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Falup-Pecurariu C, Diaconu Ș, Țînț D, Falup-Pecurariu O. Neurobiology of sleep (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:272. [PMID: 33603879 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a physiological global state composed of two different phases: Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The control mechanisms of sleep manifest at the level of genetic, biological and cellular organization. Several brain areas, including the basal forebrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus, take part in regulating the activity of this status of life. The signals between different brain regions and those from cortical areas to periphery are conducted through various neuromediators, which are known to either promote wakefulness or sleep. Among others, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, hypocretin (orexin), acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid are known to orchestrate the intrinsic mechanisms of sleep neurobiology. Several models that explain the transition and the continuity between wakefulness, NREM sleep and REM sleep have been proposed. All of these models include neurotransmitters as ligands in a complex reciprocal connectivity across the key-centers taking part in the regulation of sleep. Moreover, various environmental cues are integrated by a central pacemaker-located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus-which is able to connect with cortical regions and with peripheral tissues in order to promote the sleep-wake pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Falup-Pecurariu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brașov, Romania.,Department of Neurology, County Emergency Clinic Hospital, 500365 Brașov, Romania
| | - Ștefania Diaconu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brașov, Romania.,Department of Neurology, County Emergency Clinic Hospital, 500365 Brașov, Romania
| | - Diana Țînț
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brașov, Romania.,Clinicco Hospital, 500059 Brașov, Romania
| | - Oana Falup-Pecurariu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brașov, Romania
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Tanaka S, Honda Y, Takaku S, Koike T, Oe S, Hirahara Y, Yoshida T, Takizawa N, Takamori Y, Kurokawa K, Kodama T, Yamada H. Involvement of PLAGL1/ZAC1 in hypocretin/orexin transcription. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2164-2176. [PMID: 30896835 PMCID: PMC6445593 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypocretin/orexin neuropeptide system coordinates the regulation of various physiological processes. Our previous study reported that a reduction in the expression of pleomorphic adenoma gene-like 1 (Plagl1), which encodes a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor, occurs in hypocretin neuron-ablated transgenic mice, suggesting that PLAGL1 is co-expressed in hypocretin neurons and regulates hypocretin transcription. The present study examined whether canonical prepro-hypocretin transcription is functionally modulated by PLAGL1. Double immunostaining indicated that the majority of hypocretin neurons were positive for PLAGL1 immunore-activity in the nucleus. Notably, PLAGL1 immunoreactivity in hypocretin neurons was altered in response to several conditions affecting hypocretin function. An uneven localization of PLAGL1 was detected in the nuclei of hypocretin neurons following sleep deprivation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that endogenous PLAGL1 may bind to a putative PLAGL1-binding site in the proximal region of the hypocretin gene, in the murine hypothalamus. In addition, electroporation of the PLAGL1 expression vector into the fetal hypothalamus promoted hypothalamic hypocretin transcription. These results suggested that PLAGL1 may regulate hypothalamic hypocretin transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Honda
- SLEEP Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156‑8506, Japan
| | - Shizuka Takaku
- SLEEP Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156‑8506, Japan
| | - Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Souichi Oe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Yukie Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1191, Japan
| | - Nae Takizawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Takamori
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kurokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Tohru Kodama
- SLEEP Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156‑8506, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
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