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Chaterjee O, Sur D. Artificially induced in situ macrophage polarization: An emerging cellular therapy for immuno-inflammatory diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:176006. [PMID: 37611840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the mature form of monocytes that have high plasticity and can shift from one phenotype to another by the process of macrophage polarization. Macrophage has several vital pharmacological tasks like eliminating microorganism invasion, clearing dead cells, causing inflammation, repairing damaged tissues, etc. The function of macrophages is based on their phenotype. M1 macrophages are mostly responsible for the body's immune responses and M2 macrophages have healing properties. Inappropriate activation of any one of the phenotypes often leads to ROS-induced tissue damage and affects wound healing and angiogenesis. Therefore, maintaining tissue macrophage homeostasis is necessary. Studies are being done to find techniques for macrophage polarization. But, the process of macrophage polarization is very complex as it involves multiple signalling pathways involving innate immunity. Thus, identifying the right pathways for macrophage polarization is essential to apply the polarizing technique for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases where macrophage physiology influences the disease pathology. In this review, we highlighted the various techniques so far used to change macrophage plasticity. We believe that soon macrophage targeting therapeutics will hit the market for the management of inflammatory disease. Hence this review will help macrophage researchers choose suitable methods and materials/agents to polarize macrophages artificially in various disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oishani Chaterjee
- Division of Pharmacology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Panihati, Kolkata, 700114, India
| | - Debjeet Sur
- Division of Pharmacology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Panihati, Kolkata, 700114, India.
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2
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Yang D, Fan Y, Xiong M, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Liu X, Yuan Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Petersen RB, Su H, Yue J, Zhang C, Chen H, Huang K, Zheng L. Loss of renal tubular G9a benefits acute kidney injury by lowering focal lipid accumulation via CES1. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56128. [PMID: 37042626 PMCID: PMC10240209 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery-induced renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury and nephrotoxic drugs like cisplatin can cause acute kidney injury (AKI), for which there is no effective therapy. Lipid accumulation is evident following AKI in renal tubules although the mechanisms and pathological effects are unclear. Here, we report that Ehmt2-encoded histone methyltransferase G9a is upregulated in patients and mouse kidneys after AKI. Renal tubular specific knockout of G9a (Ehmt2Ksp ) or pharmacological inhibition of G9a alleviates lipid accumulation associated with AKI. Mechanistically, G9a suppresses transcription of the lipolytic enzyme Ces1; moreover, G9a and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) competitively bind to the same promoter regions of Ces1. Ces1 is consistently observed to be downregulated in the kidney of AKI patients. Pharmacological inhibition of Ces1 increases lipid accumulation, exacerbates renal I/R-injury and eliminates the beneficial effects on AKI observed in Ehmt2Ksp mice. Furthermore, lipid-lowering atorvastatin and an FXR agonist alleviate AKI by activating Ces1 and reducing renal lipid accumulation. Together, our results reveal a G9a/FXR-Ces1 axis that affects the AKI outcome via regulating renal lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yu Fan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Mingrui Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yuchen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yihao Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xikai Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yangmian Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Robert B Petersen
- Foundational SciencesCentral Michigan University College of MedicineMt. PleasantMIUSA
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Junqiu Yue
- Department of Pathology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Kun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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Wang X, Yang L, Wang J, Lu K, Zhou Y, Zhao L, Peng J. Silica Cross-Linked Micelle-Based Theranostic System for the Imaging and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Kidney Injury. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1213-1220. [PMID: 36786440 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious disease with high mortality and morbidity, and the persistent inflammatory environment brought about by AKI promotes its deterioration into chronic kidney disease (CKD). An efficient and timely targeted drug delivery to the renal tubules is crucial for AKI treatment. Here, we prepared silica cross-linked micelles (SCLMs) with different sizes and studied their targeting ability to the injured kidney. It is found that the SCLMs with a size of 13 nm could rapidly accumulate and remain in the damaged kidney. Immunofluorescence results confirmed that SCLMs are selectively located in the damaged tubular cells but cannot be found in healthy renal tissue. Therefore, fluorescent dye-labeled SCLMs were used for the imaging of the injured kidney, which could reflect the status of the kidney injury. Furthermore, atorvastatin, an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory drug, was loaded in SCLMs as the therapeutic agents for the treatment of ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI and CKD. Renal function indexes, such as tubular necrosis, collagen deposition, and inflammation, were effectively improved after the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Keqiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yunyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Juanjuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
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Statins Inhibit Inflammatory Cytokine Production by Macrophages and Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia of Pancreatic Cells. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2022; 1:640-651. [PMID: 36313271 PMCID: PMC9615480 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Animal data show that the presence of an oncogenic Kras mutation in pancreatic acinar cells leads to acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Inflammatory macrophages play an important role in the formation of ADMs and transition to PanINs. Epidemiologically, statins are associated with a reduced risk of PDAC. We investigated whether statins inhibit inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages and whether this leads to reduced ADM formation. METHODS: The efficacy of statins on inflammatory cytokine production in 2 macrophage cell lines was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of macrophage-conditioned medium on ADM in primary pancreatic acinar cells was investigated. Mouse pancreatic tissue samples were analyzed for macrophage numbers, cytokine levels, and neoplastic/dysplastic area. RESULTS: Lipophilic statins prevented inflammatory cytokine production in Raw264.7 and J774A.1 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. The inhibitory effect of statins was mediated by inhibition of mevalonate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthesis and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton but not by a reduction in intracellular cholesterol. Treatment of macrophages with lipophilic statins also blocked ADM formation of primary pancreatic acinar cells. Furthermore, oral administration of simvastatin was associated with a reduction in the number of intrapancreatic macrophages, decreased inflammatory cytokine levels in the pancreas, and attenuated ADM/PanIN formation in mice. CONCLUSION: Our data support the hypothesis that statins oppose early PDAC development by their effects on macrophages and ADM formation. The inhibitory actions of statins on macrophages may collaborate with direct inhibitory effects on transformed pancreatic epithelial cells, which cumulatively may reduce early PDAC development and progression.
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Wang L, Lu Q, Gao W, Yu S. Recent advancement on development of drug-induced macrophage polarization in control of human diseases. Life Sci 2021; 284:119914. [PMID: 34453949 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, an important part of human immune system, possess a high plasticity and heterogeneity (macrophage polarization) as classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2), which exert pro-inflammatory/anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory/pro-tumor effects, respectively. Thus, drug development in induction of macrophage polarization could be used to treat different human diseases. This review summarizes the recent advancement on modulation of macrophage polarization and its related molecular mechanisms induced by a number of agents. Research on the anti-inflammatory drugs to regulate the macrophage polarization accounts for a large proportion in the field and types of diseases investigated could include atherosclerosis, enteritis, nephritis, and the nervous system and skeletal diseases, while study of the anti-tumor agents to modify macrophage polarization is a novel area of research. Future study of the molecular mechanisms by which the different agents regulate the macrophage polarization could lead to an effective control of various human diseases, including inflammation and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qi Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Shuwen Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Clinical Trial Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Alaaeddine RA, Elzahhar PA, AlZaim I, Abou-Kheir W, Belal ASF, El-Yazbi AF. The Emerging Role of COX-2, 15-LOX and PPARγ in Metabolic Diseases and Cancer: An Introduction to Novel Multi-target Directed Ligands (MTDLs). Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2260-2300. [PMID: 32867639 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200820173853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports an intertwining framework for the involvement of different inflammatory pathways in a common pathological background for a number of disorders. Of importance are pathways involving arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Both enzyme activities and their products are implicated in a range of pathophysiological processes encompassing metabolic impairment leading to adipose inflammation and the subsequent vascular and neurological disorders, in addition to various pro- and antitumorigenic effects. A further layer of complexity is encountered by the disparate, and often reciprocal, modulatory effect COX-2 and 15-LOX activities and metabolites exert on each other or on other cellular targets, the most prominent of which is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Thus, effective therapeutic intervention with such multifaceted disorders requires the simultaneous modulation of more than one target. Here, we describe the role of COX-2, 15-LOX, and PPARγ in cancer and complications of metabolic disorders, highlight the value of designing multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) modifying their activity, and summarizing the available literature regarding the rationale and feasibility of design and synthesis of these ligands together with their known biological effects. We speculate on the potential impact of MTDLs in these disorders as well as emphasize the need for structured future effort to translate these early results facilitating the adoption of these, and similar, molecules in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana A Alaaeddine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Perihan A Elzahhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed S F Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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7
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Kim DJ, Moon JY, Kim SM, Seo JW, Lee YH, Jung SW, Kim K, Kim YG, Lim SJ, Lee S, Son Y, Lee SH. Substance P Improves Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Through Modulating Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:600. [PMID: 32391002 PMCID: PMC7190869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance P (SP), an injury-inducible messenger that mobilizes bone marrow stem cells and modulates the immune response, has been suggested as a novel target for therapeutic agents. We evaluated the role of SP as an immune cell modulator during the progression of renal ischemic/reperfusion injury (IRI). Unilateral IRI induced the transient expression of endogenous SP and the infiltration of CCR7+ M1 macrophages in injured kidneys. However, SP altered the intrarenal macrophage polarization from CCR7+ M1 macrophages to CD206+ M2 macrophages in injured kidneys. SP also modulated bone marrow-derived neutrophils and mesenchymal stromal cells after IRI. SP treatment for 4 weeks starting one week after unilateral IRI significantly preserved kidney size and length and normal tubular structures and alleviated necrotic tubules, inflammation, apoptosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The beneficial effects of SP were accompanied by attenuation of intrarenal recruitment of CD4, CD8, and CD20 cells and abnormal angiogenesis. The immunomodulatory effect of SP suggested that SP could be a promising therapeutic target for preventing the progression of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Moon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Seo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Su Woong Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kipyo Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yang Gyun Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jig Lim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Youngsook Son
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Elucidating the molecular pathways and immune system transcriptome during ischemia-reperfusion injury in renal transplantation. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106246. [PMID: 32044658 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major challenge for renal transplantation. This study was performed to explore the mechanisms and potential molecular targets involved in renal IRI. In this study, the gene datasets GSE43974 and GSE126805 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, which include ischemic and reperfused renal specimens, were analyzed to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene ontology annotations, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis were performed to determine the pathways that are significantly enriched during ischemia and reperfusion. We also determined the microenvironment cell types xCell and performed correlation analyses to reveal the relationship between the molecular pathways and microenvironment cell infiltration. We found 77 DEGs (76 up- and 1 downregulated) and 323 DEGs (312 up- and 11 downregulated) in the GSE43974 and GSE126805 datasets, respectively. Similar signaling pathway enrichment patterns were observed between the two datasets. The combined analyses demonstrate that the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and its two downstream signaling pathways, MAPK and NF-kβ, are the major significantly enriched pathways. The xCell analysis identified immune cells that are significantly changed after reperfusion, including hematopoietic stem cells, M2 macrophages, monocytes, Treg cells, conventional dendritic cells, and pro B-cells. Enrichment scores of the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and its downstream pathways during IRI was significantly correlated with the change levels in class-switched memory B-cell and hematopoietic stem cells in both datasets. These data reveal the important role of the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway during IRI, and the close relationship between this pathway and infiltration of specific immune cell types. Our data provide compelling insights into the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets for renal IRI.
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Kovács B, Vajda E, Nagy EE. Regulatory Effects and Interactions of the Wnt and OPG-RANKL-RANK Signaling at the Bone-Cartilage Interface in Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184653. [PMID: 31546898 PMCID: PMC6769977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage and the bordering subchondral bone form a functionally active regulatory interface with a prominent role in osteoarthritis pathways. The Wnt and the OPG-RANKL-RANK signaling systems, as key mediators, interact in subchondral bone remodeling. Osteoarthritic osteoblasts polarize into two distinct phenotypes: a low secretory and an activated, pro-inflammatory and anti-resorptive subclass producing high quantities of IL-6, PGE2, and osteoprotegerin, but low levels of RANKL, thus acting as putative effectors of subchondral bone sclerosis. Wnt agonists, Wnt5a, Wisp-1 initiate excessive bone remodeling, while Wnt3a and 5a simultaneously cause loss of proteoglycans and phenotype shift in chondrocytes, with decreased expression of COL2A, aggrecan, and Sox-9. Sclerostin, a Wnt antagonist possesses a protective effect for the cartilage, while DKK-1 inhibits VEGF, suspending neoangiogenesis in the subchondral bone. Experimental conditions mimicking abnormal mechanical load, the pro-inflammatory milieu, but also a decreased OPG/RANKL ratio in the cartilage, trigger chondrocyte apoptosis and loss of the matrix via degradative matrix metalloproteinases, like MMP-13 or MMP-9. Hypoxia, an important cofactor exerts a dual role, promoting matrix synthesis via HIF-1α, a Wnt silencer, but turning on HIF-2α that enhances VEGF and MMP-13, along with aberrant collagen expression and extracellular matrix deterioration in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Enikő Vajda
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Előd Ernő Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania.
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Baek JH. The Impact of Versatile Macrophage Functions on Acute Kidney Injury and Its Outcomes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1016. [PMID: 31447703 PMCID: PMC6691123 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and devastating clinical condition with a high morbidity and mortality rate and is associated with a rapid decline of kidney function mostly resulting from the injury of proximal tubules. AKI is typically accompanied by inflammation and immune activation and involves macrophages (Mϕ) from the beginning: The inflamed kidney recruits “classically” activated (M1) Mϕ, which are initially poised to destroy potential pathogens, exacerbating inflammation. Of note, they soon turn into “alternatively” activated (M2) Mϕ and promote immunosuppression and tissue regeneration. Based on their roles in kidney recovery, there is a growing interest to use M2 Mϕ and Mϕ-modulating agents therapeutically against AKI. However, it is pertinent to note that the clinical translation of Mϕ-based therapies needs to be critically reviewed and questioned since Mϕ are functionally plastic with versatile roles in AKI and some Mϕ functions are detrimental to the kidney during AKI. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge on the biology of different Mϕ subtypes during AKI and, especially, on their role in AKI and assess the impact of versatile Mϕ functions on AKI based on the findings from translational AKI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jea-Hyun Baek
- Research & Early Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
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Zhang X, Li N, Lu L, Lin Q, Li L, Dong P, Yang B, Li D, Fei J. Pioglitazone prevents sevoflurane‑induced neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in a rat model of chronic intermittent hypoxia by upregulating hippocampal PPAR‑γ. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3815-3822. [PMID: 30896803 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Post‑operative cognitive dysfunction is a common complication after anesthesia and surgery. Sevoflurane (SEV), a widely used inhalational anesthetic, can exaggerate neuroinflammation and cause cognitive dysfunction under chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) conditions by downregulating hippocampal peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ (PPAR‑γ). In the present study, it was examined whether treatment with PPAR‑γ agonist pioglitazone (PIO) is beneficial in counteracting SEV‑induced neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in a rat model of CIH. Rats were exposed to CIH for 4 weeks. After 2 weeks of CIH, these animals underwent either 2.6% SEV or control (CON) exposure for 4 h. PIO (60 mg/kg) or vehicle (VEH) was administered orally twice daily for 2 weeks, starting one day prior to SEV or CON exposure. Compared with CIH‑CON+VEH rats, CIH‑SEV+VEH rats exhibited significant cognitive decline as indicated by increased latency to locate the hidden platform and shorter dwell‑time in the goal quadrant in the Morris Water Maze task. Molecular studies revealed that CIH‑SEV+VEH rats had increased proinflammatory cytokine expression and microglial activation in the hippocampus, which were associated with decreased PPAR‑γ activity. Notably, SEV‑induced cognitive decline and increases in proinflammatory cytokine expression and microglial activation were prevented by PIO, which increased hippocampal PPAR‑γ activity. PIO also increased hippocampal PPAR‑γ activity in CIH‑CON rats but did not alter proinflammatory cytokine expression and microglial activation as well as cognitive function. Additionally, expression of hippocampal PPAR‑α and PPAR‑β, two other PPAR isotypes, were comparable among the groups. These data suggest that PIO prevents SEV‑induced exaggeration of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline under CIH conditions by upregulating hippocampal PPAR‑γ. PIO may have the potential to prevent anesthetic SEV‑induced cognitive decline in surgical patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Lu
- Shandong Province Jining Health School, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Quan Lin
- Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jianchun Fei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Chen T, Cao Q, Wang Y, Harris DCH. M2 macrophages in kidney disease: biology, therapies, and perspectives. Kidney Int 2019; 95:760-773. [PMID: 30827512 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue macrophages are crucial players in homeostasis, inflammation, and immunity. They are characterized by heterogeneity and plasticity, due to which they display a continuum of phenotypes with M1/M2 presenting 2 extremes of this continuum. M2 macrophages are usually termed in the literature as anti-inflammatory and wound healing. Substantial progress has been made in elucidating the biology of M2 macrophages and their potential for clinical translation. In this review we discuss the current state of knowledge in M2 macrophage research with an emphasis on kidney disease. We explore their therapeutic potential and the challenges in using them as cellular therapies. Some new regulators that shape macrophage polarization and potential areas for future research are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titi Chen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Qi Cao
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Hamzawy M, Gouda SAA, Rashed L, Morcos MA, Shoukry H, Sharawy N. 22-oxacalcitriol prevents acute kidney injury via inhibition of apoptosis and enhancement of autophagy. Clin Exp Nephrol 2018; 23:43-55. [PMID: 29968126 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-018-1614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) is thought to include a complex interplay between tubular cell damage and regeneration. Several lines of evidences suggest a potential renoprotective effect of vitamin D. In this study, we investigated the effect of 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT), a synthetic vitamin D analogue, on renal fate in a rat model of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) induced acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) was administered via intraperitoneal (IP) injection before ischemia, and continued after IRI that was performed through bilateral clamping of the renal pedicles. 96 h after reperfusion, rats were sacrificed for the evaluation of autophagy, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Additionally, assessments of toll-like receptors (TLR), interferon gamma (IFN-g) and sodium-hydrogen exchanger-1 (NHE-1) were also performed to examine their relations to OCT-mediated cell response. RESULTS Treatment with OCT-attenuated functional deterioration and histological damage in IRI induced AKI, and significantly decreased cell apoptosis and fibrosis. In comparison with IRI rats, OCT + IRI rats manifested a significant exacerbation of autophagy as well as reduced cell cycle arrest. Moreover, the administration of OCT decreased IRI-induced upregulation of TLR4, IFN-g and NHE-1. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that treatment with OCT has a renoprotective effect in ischemic AKI, possibly by suppressing cell loss. Changes in the expression of IFN-g and NHE-1 could partially link OCT to the cell survival-promoted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Hamzawy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo University, AlSaray Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Sarah Ali Abdelhameed Gouda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo University, AlSaray Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Laila Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mary Attia Morcos
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Shoukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo University, AlSaray Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Nivin Sharawy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo University, AlSaray Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt. .,Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt.
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Linares I, Farrokhi K, Echeverri J, Kaths JM, Kollmann D, Hamar M, Urbanellis P, Ganesh S, Adeyi OA, Yip P, Selzner M, Selzner N. PPAR-gamma activation is associated with reduced liver ischemia-reperfusion injury and altered tissue-resident macrophages polarization in a mouse model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195212. [PMID: 29617419 PMCID: PMC5884549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PPAR-gamma (γ) is highly expressed in macrophages and its activation affects their polarization. The effect of PPAR-γ activation on Kupffer cells (KCs) and liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has not yet been evaluated. We investigated the effect of PPAR-γ activation on KC-polarization and IRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy percent (70%) liver ischemia was induced for 60mins. PPAR-γ-agonist or vehicle was administrated before reperfusion. PPAR-γ-antagonist was used to block PPAR-γ activation. Liver injury, necrosis, and apoptosis were assessed post-reperfusion. Flow-cytometry determined KC-phenotypes (pro-inflammatory Nitric Oxide +, anti-inflammatory CD206+ and anti-inflammatory IL-10+). RESULTS Liver injury assessed by serum AST was significantly decreased in PPAR-γ-agonist versus control group at all time points post reperfusion (1hr: 3092±105 vs 4469±551; p = 0.042; 6hr: 7041±1160 vs 12193±1143; p = 0.015; 12hr: 5746±328 vs 8608±1259; p = 0.049). Furthermore, liver apoptosis measured by TUNEL-staining was significantly reduced in PPAR-γ-agonist versus control group post reperfusion (1hr:2.46±0.49 vs 6.90±0.85%;p = 0.001; 6hr:26.40±2.93 vs 50.13±8.29%; p = 0.048). H&E staining demonstrated less necrosis in PPAR-γ-agonist versus control group (24hr:26.66±4.78 vs 45.62±4.57%; p = 0.032). The percentage of pro-inflammatory NO+ KCs was significantly lower at all post reperfusion time points in the PPAR-γ-agonist versus control group (1hr:28.49±4.99 vs 53.54±9.15%; p = 0.040; 6hr:5.51±0.54 vs 31.12±9.58%; p = 0.009; 24hr:4.15±1.50 vs 17.10±4.77%; p = 0.043). In contrast, percentage of anti-inflammatory CD206+ KCs was significantly higher in PPAR-γ-agonist versus control group prior to IRI (8.62±0.96 vs 4.88 ±0.50%; p = 0.04). Administration of PPAR-γ-antagonist reversed the beneficial effects on AST, apoptosis, and pro-inflammatory NO+ KCs. CONCLUSION PPAR-γ activation reduces IRI and decreases the pro-inflammatory NO+ Kupffer cells. PPAR-γ activation can become an important tool to improve outcomes in liver surgery through decreasing the pro-inflammatory phenotype of KCs and IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Linares
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México City, México
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kaveh Farrokhi
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Echeverri
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johan Moritz Kaths
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dagmar Kollmann
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matyas Hamar
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Urbanellis
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sujani Ganesh
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Oyedele A. Adeyi
- Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Yip
- Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Markus Selzner
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Nicorandil modulated macrophages activation and polarization via NF-κb signaling pathway. Mol Immunol 2017; 88:69-78. [PMID: 28609713 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicorandil, a drug with both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel-activating properties, has been well demonstrated in various aspects of myocardial infarction (MI), especially in inhibiting cell apoptosis and increasing coronary flow. However, the role of nicorandil in regulating inflammation and angiogenesis following myocardial infarction is still unrevealed. In the present study, we explored the effect of nicorandil on macrophage phenotype transition and inflammation regulation and the potential underlying mechanisms. For the phenotype transition and phagocytosis ability of macrophages detection, flow cytometry analysis was used. The inflammation factors were measured with ELISA and qRT-PCR. Western blot was used to assess the levels of NF-κb and its target genes and VEGF expression. The tube formation ability of endothelial cells was examined on matrigel. We discovered that nicorandil can obviously inhibit the differentiation of monocytes into mature macrophages and decrease M1 phenotype transition both in peritoneal macrophages and cultured macrophage cell line in normal or hypoxia and serum deprivation (H/SD) conditions. Meanwhile, nicorandil can induce an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Thereby, nicorandil regulated macrophages switching to M1/M2 status. Our data further showed that NF-κb and the expression of its target genes were pivotal players in the regulation of macrophages phenotype. Besides, we also showed that nicorandil can promote the tube formation and VEGF expression in endothelial cells. We concluded that nicorandil may serve as an effective modulator of NF-κb signaling pathway during the pathogenesis of MI via regulating M1/M2 status and promoting angiogenesis.
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