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Rg3 and Rh2 ginsenosides suppress embryoid body formation by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:494-505. [PMID: 35759089 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Numerous active compounds derived from ginseng exhibit various pharmacological and therapeutic effects in humans. Despite the benefits of ginsenosides, little is known about their influence on embryonic development, especially in human embryonic models. In this study, we evaluated the effect of two ginsenosides (Rg3 and Rh2) on human embryonic development, using embryoid bodies and three-dimensional (3D) aggregates of pluripotent stem cells. We exposed embryoid bodies to varying concentrations of Rg3 and Rh2 (5, 10, and 25 μg/mL), and their embryotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the size of the embryoid body and the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. The growth rates of embryoid bodies were reduced upon treatment with a high concentration (25 μg/mL) of Rg3 and Rh2. In addition, Rg3 induced E-cadherin expression while inhibiting N-cadherin and vimentin expression, which implies the inhibition of EMT. Such a change in E-cadherin expression was not observed after Rh2 treatment, but the inhibition of N-cadherin and vimentin expression was observed to be consistent with that observed on treatment with Rg3. Taken together, using the human embryoid model, we found that the two active ginsenosides, Rg3 and Rh2, induce aberrant embryoid body formation and ablate normal EMT.
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Potential Mechanisms of Plant-Derived Natural Products in the Treatment of Cervical Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101539. [PMID: 34680171 PMCID: PMC8533981 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy globally; it seriously endangers women’s health because of its high morbidity and mortality. Conventional treatments are prone to drug resistance, recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs with high efficacy and low side effects to prevent and treat cervical cancer. In recent years, plant-derived natural products have been evaluated as potential anticancer drugs that preferentially kill tumor cells without severe adverse effects. A growing number of studies have shown that natural products can achieve practical anti-cervical-cancer effects through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of tumor-cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis and telomerase activity, enhancement of immunity and reversal of multidrug resistance. This paper reviews the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of plant-derived natural products on cervical cancer and provides references for developing anti-cervical-cancer drugs with high efficacy and low side effects.
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Ginsenoside Rh2 Inhibits Glycolysis through the STAT3/c-MYC Axis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:9715154. [PMID: 34608390 PMCID: PMC8487371 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9715154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is one of the pharmacologically active components of ginseng with an antitumor effect. However, its effect on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially on aerobic glycolysis, which plays a crucial role in the proliferation and progression of tumor cells, has not been characterized. Here, we demonstrated that Rh2 inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells by promoting apoptosis and suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, respectively. Notably, Rh2 exerted a glycolysis inhibition effect through regulating GLUT1, PKM2, and LDHA, which are key enzymes of the glycolysis process. Furthermore, the metabolic shift function of Rh2 was dependent on the STAT3/c-Myc axis in NSCLC. This novel regulatory role of Rh2 provides a new perspective for NSCLC treatment and highlights the potentiality of Rh2 to be used as a tumor energy blocker. The combination of Rh2 with an STAT3 or c-Myc inhibitor revealed a promising therapeutic approach for patients with NSCLC.
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He XL, Xu XH, Shi JJ, Huang M, Wang Y, Chen X, Lu JJ. Anticancer Effects of Ginsenoside Rh2: A Systematic Review. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:179-189. [PMID: 33687905 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210309115105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the effective pharmacological constituents of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) exerts a remarkable anticancer effect on various cancer cell lines in vitro and strongly inhibits tumor growth in vivo without severe toxicity. OBJECTIVE This article reviewed existing evidence supporting the anticancer effects of Rh2 to classify and conclude previous and current knowledge on the mechanisms and therapeutic effects of Rh2, as well as to promote the clinical application of this natural product. CONCLUSION This article reviewed the anticancer efficacies and mechanisms of Rh2, including the induction of cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death, repression of metastasis, alleviation of drug resistance, and regulation of the immune system. Finally, this paper discussed the research and application prospects of Rh2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ling He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
| | - Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
| | - Jia-Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
| | - Mingqing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122. China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
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Wang J, Bian S, Wang S, Yang S, Zhang W, Zhao D, Liu M, Bai X. Ginsenoside Rh2 represses autophagy to promote cervical cancer cell apoptosis during starvation. Chin Med 2020; 15:118. [PMID: 33292331 PMCID: PMC7661217 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cells through autophagy-mediated recycling to meet the metabolic demands of growth and proliferation. The steroidal saponin 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 effectively inhibits the growth and survival of a variety of tumor cell lines and animal models, but the effects of Rh2 on autophagy remain elusive. Methods Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) assays. Apoptosis, ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot analyses were used to determine changes in protein levels. Morphology of apoptotic cells and autophagosome accumulation were analyzed by DAPI staining and transmission electron microscopy. Autophagy induction was monitored by acidic vesicular organelle staining, EGFP-LC3 and mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfection. Atg7 siRNA and autophagy regulator was used to assess the effect of autophagy on apoptosis induced by G-Rh2. Results In this study, we found that low concentration G-Rh2 attenuated cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis upon serum-free starvation. Caspase 3 inhibitors failed to block apoptosis in G-Rh2-treated cells, indicating a caspase-independent mechanism. G-Rh2-treated cells in serum-deprived conditions showed impaired mitochondrial function, increased release and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, but little changes in the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic distributions of cytochrome C. Annexin A2 overexpression in 293T cells inhibited G-Rh2-induced apoptosis under serum-starved conditions. Meanwhile, G-Rh2 reduced lysosomal activity and inhibited the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome, leading to a block of autophagic flux. Knockdown Atg7 significantly inhibited autophagy and triggered AIF-induced apoptosis in serm free condition. The autophagy inducer significantly decreased the apoptosis levels of G-Rh2-treated cells in serum-free conditions. Conclusions Under nutrient deficient conditions, G-Rh2 represses autophagy in cervical cancer cells and enhanced apoptosis through an apoptosis-inducing factor mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Boshuo Road 1035, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Bian
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Boshuo Road 1035, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Siming Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Boshuo Road 1035, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Yang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Boshuo Road 1035, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Boshuo Road 1035, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Boshuo Road 1035, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meichen Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Boshuo Road 1035, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Boshuo Road 1035, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Wang N, Wang J, Meng X, Li T, Wang S, Bao Y. The Pharmacological Effects of Spatholobi Caulis Tannin in Cervical Cancer and Its Precise Therapeutic Effect on Related circRNA. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 14:121-129. [PMID: 31194163 PMCID: PMC6551555 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical components of Spatholobi Caulis tannin (SCT) have a modest therapeutic effect in patients with cervical cancer. However, the active components and the mechanism of action of SCT in HeLa cervical cancer cells need to be further studied. In this paper, 3D microfluidic chip technology was applied to simulate the effects of tannins in the human body, and the appropriate dose and time of administration were calculated. The cell cycle and apoptosis experiments demonstrated that SCT inhibits proliferation and stimulated apoptosis in HeLa cells. The differentially expressed genes were screened using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the GEO databases to identify common differentially expressed genes. A bioinformatic analysis of relevant genes, analysis using the molecular docking technique, and survival analysis were used to predict the target genes of SCT. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) associated with the SCT target genes and the regulatory effects of SCT on these circRNAs were determined. These studies showed that SCT mediates related circRNAs in HeLa cells to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in HeLa cells. Thus, SCT may be an effective strategy for treating cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Liaoning Institute for Drug Control, Shenyang 110036, P.R. China
| | - Xiansheng Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Agilent Technologies Modern TCM and Multi-omics Research Collaboration Laboratory, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Agilent Technologies Modern TCM and Multi-omics Research Collaboration Laboratory, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Agilent Technologies Modern TCM and Multi-omics Research Collaboration Laboratory, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
| | - Yongrui Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Agilent Technologies Modern TCM and Multi-omics Research Collaboration Laboratory, Dalian 116600, P.R. China
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Shin KO, Choe SJ, Uchida Y, Kim I, Jeong Y, Park K. Ginsenoside Rb1 Enhances Keratinocyte Migration by a Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Dependent Mechanism. J Med Food 2018; 21:1129-1136. [PMID: 30148701 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cutaneous wound healing process is tightly regulated by a range of cellular responses, including migration. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid produced in keratinocytes (KC) and it is known to stimulate skin wound repair through increased KC migration. Of the multifunctional triterpene ginsenosides, Rb1 enhances cutaneous wound healing process by increasing KC migration, but cellular mechanisms responsible for the Rb1-mediated increase in KC migration are largely unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that, and assessed whether, Rb1 could stimulate KC migration through S1P-dependent mechanisms. Rb1 significantly increases S1P production by regulating the activity of metabolic conversion enzymes associated with S1P generation and degradation, sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) and S1P lyase, respectively, in parallel with enhanced KC migration. However, blockade of ceramide to S1P metabolic conversion using a specific inhibitor of SPHK1 attenuated the expected Rb1-mediated increase in KC migration. Furthermore, a pan-S1P receptor inhibitor pertussis toxin significantly attenuated Rb1-induced stimulation of KC migration. Moreover, the Rb1-induced increases in KC migration required S1P receptor(s)-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB, leading to production of key cutaneous migrating proteins, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Taken together, the results show that Rb1 stimulates KC migration through an S1P→S1P receptor(s)→ERK1/2→NF-κB→MMP-2/-9 pathway. This research revealed a previously unidentified cellular mechanism for Rb1 in enhancing KC migration and pointing to a new therapeutic approach to stimulate the cutaneous wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Oh Shin
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sung Jay Choe
- 2 Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine , Wonju, Korea
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- 3 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- 4 Northern California Institute for Research and Education , Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Inyong Kim
- 5 Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Nutraceuticals, Dankook University , Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Jeong
- 5 Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Nutraceuticals, Dankook University , Cheonan, Korea
- 6 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University , Cheonan, Korea
| | - Kyungho Park
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University , Chuncheon, Korea
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Abdelazim A, Khater S, Ali H, Shalaby S, Afifi M, Saddick S, Alkaladi A, Almaghrabi OA. Panax ginseng improves glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through 5' adenosine monophosphate kinase up-regulation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:1436-1441. [PMID: 31762606 PMCID: PMC6864146 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptors and transporters are distorted in diabetes mellitus. In this study, the effect of Panax ginseng was assessed on glucose manipulating enzymes activities and gene expression of AMPK, IRA and GLUT2 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Forty male albino rats were randomly divided to four groups 10 rats of each, group I, normal control group (received saline orally); group II, normal rats received 200 mg/kg of Panax ginseng orally; group III, Streptozotocin (STZ) –induced diabetic rats and group IV, STZ-induced diabetic rats received 200 mg/kg of Panax ginseng orally. The duration of experiment was 30 days. Results showed the ability of Panax ginseng to induce a significant decrease in the blood glucose and increase in the serum insulin levels, hepatic glucokinase (GK), and glycogen synthase (GS) activities with a modulation of lipid profile besides high expression levels of AMPK, insulin receptor A (IRA), glucose transporting protein-2 (GLUT-2) in liver of diabetic rats. In conclusion, the obtained results point to the ability of Panax ginseng to improve the glucose metabolism in diabetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaser Abdelazim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safaa Khater
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Haytham Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Shalaby
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Afifi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,University of Jeddah Center for Scientific and Medical Research, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salina Saddick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alkaladi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Almaghrabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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