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Pan J, Tong F, Ren N, Ren L, Yang Y, Gao F, Xu Q. Role of N 6‑methyladenosine in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 51:88. [PMID: 38757383 PMCID: PMC11110010 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) affects males of all racial and ethnic groups, and leads to higher rates of mortality in those belonging to a lower socioeconomic status due to the late detection of the disease. PCa affects middle‑aged males between the ages of 45 and 60 years, and is the highest cause of cancer‑associated mortality in Western countries. As the most abundant and common mRNA modification in higher eukaryotes, N6‑methyladenosine (m6A) is widely distributed in mammalian cells and influences various aspects of mRNA metabolism. Recent studies have found that abnormal expression levels of various m6A regulators significantly affect the development and progression of various types of cancer, including PCa. The present review discusses the influence of m6A regulatory factors on the pathogenesis and progression of PCa through mRNA modification based on the current state of research on m6A methylation modification in PCa. It is considered that the treatment of PCa with micro‑molecular drugs that target the epigenetics of the m6A regulator to correct abnormal m6A modifications is a direction for future research into current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Pan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ren
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Lanqi Ren
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Yibei Yang
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310007, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoping Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Chen J, Guo B, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhang J, Fang Y, Zhu S, Wei B, Cao Y, Zhan L. Roles of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications in gynecologic cancers: mechanisms and therapeutic targeting. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:98. [DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractUterine and ovarian cancers are the most common gynecologic cancers. N6−methyladenosine (m6A), an important internal RNA modification in higher eukaryotes, has recently become a hot topic in epigenetic studies. Numerous studies have revealed that the m6A-related regulatory factors regulate the occurrence and metastasis of tumors and drug resistance through various mechanisms. The m6A-related regulatory factors can also be used as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cancers, including gynecologic cancers. This review discusses the role of m6A in gynecologic cancers and summarizes the recent advancements in m6A modification in gynecologic cancers to improve the understanding of the occurrence, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of gynecologic cancers.
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The RNA m 6A writer WTAP in diseases: structure, roles, and mechanisms. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:852. [PMID: 36207306 PMCID: PMC9546849 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a widely investigated RNA modification in studies on the "epigenetic regulation" of mRNAs that is ubiquitously present in eukaryotes. Abnormal changes in m6A levels are closely related to the regulation of RNA metabolism, heat shock stress, tumor occurrence, and development. m6A modifications are catalyzed by the m6A writer complex, which contains RNA methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14), Wilms tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP), and other proteins with methyltransferase (MTase) capability, such as RNA-binding motif protein 15 (RBM15), KIAA1429 and zinc finger CCCH-type containing 13 (ZC3H13). Although METTL3 is the main catalytic subunit, WTAP is a regulatory subunit whose function is to recruit the m6A methyltransferase complex to the target mRNA. Specifically, WTAP is required for the accumulation of METTL3 and METTL14 in nuclear speckles. In this paper, we briefly introduce the molecular mechanism of m6A modification. Then, we focus on WTAP, a component of the m6A methyltransferase complex, and introduce its structure, localization, and physiological functions. Finally, we describe its roles and mechanisms in cancer.
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Wan H, Feng Y, Wu J, Zhu L, Mi Y. Functions and mechanisms of N6‑methyladenosine in prostate cancer (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:280. [PMID: 35856412 PMCID: PMC9364137 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has long been a major public health problem affecting men worldwide. Even with treatment, it can develop into castration-resistant PCa. With the continuous advancement in epigenetics, researchers have explored N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in search of a more effective and lasting treatment for PCa. m6A is widely distributed in mammalian cells and influences various aspects of mRNA metabolism. Recently, it has been associated with the development or suppression of various types of cancer, including PCa. This review summarizes the recent findings on m6A regulation and its functions and mechanisms in cells, focusing on the various functional proteins operating within m6A in PCa cells. Moreover, the potential clinical value of exploiting m6A modification as an early diagnostic marker in PCa diagnosis and therapeutics was discussed. m6A may also be used as an indicator to evaluate treatment outcome and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Wan
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Feng
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Wu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Mi
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
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Upregulated WTAP expression in colorectal cancer correlates with tumor site and differentiation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263749. [PMID: 35143566 PMCID: PMC8830637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Few reports exist regarding the expression and function of Wilms’ tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP) in colorectal cancer (CRC), and the evidence is controversial. Our analysis explored the expression of WTAP in CRC tissue, and analyzed its clinical and prognostic significance. WTAP expression was significantly higher in CRC tissue than in colorectal adenoma and normal colorectal tissue. WTAP was highest in left colon tumor samples and negatively associated with tumor differentiation, as well as depth of tumor invasion. In multiple logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of WTAP expression in CRC included tumor in the left colon (odds ratio = 2.634; 95% confidence interval: 1.129–6.142; P = 0.025) and poorly differentiated tissue (0.072; 0.014–0.367; P = 0.002). No clear relationship was observed between CRC patient prognosis and WTAP expression. We suggest that WTAP expression is upregulated in CRC, highly expressed in left colon cancer and negatively correlated with tumor differentiation.
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Upregulated WTAP expression appears to both promote breast cancer growth and inhibit lymph node metastasis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1023. [PMID: 35046505 PMCID: PMC8770795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear as to whether Wilms' tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP) promotes or suppresses breast cancer. This immunohistochemistry analysis explored levels of WTAP expression in 347 cases of breast cancer and analyzed the relationship between WTAP expression and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer patients. The rate of high WTAP expression was significantly higher in breast cancer tissue than in adjacent normal breast tissue (37.5% vs 0.0%; P < 0.001). WTAP expression was positively associated with tumor size and grade, and negatively associated with axillary lymph node metastasis, estrogen and progesterone receptor status. Rates of high WTAP expression were 66.1% in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) tissue and 31.3% in non-TNBC tissue. In multiple logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of WTAP expression in breast cancer included larger tumor size (odds ratio = 1.907; 95% confidence interval: 1.185-3.067; P = 0.008), lymph node metastasis (0.597; 0.373-0.956; P = 0.032) and TNBC status (3.735; 2.056-6.784; P < 0.001). No clear relationship was observed between patient prognosis and WTAP expression. We suggest that WTAP expression is upregulated in breast cancer and appears to both promote tumor growth and inhibit lymph node metastasis.
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Wang Y, Su X, Zhao M, Xu M, Chen Y, Li Z, Zhuang W. Importance of N 6-methyladenosine RNA modification in lung cancer (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 14:128. [PMID: 33981432 PMCID: PMC8108057 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most common mRNA modification in eukaryotes and exerts biological functions by affecting RNA metabolism. The m6A modification is installed by m6A methyltransferases, removed by demethylases and recognized by m6A-binding proteins. The interaction between these three elements maintains the dynamic equilibrium of m6A in cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that m6A RNA methylation has a significant impact on RNA metabolism and is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The treatment options for lung cancer have developed considerably over the past few years; however, the survival rate of patients with lung cancer still remains very low. Although diagnostic methods and targeted therapies have been rapidly developed in recent years, the underlying mechanism and importance of m6A RNA methylation in the pathogenesis of lung cancer remains ambiguous. The current review summarized the biological functions of m6A modification and considers the potential roles of m6A regulators in the occurrence and development of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Su
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Mingyao Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Mingchen Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyi Li
- Department of Clinical Examination Basis, Laboratory Academy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Wenyue Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
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Han X, Liu J, Cheng G, Cui S. Gene Signatures and Prognostic Values of m6A RNA Methylation Regulators in Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Control 2021; 27:1073274820960460. [PMID: 32951457 PMCID: PMC7791456 DOI: 10.1177/1073274820960460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common form of mRNA modification under the field of "RNA epigenetics." However, its role in ovarian cancer (OC) development is poorly understood. In the current study, we aimed to identify gene signatures and prognostic values of m6A RNA methylation regulators. METHOD Specifically, we downloaded Mutations and Copy number variant (CNV) data from the TCGA database for 579 OC patients, then analyzed gene expression and prognosis value using integrative bioinformatics. Thereafter, we verified the related biological processes of Wilms' tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) gene using Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). RESULTS Results showed that almost all ovarian cancer patients (99.31%) have CNVs with at least 1 m6A regulatory gene, whereas 83.76% of cases exhibited concurrence of CNVs in more than 4 m6A regulatory genes. Additionally, alteration of m6A regulators was associated with historical grade, whereas integrative bioinformatics and Cox multivariate model analysis revealed a significant correlation between high WTAP expression and worse ovarian cancer outcomes. Moreover, GSEA revealed that high WTAP expression was associated with cell cycle regulation and MYC targets. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings demonstrate the significance of high-frequency genetic alterations of m6A RNA methylation regulators and WTAP's poor prognosis value in OC. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of m6A methylation in OC, and will be vital in guiding development of novel treatment therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 117977The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, 117977The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guomei Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 117977The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shihong Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 117977The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Gundert L, Strick A, Hagen F, Schmidt D, Klümper N, Tolkach Y, Toma M, Kristiansen G, Ritter M, Ellinger J. Systematic expression analysis of m
6
A RNA methyltransferases in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BJUI COMPASS 2021; 2:402-411. [PMID: 35474700 PMCID: PMC8988738 DOI: 10.1002/bco2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the regulation of the N‐6‐methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferases METTL3, METTL14, WTAP, KIAA1429, and METTL4, referred to as “m6A writers,” in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and other RCC subtypes in respect of the potential prognostic value. Patients and methods Tissue samples were collected within the framework of the Biobank at the Center for Integrated Oncology Bonn. The expression of the methyltransferases was systematically determined in clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) on the RNA (real‐time PCR) and protein level (immunohistochemistry). Additionally, protein expression of the m6A writers was further investigated in papillary RCC, chromophobe RCC, sarcomatoid RCC, oncocytoma, and normal renal tissue (immunohistochemistry). Results The expression of all m6A‐methyltransferases was significantly downregulated in ccRCC compared to benign renal tissue. Low m6A‐methyltransferase levels were correlated with higher histological grade, advanced pT‐stage, pN‐stage, and metastatic disease. Reduced m6A‐methyltransferase expression was associated with shorter overall survival. Conclusion In conclusion, m6A‐methyltransferases are dysregulated in ccRCC and might act as tumor suppressor genes, which could be of particular importance for future diagnostic and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felix Hagen
- Department of Urology University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Doris Schmidt
- Department of Urology University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Niklas Klümper
- Department of Urology University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Yuri Tolkach
- Department of Pathology University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
- Department of Pathology University Hospital Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Marieta Toma
- Department of Pathology University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | | | - Manuel Ritter
- Department of Urology University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Jörg Ellinger
- Department of Urology University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
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Li J, Liang L, Yang Y, Li X, Ma Y. N 6-methyladenosine as a biological and clinical determinant in colorectal cancer: progression and future direction. Theranostics 2021; 11:2581-2593. [PMID: 33456561 PMCID: PMC7806471 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers and one of the leading causes of cancer death. Recent studies have provided evidence that N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant RNA modifications in eukaryote, performs many functions in RNA metabolism including translation, splicing, storage, trafficking and degradation. Aberrant regulation of m6A modification in mRNAs and noncoding RNAs found in CRC tissues is crucial for cancer formation, progression, invasion and metastasis. Further, m6A regulators and m6A-related RNAs may become promising biomarkers, prognosis predictors as well as therapeutic targets. Here, we review the biological and clinical roles of m6A modification in CRC, and discuss the potential of m6A in clinical translation.
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Ma Z, Li Q, Liu P, Dong W, Zuo Y. METTL3 regulates m6A in endometrioid epithelial ovarian cancer independently of METTl14 and WTAP. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2524-2531. [PMID: 32869897 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Yantai Shandong China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Yantai Shandong China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Yantai Shandong China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Yantai Shandong China
| | - Ying Zuo
- Department of Gynecology The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Yantai Shandong China
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Israel S, Ernst M, Psathaki OE, Drexler HCA, Casser E, Suzuki Y, Makalowski W, Boiani M, Fuellen G, Taher L. An integrated genome-wide multi-omics analysis of gene expression dynamics in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13356. [PMID: 31527703 PMCID: PMC6746714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Early mouse embryos have an atypical translational machinery that consists of cytoplasmic lattices and is poorly competent for translation. Hence, the impact of transcriptomic changes on the operational level of proteins is predicted to be relatively modest. To investigate this, we performed liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and mRNA sequencing at seven developmental stages, from the mature oocyte to the blastocyst, and independently validated our data by immunofluorescence and qPCR. We detected and quantified 6,550 proteins and 20,535 protein-coding transcripts. In contrast to the transcriptome – where changes occur early, mostly at the 2-cell stage – our data indicate that the most substantial changes in the proteome take place towards later stages, between the morula and blastocyst. We also found little to no concordance between the changes in protein and transcript levels, especially for early stages, but observed that the concordance increased towards the morula and blastocyst, as did the number of free ribosomes. These results are consistent with the cytoplasmic lattice-to-free ribosome transition being a key mediator of developmental regulation. Finally, we show how these data can be used to appraise the strengths and limitations of mRNA-based studies of pre-implantation development and expand on the list of known developmental markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Israel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Mathias Ernst
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann Str. 8, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olympia E Psathaki
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,University of Osnabrück, Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück (iBiOs), Barbarastr. 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hannes C A Drexler
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ellen Casser
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Wojciech Makalowski
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Niels Stensen Str. 14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michele Boiani
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann Str. 8, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Leila Taher
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann Str. 8, 18057, Rostock, Germany. .,Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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