts have remained elusive. In the present study, the anti‑inflammatory effects of the methanol extract of G. speciosa (MGS) were investigated in murine macrophages by measuring the production of inflammatory mediators and the underlying mechanisms of action by performing immunoblotting analysis of proteins that are potentially involved. MGS reduced nitric oxide (NO) production through regulation of the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide‑activated RAW 264.7 cells; however, cyclooxygenase‑2, the enzyme responsible for prostaglandin E2 production, was not affected at the mRNA or protein level. MGS reduced interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) production, but had no effect on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α production. In addition, MGS suppressed the transcription of IL‑6, but not that of IL‑1β and TNF‑α. The effect of MGS on proinflammatory mediators resulted from the inhibition of the activation of spleen tyrosine kinase and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase. In conclusion, the present study suggested that MGS may be a potential candidate for development as a therapeutic for alleviating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi Thu Le
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacological Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chang Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacological Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayeon Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacological Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Inoue T, Kainuma M, Baba K, Oshiro N, Kimura N, Chan EWC. Garcinia subelliptica Merr. (Fukugi): A multipurpose coastal tree with promising medicinal properties. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2017; 6:121-127. [PMID: 28163970 PMCID: PMC5289081 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20161229060034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this short review, the current knowledge on the botany, ecology, uses, and medicinal properties of the multipurpose Garcinia subelliptica (Fukugi) is updated. As yet, there are no reviews on this indigenous and heritage coastal tree species of the Ryukyu Islands in Japan, which has ethnocultural, ecological, and pharmacological significance. Planted by the Okinawan people some 300 years ago, Fukugi trees serve as windbreaks and accord protection against the destructive typhoons. The species has become a popular ornamental tree, and its bark has been used for dyeing fabrics. It forms part of the food chain for mammals and insects and serves as nesting sites for birds. Endowed with bioactive compounds of benzophenones, xanthones, biflavonoids, and triterpenoids, G. subelliptica possesses anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase, trypanocidal, antibacterial, DNA topoisomerase inhibitory, DNA strand scission, choline acetyltransferase enhancing, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 inhibitory, and antiandrogenic activities. Fukugetin and fukugiside are two novel biflavonoids named after the species. The chemical constituents of Fukugi fruits when compared with those of mangosteen yielded interesting contrasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Inoue
- Centre for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mami Kainuma
- International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Karin Baba
- International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Nozomi Oshiro
- International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Norimi Kimura
- International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Eric Wei Chiang Chan
- Department of Food Science with Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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