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Bu ZJ, Wan SR, Steinmann P, Yin ZT, Tan JP, Li WX, Tang ZY, Jiang S, Ye MM, Xu JY, Zheng YY, Wang XH, Liu JP, Liu ZL. Effectiveness and Safety of Chinese Herbal Injections Combined with SOX Chemotherapy Regimens for Advanced Gastric Cancer: a Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. J Cancer 2024; 15:889-907. [PMID: 38230219 PMCID: PMC10788720 DOI: 10.7150/jca.91301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that combining Chinese herbal injections (CHIs) with oxaliplatin plus tegafur (SOX) chemotherapy regimens improves clinical effectiveness and reduces adverse reactions in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC). These RCTs highlight the potential applications of CHIs and their impact on AGC patient prognosis. However, there is insufficient comparative evidence on the clinical effectiveness and safety of different CHIs when combined with SOX. Therefore, we performed a network meta-analysis to rank the clinical effectiveness and safety of different CHIs when combined with SOX chemotherapy regimens. This study aimed to provide evidence for selecting appropriate CHIs in the treatment of patients with AGC. Methods: We searched eight databases from their inception until March 2023. Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve (SUCRA) probability values were used to rank the treatment measures, and the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA) software assessed the grading of evidence. Results: A total of 51 RCTs involving 3,703 AGC patients were identified. Huachansu injections + SOX demonstrated the highest clinical effectiveness (SUCRA: 78.17%), significantly reducing the incidence of leukopenia (93.35%), thrombocytopenia (80.19%), and nausea and vomiting (95.15%). Shenfu injections + SOX improved Karnofsky's Performance Status (75.59%) and showed a significant reduction in peripheral neurotoxicity incidence (88.26%). Aidi injections + SOX were most effective in reducing the incidence of liver function damage (75.16%). According to CINeMA, most confidence rating results were classified as "low". Conclusion: The combination of CHIs and SOX shows promising effects in the treatment of AGC compared to SOX alone. Huachansu and Shenfu injections offer the greatest overall advantage among the CHIs, while Aidi injections are optimal for reducing the incidence of liver damage. However, further rigorous RCTs with larger sample sizes and additional pharmacological studies are necessary to reinforce these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-jun Bu
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-run Wan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Steinmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ze-tao Yin
- Critical Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-ping Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-xin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhen-yan Tang
- School of the First Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Jiang
- School of the First Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-meng Ye
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-yang Xu
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - You-you Zheng
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-hui Wang
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-ping Liu
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-lan Liu
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Ji YJ, Kim HD, Lee ES, Jang GY, Seong HA. Heat Treatment Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Crude Ginseng Saponin by Increasing Minor Ginsenosides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087223. [PMID: 37108384 PMCID: PMC10138965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside is the primary active substance of ginseng and has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-cancer, immune, regulating sugar and lipid metabolism, and antioxidant effects. It also protects the nervous and cardiovascular systems. This study analyzes the effects of thermal processing on the bioactivities of crude ginseng saponin. Heat treatment increased the contents of minor ginsenosides in crude saponins, such as Rg3, and heat-treated crude ginseng saponin (HGS) had better neuroprotective effects than non-treated crude saponin (NGS). HGS reduced glutamate-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation in pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells, significantly more than NGS. HGS protected PC12 cells against glutamate-induced oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling and downregulating MAPK-mediated apoptotic signaling. HGS has the potential for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jeong Ji
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Don Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Suk Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Yeong Jang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-A Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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Ginsenoside Rb1 Improves Post-Cardiac Arrest Myocardial Stunning and Cerebral Outcomes by Regulating the Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055059. [PMID: 36902487 PMCID: PMC10003120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of cardiac arrest (CA) is dismal despite the ongoing progress in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). ginsenoside Rb1 (Gn-Rb1) has been verified to be cardioprotective in cardiac remodeling and cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but its role is less known in CA. After 15 min of potassium chloride-induced CA, male C57BL/6 mice were resuscitated. Gn-Rb1 was blindly randomized to mice after 20 s of CPR. We assessed the cardiac systolic function before CA and 3 h after CPR. Mortality rates, neurological outcome, mitochondrial homeostasis, and the levels of oxidative stress were evaluated. We found that Gn-Rb1 improved the long-term survival during the post-resuscitation period but did not affect the ROSC rate. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that Gn-Rb1 ameliorated CA/CPR-induced mitochondrial destabilization and oxidative stress, partially via the activation of Keap1/Nrf2 axis. Gn-Rb1 improved the neurological outcome after resuscitation partially by balancing the oxidative stress and suppressing apoptosis. In sum, Gn-Rb1 protects against post-CA myocardial stunning and cerebral outcomes via the induction of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which may offer a new insight into therapeutic strategies for CA.
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Charoensuksai P, Arunprasert K, Saenkham A, Opanasopit P, Suksamrarn S, Wongprayoon P. Gamma-mangostin Protects S16Y Schwann Cells Against tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-induced Apoptotic Cell Death. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3400-3407. [PMID: 38053351 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128270941231124102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication that affects individuals with diabetes. Its development involves an excessive presence of oxidative stress, which leads to cellular damage in various tissues. Schwann cells, which are vital for peripheral nerve conduction, are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage, resulting in cell death. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gamma-mangostin (γ-mangostin), a xanthone derived from Garcinia mangostana, possesses cytoprotective properties in various pathological conditions. In this study, we employed S16Y cells as a representative Schwann cell model to investigate the protective effects of γ-mangostin against the toxicity induced by tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). Different concentrations of γ-mangostin and tBHP were used to determine non-toxic doses of γ-mangostin and toxic doses of tBHP for subsequent experiments. MTT cell viability assays, cell flow cytometry, and western blot analysis were used for evaluating the protective effects of γ-mangostin. RESULTS The results indicated that tBHP (50 μM) significantly reduced S16Y cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death by upregulating cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP protein levels and reducing the Bcl- XL/Bax ratio. Notably, pretreatment with γ-mangostin (2.5 μM) significantly mitigated the decrease in cell viability caused by tBHP treatment. Furthermore, γ-mangostin effectively reduced cellular apoptosis induced by tBHP. Lastly, γ-mangostin significantly reverted tBHP-mediated caspase-3 and PARP cleavage and increased the Bcl-XL/Bax ratio. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings highlight the ability of γ-mangostin to protect Schwann cells from apoptotic cell death induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purin Charoensuksai
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Kwanputtha Arunprasert
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Audchara Saenkham
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Praneet Opanasopit
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Sunit Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawaris Wongprayoon
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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Maqui Berry and Ginseng Extracts Reduce Cigarette Smoke-Induced Cell Injury in a 3D Bone Co-Culture Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122460. [PMID: 36552669 PMCID: PMC9774157 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking-induced oxidative stress has harmful effects on bone metabolism. Maqui berry extract (MBE) and ginseng extract (GE) are two naturally occurring antioxidants that have been shown to reduce oxidative stress. By using an osteoblast and osteoclast three-dimensional co-culture system, we investigated the effects of MBE and GE on bone cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The cell viability and function of the co-culture system were measured on day 14. Markers of bone cell differentiation and oxidative stress were evaluated at gene and protein levels on day 7. The results showed that exposure to CSE induced osteoporotic-like alterations in the co-culture system, while 1.5 µg/mL MBE and 50 µg/mL GE improved CSE-impaired osteoblast function and decreased CSE-induced osteoclast function. The molecular mechanism of MBE and GE in preventing CSE-induced bone cell damage is linked with the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Therefore, MBE and GE can reduce CSE-induced detrimental effects on bone cells and, thus, prevent smoking-induced alterations in bone cell homeostasis. These two antioxidants are thus suitable supplements to support bone regeneration in smokers.
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Shen J, Ma X, He Y, Wang Y, Zhong T, Zhang Y. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Melianodiol on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14209. [PMID: 36312760 PMCID: PMC9615967 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ulcerative colitis is a unique inflammatory bowel disease with ulcerative lesions of the colonic mucosa. Melianodiol (MN), a triterpenoid, isolated from the fruits of the Chinese medicinal plant Melia azedarach, possesses significant anti-inflammatory properties. Objective The present study investigated the protective effects of MN on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages and DSS-mediated ulcerative colitis in mice. Methods In the study, mice were given MN (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and 5-ASA (500 mg/kg) daily for 9 days after induction by DSS for 1 week. The progress of the disease was monitored daily by observation of changes in clinical signs and body weight. Results The results showed that MN effectively improved the overproduction of inflammatory factors (IL-6, NO, and TNF-α) and suppressed the activation of the NF-κB signalling cascade in LPS-mediated RAW264.7 cells. For DSS-mediated colitis in mice, MN can reduce weight loss and the disease activity index (DAI) score in UC mice, suppress colon shortening, and alleviate pathological colon injury. Moreover, MN treatment notably up regulated the levels of IL-10 and down regulated those of IL-1β and TNF-α, and inhibited the protein expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, iNOS, NF-κB P65, p-P65, p-IKKα/β, and p-IκBα in the colon. After MN treatment, the levels of MDA and NO in colonic tissue were remarkably decreased, whereas the levels of GSH, SOD, Nrf-2, Keap-1, HO-1, IκBα, and eNOS protein expression levels were significantly increased. Conclusion These results indicate that MN can activate the Nrf-2 signalling pathway and inhibit the JAK/STAT, iNOS/eNOS, and NF-κB signalling cascades, enhance intestinal barrier function, and effectively reduce the LPS-mediated inflammatory response in mouse macrophages and DSS-induced intestinal injury in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinhua Ma
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yubin He
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Tianhua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
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Qi L, Zhang J, Wang J, An J, Xue W, Liu Q, Zhang Y. Mechanisms of ginsenosides exert neuroprotective effects on spinal cord injury: A promising traditional Chinese medicine. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:969056. [PMID: 36081662 PMCID: PMC9445311 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.969056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). It is mainly caused by trauma and reduces the quality of life of the affected individual. Ginsenosides are safe and effective traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), and their efficacy against SCI is being increasingly researched in many countries, especially in China and Korea. This systematic review evaluated the neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides in SCI and elucidated their properties.
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8
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Xiao L, Wang M, Zou K, Li Z, Luo J. Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on proliferation and directed differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into neural stem cells. Neuroreport 2022; 33:413-421. [PMID: 35623086 PMCID: PMC9154301 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) can be transformed into neural stem cells (NSCs) and still maintain immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects. Transplantation of NSCs induced by hUCMSCs would be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurological diseases. Ginsenoside Rg1 has neuroprotective effects and influences cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we further evaluated the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on the proliferation and directional differentiation of hUCMSCs into NSCs. METHODS The CCK-8 assay was used to determine the optimal dose of ginsenoside Rg1 with respect to hUCMSC proliferation and differentiation. NSCs were authenticated using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry and were quantified in each group. RT-PCR was used to screen the signaling pathway by which ginsenoside Rg1 promoted the differentiation of hUCMSCs into NSCs. RESULTS The optimal dose of Rg1 to promote hUCMSC proliferation and differentiation to NSCs was 10 μmol/l. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence showed that induced NSCs expressed nestin and sex-determining region Y-box 2, with higher expression levels in the Rg1 group than that in the negative control group. RT-PCR showed that Rg1 downregulates the expression of genes involved in Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways in the induction process. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rg1 not only promotes the proliferation and viability of hUCMSCs in the process of differentiation into NSCs but also improves the differentiation efficiency. This study provides a basis for the development of hUCMSC-derived NSCs for the treatment of nervous system diseases and for analyses of underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine
| | - Maoyuan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine
| | - Kang Zou
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
| | - Zuoyong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Zhou X, Zhang K, Liu L, Zhao Q, Huang M, Shao R, Wang Y, Qu B, Wang Y. Anti-fatigue effect from Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma: a suggestive and promising treatment for long COVID. ACUPUNCTURE AND HERBAL MEDICINE 2022; 2:69-77. [PMID: 37808250 PMCID: PMC9407182 DOI: 10.1097/hm9.0000000000000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two years after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, an increasing number of patients continue to suffer from long COVID (LC), persistent symptoms, and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond the initial 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms. Constant fatigue is one of the most common LC symptoms, leading to severely reduced quality of life among patients. Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma-known as the King of Herbs in traditional Chinese medicine-has shown clinical anti-fatigue effects. In this review, we summarize the underlying anti-fatigue mechanisms of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma extracts and their bioactive compounds, with a special focus on anti-viral, immune remodeling, endocrine system regulation, and metabolism, suggesting that Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma is a potentially promising treatment for LC, especially in regard to targeting fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangda Zhou
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Keying Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lanbo Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qianru Zhao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Qu
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Lu J, Wang X, Wu A, Cao Y, Dai X, Liang Y, Li X. Ginsenosides in central nervous system diseases: Pharmacological actions, mechanisms, and therapeutics. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1523-1544. [PMID: 35084783 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is one of the most complex physiological systems, and central nervous system diseases (CNSDs) are serious diseases that affect human health. Ginseng (Panax L.), the root of Panax species, are famous Chinese herbs that have been used for various diseases in China, Japan, and Korea since ancient times, and remain a popular natural medicine used worldwide in modern times. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng, and increasing evidence has demonstrated that ginsenosides can prevent CNSDs, including neurodegenerative diseases, memory and cognitive impairment, cerebral ischemia injury, depression, brain glioma, multiple sclerosis, which has been confirmed in numerous studies. Therefore, this review summarizes the potential pathways by which ginsenosides affect the pathogenesis of CNSDs mainly including antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-apoptotic effects, and nerve protection, which provides novel ideas for the treatment of CNSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Anxin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Youdan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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11
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Zarneshan SN, Fakhri S, Khan H. Targeting Akt/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway by ginsenosides in neurodegenerative diseases: A mechanistic approach. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kim M, Mok H, Yeo WS, Ahn JH, Choi YK. Role of ginseng in the neurovascular unit of neuroinflammatory diseases focused on the blood-brain barrier. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:599-609. [PMID: 34803430 PMCID: PMC8587512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has long been considered as an herbal medicine. Recent data suggest that ginseng has anti-inflammatory properties and can improve learning- and memory-related function in the central nervous system (CNS) following the development of CNS neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, and other neurological disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of ginseng in the neurovascular unit, which is composed of endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neural stem cells, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, especially their blood-brain barrier maintenance, anti-inflammatory effects and regenerative functions. In addition, cell-cell communication enhanced by ginseng may be attributed to regeneration via induction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis in CNS diseases. Thus, ginseng may have therapeutic potential to exert cognitive improvement in neuroinflammatory diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Mok
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Seok Yeo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ye W, Yan Y, Tang Y, Dong X, Chen G, Kang J, Huang L, Xiong Q, Feng Z. Orexin-A Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neural Stem Cells by Regulating NF-KB and Phosphorylation of MAPK/P38/Erk Pathways. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2007-2017. [PMID: 34040413 PMCID: PMC8140926 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s308078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal damage is the main cause of neurological diseases. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the functions of cell repair and replacement of neurons, secretion of neurotrophic factors, and immune regulation of the neural microenvironment. Objective Previous study found that Orexin-A had a protective effect on neurons in the central nervous system, but it is lacking in making great efforts on the function of Orexin-A on NSCs. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory responses and signaling mechanisms of Orexin-A on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NSCs. Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA level. Signaling pathway-related protein expression was detected by Western blot. The proliferation and migration of NSCs were investigated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) detection kit and transwell assay. Besides, the staining of hematoxylin and eosin (HE) was performed to study the morphology of cell. Results Orexin-A decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 induced by LPS by regulating nuclear factor-k-gene binding (NF-kB) and phosphorylation of P38/Erk-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways, but not p-JNK signaling. Conclusion Our findings indicate that Orexin-A can alleviate the inflammatory response of NSC. It can provide beneficial help in neural stem cell therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunliang Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengfa Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianghua Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xiong
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
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14
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Liu G, Qi X, Li X, Sun F. Ginsenoside Rg2 protects cardiomyocytes against trastuzumab-induced toxicity by inducing autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:473. [PMID: 33767768 PMCID: PMC7976377 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab (TZM) significantly improves the outcomes of patients with breast cancer; however, it is associated with severe cardiotoxicity. Ginsenoside Rg2 was reported to exert protective effects against myocardial injury and apoptosis in human cardiomyocytes (HCMs). However, whether ginsenoside Rg2 protects HCMs against TZM-induced toxicity remains unclear. The present study investigated the proliferation of HCMs using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and Ki67 immunofluorescence staining. Apoptotic cells were detected by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Furthermore, monodansylcadaverine staining was performed to detect cell autophagy. In addition, western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-Akt, p-mTOR, beclin 1, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3α (LC3) and autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) in HCMs. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Rg2 significantly protected HCMs against TZM-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis. Furthermore, pretreatment with ginsenoside Rg2 induced autophagy in HCMs by upregulating the expression levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR, beclin 1, LC3 and ATG5. The results obtained in the present study suggested that ginsenoside Rg2 could protect HCMs against TZM-induced cardiotoxicity by activating autophagy. Therefore, ginsenoside Rg2 may serve as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent TZM-related cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Qi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xingtao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Fangyi Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates isoflurane/surgery-induced cognitive disorders and sirtuin 3 dysfunction. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:220750. [PMID: 31652451 PMCID: PMC6822512 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane/surgery (I/S) may induce neurocognitive disorders, but detailed mechanisms and appropriate treatment remain largely unknown. This experiment was designed to determine whether ginsenoside Rg1 could attenuate I/S-induced neurocognitive disorders and Sirtuin3 (Sirt3) dysfunction. C57BL/6J male mice received 1.4% isoflurane plus abdominal surgery for 2 h. Ginsenoside Rg1 10 mg/kg was intraperitoneally given for 8 days before surgery. Neurocognitive function was assessed by the Barnes Maze test. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxygen consumption rate (OCR), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), expression and deacetylation activity of Sirt3 in the hippocampus tissues were measured. Results showed that I/S induced hippocampus-dependent learning and memory impairments, with increased ROS levels, and reduced OCR, MMP, and expression and deacetylation activity of Sirt3 in hippocampus tissues. Ginsenoside Rg1 treatment before I/S intervention significantly ameliorated learning and memory performance, reduced ROS levels and improved the OCR, MMP, expression and deacetylation activity of Sirt3. In conclusion, this experiment demonstrates that ginsenoside Rg1 treatment can attenuate I/S-induced neurocognitive disorders and Sirt3 dysfunction.
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16
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Jia F, Mou L, Ge H. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on H 2O 2-induced oxidative injury in human endothelial cell line (EA.hy926) via miR-210. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020; 33:2058738419866021. [PMID: 31359794 PMCID: PMC6668182 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419866021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) possesses a cardioprotective effect via mediating microRNAs (miRs), while it is unexplored whether miR-210 is regulated by Rb1 in response to oxidative stress. Human endothelial EA.hy926 cells were stimulated with H2O2 before Rb1 treatment. After transfection, cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion assays were conducted. Western blot was applied to quantify protein. BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and miR-210 were analyzed with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Dual luciferase activity assay was performed. Rb1 elevated viability, migration, and invasion of H2O2-treated cells. H2O2-induced apoptosis was moderated by Rb1. miR-210 was augmented in H2O2-treated cells after Rb1 stimulation. miR-210 inhibitor abolished the positive effects of Rb1. BNIP3 was negatively modulated by miR-210 and implicated in modulating viability, apoptosis, and migration and invasion. In addition, BNIP3 modulated phosphorylation of regulators. Rb1 repressed oxidative injury via elevating miR-210. miR-210 negatively mediated BNIP3, which participated in oxidative damage via regulating mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubao Jia
- 1 Department of Neurology, Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Lei Mou
- 2 Department of Neurology, Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, China
| | - Hanming Ge
- 3 Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, China
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17
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The Importance of Natural Antioxidants in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: An Overview. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3642491. [PMID: 32676138 PMCID: PMC7336207 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3642491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) face devastating health, social, and financial consequences, as well as their families and caregivers. Reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are essential strategies for SCI treatment. Some compounds from traditional medicine could be useful to decrease ROS generated after SCI. This review is aimed at highlighting the importance of some natural compounds with antioxidant capacity used in traditional medicine to treat traumatic SCI. An electronic search of published articles describing animal models of SCI treated with natural compounds from traditional medicine was conducted using the following terms: Spinal Cord Injuries (MeSH terms) AND Models, Animal (MeSH terms) AND [Reactive Oxygen Species (MeSH terms) AND/OR Oxidative Stress (MeSH term)] AND Medicine, Traditional (MeSH terms). Articles reported from 2010 to 2018 were included. The results were further screened by title and abstract for studies performed in rats, mice, and nonhuman primates. The effects of these natural compounds are discussed, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of natural compounds were emphasized since oxidative stress has a fundamental role in the generation and progression of several pathologies of the nervous system. The use of these compounds diminishes toxic effects due to their high antioxidant capacity. These compounds have been tested in animal models with promising results; however, no clinical studies have been conducted in humans. Further research of these natural compounds is crucial to a better understanding of their effects in patients with SCI.
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Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of saponins after intravenous administration of ShenMai Injection in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1128:121777. [PMID: 31487566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ShenMai Injection (SMI) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been extensively applied in the treatment of coronary artery disease and tumor for many years. However, there is still lack of deep research on the behaviors of SMI in vivo. In this study, a reliable, specific, and sensitive method was developed for simultaneous determination of sixteen saponins found in SMI using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of sixteen active compounds after a single intravenous administration of SMI. These compounds included seven protopapaxdiol (PPD-type) ginsenosides (ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, S-Rg3, R-Rg3), six protopapaxtriol (PPT-type) ginsenosides (notoginsenoside R1, ginsenosides Re, Rf, Rg1, S-Rg2, R-Rg2), one oleanolic acid type ginsenoside (ginsenoside Ro) and two ophiopogonins (ophiopogonin D (MD-D) and ophiopogonin D' (MD-D')). Connection of the C-20 hydroxyl group to the glycoside and the chiral configuration of C-20 might significantly impact the pharmacokinetic behaviors in vivo of ginsenosides, particularly PPD-type ginsenosides. PPD-type ginsenosides were usually eliminated slowly in serum and tissues, but S/R-Rg3 bearing a free hydroxyl group at C-20 exhibited quick elimination, and R-Rg3 underwent quicker elimination than S-Rg3. The PPT-type ginsenosides, oleanolic acid type ginsenoside and ophiopogonins underwent a fast elimination from serum and tissues. There were 10 ginsenosides that could penetrate the blood-brain barrier. In contrast to other saponins, the distributions of S-Rg2, R-Rg2, S-Rg3, R-Rg3, MD-D and MD-D' in liver were higher than in kidney. Several PPD-type ginsenosides were found to have a long-term accumulation risk in some tissues, especially Rd in kidney. In the excretion study, Rg1, S-Rg2 and MD-D were mainly excreted in a prototype and other saponins were mainly excreted in the form of metabolites. Prototypes of S-Rg2, R-Rg2, S-Rg3, R-Rg3, MD-D and MD-D' exhibited higher distribution in the liver than kidney, were excreted mainly in the feces, whereas prototypes of the remaining saponins were primarily excreted via urine. To best our knowledge, this is the first study to quantitatively evaluate the tissue distribution and excretion of SMI in rats. Our research provides novel insight into the behaviors in vivo of PPD-type ginsenosides and delivers valuable information for further drug development of SMI.
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Huang X, Li N, Pu Y, Zhang T, Wang B. Neuroprotective Effects of Ginseng Phytochemicals: Recent Perspectives. Molecules 2019; 24:E2939. [PMID: 31416121 PMCID: PMC6720911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As our global population ages, the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is critical to our society. In recent years, researchers have begun to study the role of biologically active chemicals from plants and herbs to gain new inspiration and develop new therapeutic drugs. Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) is a famous Chinese herbal medicine with a variety of pharmacological activities. It has been used to treat various diseases since ancient times. Extensive research over the years has shown that ginseng has potential as a neuroprotective drug, and its neuroprotective effects can be used to treat and prevent neurological damage or pathologically related diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, depression symptoms, and strokes). Moreover, evidence for the medicinal and health benefits of ginsenoside, its main active ingredient, in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, and current clinical results have not reported any serious adverse reactions to ginseng. Therefore, we briefly review the recent research and development on the beneficial effects and mechanisms of ginseng and its main active ingredient, ginsenoside, in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, hoping to provide some ideas for the discovery and identification of ginseng neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Research Institute of KPC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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20
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Huang Y, Guo B, Shi B, Gao Q, Zhou Q. Chinese Herbal Medicine Xueshuantong Enhances Cerebral Blood Flow and Improves Neural Functions in Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:1089-1107. [PMID: 29710701 PMCID: PMC6004915 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reduced cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may occur in early AD, which contributes to the pathogenesis and/or pathological progression of AD. Reversing this deficit may have therapeutic potential. Certain traditional Chinese herbal medicines (e.g., Saponin and its major component Xueshuantong [XST]) increase blood flow in humans, but whether they could be effective in treating AD patients has not been tested. We found that systemic XST injection elevated cerebral blood flow in APP/PS1 transgenic mice using two-photon time-lapse imaging in the same microvessels before and after injection. Subchronic XST treatment led to improved spatial learning and memory and motor performance in the APP/PS1 mice, suggesting improved neural plasticity and functions. Two-photon time lapse imaging of the same plaques revealed a reduction in plaque size after XST treatment. In addition, western blots experiments showed that XST treatment led to reduced processing of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and enhanced clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) without altering the total level of AβPP. We also found increased synapse density in the immediate vicinity of amyloid plaques, suggesting enhanced synaptic function. We conclude that targeting cerebral blood flow can be an effective strategy in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmei Huang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baihong Guo
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bihua Shi
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingtao Gao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Li XF, Zhao GQ, Li LY. Ginsenoside impedes proliferation and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by down-regulating β-catenin. Cancer Biomark 2019; 24:395-404. [PMID: 30909183 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-182046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most commonly occurred primary bone malignancy with high incident rates among children and adolescents. In pharmacologic treatment, the drug ginsenoside has been shown to exert anticancer effects on several malignant diseases. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of ginsenoside on the apoptosis and proliferation of human OS MG-63 and Saos-2 cells by regulating the expression of β-catenin. METHODS Human OS MG-63 and Saos-2 cells were assigned into control group, and four groups with treatment by varying concentrations (12.5 μg/mL, 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL) of ginsenoside, respectively. Cell growth after treatment was observed through cell slides. The proliferation rate of MG-63 and Saos-2 cells in each group was detected by CCK-8. After cell transfection at 48 h, cell cycle and cell apoptosis were detected by FITC-Annexin V staining and flow cytometry. The protein and mRNA expressions of β-catenin, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS With increased exposure and concentration of ginsenoside, the cell density, total cell numbers and the absorbance of MG-63 and Saos-2 cells gradually decreased. FITC-Annexin V and FITC-Annexin V/PI staining demonstrated that the cell proportion at S phase decreased, whereas the total apoptotic rate of MG-63 and Saos-2 cells was increased. Furthermore, RT-qPCR and western blot analysis highlighted a gradual decrease in protein and mRNA expressions of β-catenin, Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1, while an elevation in those of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that ginsenoside inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of human OS MG-63 and Saos-2 cells by reducing the expressions of β-catenin, Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1 and increasing the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3.
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22
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Chung Y, Jeong S, Choi HS, Ro S, Lee JS, Park JK. Upregulation of autophagy by Ginsenoside Rg2 in MCF-7 cells. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:382-389. [PMID: 30533260 PMCID: PMC6282429 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1545696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation process that plays an important role in cell survival, stress responses, nutrient sensing and development. Our previous studies have shown that Rg2, a triterpenoid saponin contained in ginseng, protects cells against UVB-induced genotoxicity by increasing DNA repair, in possible association with modulation of protein levels involved in p53 pathway. In this study, we determined an upregulation of autophagy by Rg2. Rg2 treatment for 24 h in MCF-7, a breast cancer cell, did not show cytotoxicity up to 200 μM. Rg2 also upregulated the level of p-p53, p-AMPK, p-ACC, Atg-7 and LC3-II and decreased the level of p62 in concentration-dependent manners. We also determined the level of p53, AMPK, p62, Atg-7 and LC3 after UVB exposure and subsequent incubation in growth medium for 24 h. UVB increased the level of p-p53, p-AMPK, p-ACC and decreased the levels of p62, Atg-7 and LC3-II. Interestingly, Rg2 treatment for 24 h after UVB exposure increased the levels of p-p53, p-AMPK, p-ACC, Atg-7 and LC3-II and decreased the level of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer, a UVB-induced DNA damage in concentration-dependent manners. All these results suggest that Rg2 increased autophagy and decreased UVB-induced DNA damage, in possible association with the modulation of protein levels in p53- and autophagic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheon Chung
- Division of Biological Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seula Jeong
- Division of Biological Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Choi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jung Sup Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kun Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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23
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Chung YH, Jeong SA, Choi HS, Ro S, Lee JS, Park JK. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 and astaxanthin mixture against UVB-induced DNA damage. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:400-406. [PMID: 30533262 PMCID: PMC6282468 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1523806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces skin damage, skin matrix degradation, and wrinkle formation through photochemical reaction and oxidative stress. Therefore, protecting the skin from UVB can prevent skin aging. In this study, we investigated the effects of a mixture (RA) of Rg2, a ginsenoside, and astaxanthin, an antioxidant, on the responses of HaCaT cells exposed to UVB (700 J/m2). The cells were incubated for 24 h after UVB exposure and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. UVB decreased cell viability by 60% compared to that of untreated control cells, whereas RA increased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, and this increase was significantly higher than that in the single treatment groups. Further, UVB increased the levels of DNA lesions such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHdG). Conversely, RA decreased both CPD and 8-OHdG levels in a concentration-dependent manner. UVB exposure also increased phosphorylation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase and p53 and subsequently increased the levels of GADD45α, p21, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-3, -9, and -13. Additionally, UVB exposure decreased the level of COL1A1. However, RA treatment decreased the levels of p-ATM, p-p53, GADD45α, p21, MMP-3, -9, and -13 and increased the level of COL1A1 in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that RA reduces UVB-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity through up-regulation of DNA repair via the combined effects of Rg2 and astaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Heon Chung
- Research Institute for Basic Science and Division of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Seul A Jeong
- Research Institute for Basic Science and Division of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Choi
- Research Institute for Basic Science and Division of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jung Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21-plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kun Park
- Research Institute for Basic Science and Division of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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24
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Jakaria M, Haque ME, Kim J, Cho DY, Kim IS, Choi DK. Active ginseng components in cognitive impairment: Therapeutic potential and prospects for delivery and clinical study. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33601-33620. [PMID: 30323902 PMCID: PMC6173364 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a state that affects thinking, communication, understanding, and memory, and is very common in various neurological disorders. Among many factors, age-related cognitive decline is an important area in mental health research. Research to find therapeutic medications or supplements to treat cognitive deficits and maintain cognitive health has been ongoing. Ginseng and its active components may have played a role in treating chronic disorders. Numerous preclinical studies have confirmed that ginseng and its active components such as ginsenosides, gintonin, and compound K are pharmacologically efficacious in different models of and are linked to cognitive impairment. Among their several roles, they act as an anti-neuroinflammatory and help fight against oxidative stress and modulate the cholinergic signal. These roles may be involved in enhancing cognition and attenuating impairment. There have been some clinical studies on the activity of ginseng in cognitive impairment, but many ginseng species and active compounds remain to be investigated. In addition, new formulations of active ginseng components such as nanoparticles and liposomes could be used for preclinical and clinical models of cognitive impairment. Here, we discuss the therapeutic potential of active ginseng components in cognitive impairment and their chemistry and pharmacokinetics and consider prospects for their delivery and clinical study with respect to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Md. Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonsoo Kim
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Yeon Cho
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, and Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, and Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
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25
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Li J, Zeng B, Hu X, Li Z, Zhang D, Yang G, Dai J, Zeng X. Protective Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 against Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Tat Protein and Methamphetamine in Sprague-Dawley Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:551-566. [PMID: 29690789 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy has helped to improve the lives of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), these patients are often still afflicted with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders, which can lead to neurocognitive impairment and even dementia, and continue to hamper their quality of life. Methamphetamine abuse in HIV-1 patients poses a potential risk for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, because methamphetamine and HIV-1 proteins such as transactivator of transcription can synergistically damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat protein on the blood-brain barrier function and to determine whether ginsenoside Rb1 (GsRb1) plays a role in protecting the BBB. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. The experimental groups received methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat protein or both and the control group received saline or GsRb1 pretreatment. Oxidative stress-related factors, tight junction (TJ) proteins, blood-brain barrier permeability, and morphological changes were recorded in each group. The results showed that the group treated with Methamphetamine[Formula: see text]Tat showed a significant change at the ultrastructural level and in the levels of oxidative stress-related factors, TJ proteins, and BBB permeability, suggesting that the BBB function was severely damaged by HIV-1 Tat and methamphetamine synergistically. However, malondialdehyde levels and BBB permeability were lower and the oxidative stress-related factors superoxide dismutase and glutathione were higher in the GsRb1-treated group than in the Methamphetamine[Formula: see text]Tat-treated group, indicating that GsRb1 can protect the BBB against the toxic effects of HIV-1 Tat and methamphetamine. These results show that GsRb1 may offer a potential therapeutic option for patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders or other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- * Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Bairui Zeng
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China.,‡ Wuhua Branch of Kunming Public Security Bureau, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Hu
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Genmeng Yang
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Jiejie Dai
- * Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
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Zhang JX, Guo JM, Lin HJ, Zhang TT, Li ZG, Zhou JC, Zhang ZZ. Neuroprotective effects of Yiqihuoxue calm wind capsule on ischemic stroke in rats. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 15:758-765. [PMID: 29103461 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stroke remains the third leading cause of death and of adult disability worldwide. Vascular occlusion, followed by ischemic cascade, leads to irreversible tissue injury. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only FDA approved drug for the current treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, traditional Chinese medicine has a long history and rich clinical experience in the treatment and rehabilitation of ischemic stroke. Using a classical middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke model, we tested the effectiveness of Yiqihuoxue calm wind (YCW) capsule on neurological function, gross pathology and oxidative stress status in MCAO rats. YCW capsule (3.36 and 6.72 g·kg-1 of crude drug) could significantly lower Longa's score and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, together with less necrotic cells and infarcted area. In addition to elevated MDA and downregulated iNOS expression, YCW capsule exhibited its neuroprotective effects via free radical scavenging and NO inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Department of Pharmacology, Henan Provincial Institute of Food and Drug Control, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Jiao-Mei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Henan Provincial Institute of Food and Drug Control, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Hong-Jun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Henan Provincial Institute of Food and Drug Control, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Henan Provincial Institute of Food and Drug Control, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Henan Provincial Institute of Food and Drug Control, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ji-Chun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Henan Provincial Institute of Food and Drug Control, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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27
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Sasmita AO, Kuruvilla J, Ling APK. Harnessing neuroplasticity: modern approaches and clinical future. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:1061-1077. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1466781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Octavian Sasmita
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Joshua Kuruvilla
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna Pick Kiong Ling
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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28
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Oh J, Kim JS. Compound K derived from ginseng: neuroprotection and cognitive improvement. Food Funct 2018; 7:4506-4515. [PMID: 27801453 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The evidence for the neuroprotective and cognitive effects of compound K, a metabolite biotransformed from ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc, is reviewed here. Compound K is more bioavailable than other ginsenosides and therefore has greater potential to exert bioactive functions in the body. Although the capability of compound K to cross the blood-brain barrier is not clear, it has been reported to have neuroprotective and cognition enhancing effects and decrease inflammatory biomarkers in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia. The plethora of potential health benefits of compound K warrants further research to evaluate its biochemical mechanisms and its ability to protect healthy populations from neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Oh
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 plus), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 plus), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Jakaria M, Kim J, Karthivashan G, Park SY, Ganesan P, Choi DK. Emerging signals modulating potential of ginseng and its active compounds focusing on neurodegenerative diseases. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:163-171. [PMID: 30976157 PMCID: PMC6437449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Common features of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) include progressive dysfunctions and neuronal injuries leading to deterioration in normal brain functions. At present, ginseng is one of the most frequently used natural products. Its use has a long history as a cure for various diseases because its extracts and active compounds exhibit several pharmacological properties against several disorders. However, the pathophysiology of NDDs is not fully clear, but researchers have found that various ion channels and specific signaling pathways might have contributed to the disease pathogenesis. Apart from the different pharmacological potentials, ginseng and its active compounds modulate various ion channels and specific molecular signaling pathways related to the nervous system. Here, we discuss the signal modulating potential of ginseng and its active compounds mainly focusing on those relevant to NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonsoo Kim
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Govindarajan Karthivashan
- Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, and Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, and Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, and Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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30
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Wang M, Chen Y, Xiong Z, Yu S, Zhou B, Ling Y, Zheng Z, Shi G, Wu Y, Qian X. Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits free fatty acids‑induced oxidative stress and inflammation in 3T3‑L1 adipocytes. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9165-9172. [PMID: 28990058 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) increase in visceral fat and are inferred to be one of the underlying inducers of adipose tissue inflammation. In our previous study, it was demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb1 stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Sirtuin 1 to protect against endothelial cell senescence. In the present study, 3T3‑L1 adipocytes were exposed to 0.5 mM FFAs with or without Rb1 (10‑40 µM). Monocyte chemotactic protein‑1 (MCP‑1) and interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) secretion was measured using ELISA. Tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) expression and nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) p65 phosphorylation were detected using western blot analysis. Oxidative stress was determined via measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production. The results demonstrated that MCP‑1 and IL‑6 secretion, as well as TNF‑α expression, were significantly increased following FFA treatment, which was attenuated by Rb1 in a dose‑dependent manner. Furthermore, Rb1 attenuated FFA‑induced NF‑κB phosphorylation, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of Rb1 on inflammatory cytokines was partially mediated through blockade of NF‑κB phosphorylation. Further experiments demonstrated that Rb1 ameliorated FFA‑induced ROS generation and NO reduction through upregulation of superoxide dismutase 2 and eNOS expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate proinflammatory and pro‑oxidant effects of FFA on 3T3‑L1 adipocytes, which are effectively ameliorated by Rb1. Suppression of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress may be a novel mechanism for attenuating the effect of Rb1 on adipocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojun Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Shujie Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yesheng Ling
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Zhenda Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Guangyao Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yongxiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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31
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Li J, Liu Y, Li W, Wang Z, Guo P, Li L, Li N. Metabolic profiling of the effects of ginsenoside Re in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Behav Brain Res 2017; 337:160-172. [PMID: 28927718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurological diseases among the elderly, and there are presently no approved treatments that can slow its progression. It has been reported that ginsenoside Re (G-Re), an active pharmacological component of ginseng, can ameliorate the symptoms of AD, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. The current study was designed to test the effects of G-Re by investigating the metabolite profiles of AD mice. An AD animal model was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of β-amyloid in Kunming mice. Model mice were administered G-Re intragastrically (4mg/kg/day as a high dose and 1mg/kg/day as a low dose) for 30days. Cognitive function of the mice was tested using a Morris water maze, and pathological changes in the brain tissue were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Global metabolite profiling using ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was carried out to identify the metabolites that were differentially expressed in the plasma of mice. A total of 10 potential biomarkers were identified in AD mice. The peak intensities of tryptophan, hexadecasphinganine, phytosphingosine, and various lysophosphatidylcholines were lower whereas that of phenylalanine was higher in the AD mice than in the control mice. G-Re treatment (4mg/kg) affected all of these metabolic pathways. This is the first metabonomics study to biochemically profile the plasma metabolic pathways of AD animals affected by G-Re. These outcomes provide reliable evidence that illuminates the biochemical mechanisms of AD and facilitates investigation of the therapeutic benefits of G-Re in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- Department of Gerontology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Laboratory of PLA Wound and Trauma Center, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Pan Guo
- Department of Gerontology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning, China
| | - Naijing Li
- Department of Gerontology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China.
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32
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Li S, Liu S, Pi Z, Song F, Jin Y, Liu Z. Chemical profiling of Fufang-Xialian-Capsule by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and its antioxidant activity evaluated by in vitro method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:289-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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33
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Cheng W, Jing J, Wang Z, Wu D, Huang Y. Chondroprotective Effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 in Human Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes and a Rat Model of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030263. [PMID: 28287423 PMCID: PMC5372926 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess whether Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) inhibits inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes and reduces articular cartilage damage in a rat model of osteoarthritis (OA). Gene expression and protein levels of type II collagen, aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined in vitro by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) amounts in the culture medium were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For in vivo assessment, a rat model of OA was generated by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). Four weeks after ACLT, Rg1 (30 or 60 mg/kg) or saline was administered by gavage once a day for eight consecutive weeks. Joint damage was analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited Interleukin (IL)-1β-induced chondrocyte gene and protein expressions of MMP-13, COX-2 and PGE2, and prevented type II collagen and aggrecan degradation, in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of Ginsenoside Rg1 to OA rats attenuated cartilage degeneration, and reduced type II collagen loss and MMP-13 levels. These findings demonstrated that Ginsenoside Rg1 can inhibit inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes in vitro and reduce articular cartilage damage in vivo, confirming the potential therapeutic value of Ginsenoside Rg1 in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendan Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Lu'an People's Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Lu'an 237000, China.
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Peoples Hospital of Luhe Affiliated to Yangzhou University Medical Academy, Nanjing 211500, China.
| | - Dongying Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou 221000, China.
| | - Yumin Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
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34
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Mohanan P, Subramaniyam S, Mathiyalagan R, Yang DC. Molecular signaling of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 and their mode of actions. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:123-132. [PMID: 29719458 PMCID: PMC5926405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has gained its popularity as an adaptogen since ancient days because of its triterpenoid saponins, known as ginsenosides. These triterpenoid saponins are unique and classified as protopanaxatriol and protopanaxadiol saponins based on their glycosylation patterns. They play many protective roles in humans and are under intense research as various groups continue to study their efficacy at the molecular level in various disorders. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 are the most abundant ginsenosides present in ginseng roots, and they confer the pharmacological properties of the plant, whereas ginsenoside Rg3 is abundantly present in Korean Red Ginseng preparation, which is highly known for its anticancer effects. These ginsenosides have a unique mode of action in modulating various signaling cascades and networks in different tissues. Their effect depends on the bioavailability and the physiological status of the cell. Mostly they amplify the response by stimulating phosphotidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway, caspase-3/caspase-9-mediated apoptotic pathway, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling. Furthermore, they trigger receptors such as estrogen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. This review critically evaluates the signaling pathways attenuated by ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 in various tissues with emphasis on cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanaban Mohanan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sathiyamoorthy Subramaniyam
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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