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Zhao F, Xie X, Tan X, Yu H, Tian M, Lv H, Qin C, Qi J, Zhu Q. The Functions of Hepatitis B Virus Encoding Proteins: Viral Persistence and Liver Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:691766. [PMID: 34456908 PMCID: PMC8387624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
About 250 million people worldwide are chronically infected with Hepatitis B virus (HBV), contributing to a large burden on public health. Despite the existence of vaccines and antiviral drugs to prevent infection and suppress viral replication respectively, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) cure remains a remote treatment goal. The viral persistence caused by HBV is account for the chronic infection which increases the risk for developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV virion utilizes various strategies to escape surveillance of host immune system therefore enhancing its replication, while the precise mechanisms involved remain elusive. Accumulating evidence suggests that the proteins encoded by HBV (hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B core antigen, hepatitis B envelope antigen, HBx and polymerase) play an important role in viral persistence and liver pathogenesis. This review summarizes the major findings in functions of HBV encoding proteins, illustrating how these proteins affect hepatocytes and the immune system, which may open new venues for CHB therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Tan
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongli Yu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Huanran Lv
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Zhou D, Wu Y, Wang S, Li J, Luan J. Harnessing noncoding RNA-based macrophage polarization: Emerging therapeutic opportunities for fibrosis. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:793-806. [PMID: 33080104 PMCID: PMC7654411 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aim Organ fibrosis is a common pathological outcome of persistent tissue injury correlated with organ failure and death. Although current antifibrotic therapies have led to unprecedented successes, only a minority of patients with fibrosis benefit from these treatments. There is an urgent need to identify new targets and biomarkers that could be exploited in the diagnosis and treatment of fibrosis. Methods Macrophages play a dual role in the fibrogenesis across different organs either by promoting pro‐inflammatory or anti‐inflammatory responses. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been demonstrated to play key roles in macrophage functions by manipulating macrophage polarization. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of ncRNA‐associated macrophage polarization is important to move toward therapeutic interventions. Results In this review, we provide an overview of recent insights into the role of ncRNAs in different fibrotic diseases by modulating macrophage phenotypic plasticity and functional heterogeneity. We also discuss the potential mechanisms of different ncRNAs integrate heterogeneous macrophages in fibrogenesis,including regulatory signatures, networks, and reciprocal interactions. Conclusions A broader understanding of how ncRNA‐directed macrophage phenotype transition in immunity and fibrosis might promote the development of a novel strategy for antifibrotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yilai Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
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Chen W, Bian H, Xie X, Yang X, Bi B, Li C, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Song J, Qin C, Qi J. Negative feedback loop of ERK/CREB/miR-212-3p inhibits HBeAg-induced macrophage activation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10935-10945. [PMID: 32767729 PMCID: PMC7521245 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of liver macrophages is closely related to liver injury after HBV infection. Our previous results demonstrated that HBeAg played a key role in inducing macrophage activation. As we all know, miRNAs are involved in the regulation of multiple immune cell functions. Meanwhile, we have shown that miR‐155 positively regulates HBeAg‐induced macrophage activation and accelerates liver injury. Subsequently, based on our previous miRNA sequencing results, we further evaluated the role of miR‐212‐3p called ‘neurimmiR’ in HBeAg‐induced macrophages in this study. First, miR‐212‐3p expression was significantly elevated in HBeAg‐treated macrophages. Meanwhile, we found up‐regulation of miR‐212‐3p significantly decreased the production of cytokines, whereas knockdown of miR‐212‐3p held the opposite effect by gains and losses of function. Mechanically, although MAPK signal pathway, including ERK, JNK and p38, was activated in HBeAg‐induced macrophages, only ERK promoted the expression of miR‐212‐3p via transcription factor CREB, which was able to bind to the promoter of miR‐212‐3p verified by ChIP assay. Moreover, we further indicated that up‐regulated miR‐212‐3p inhibited HBeAg‐induced inflammatory cytokine production through targeting MAPK1. In conclusion, miR‐212‐3p was augmented in HBeAg‐stimulated macrophages via ERK/CREB signal pathway and the elevated miR‐212‐3p suppressed inflammatory cytokine production induced by HBeAg through targeting MAPK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Chen
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,The Affiliated Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai, China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Benjun Bi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunliu Li
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuejuan Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Song
- The Affiliated Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai, China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
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Bazaga A, Leggate D, Weisser H. Genome-wide investigation of gene-cancer associations for the prediction of novel therapeutic targets in oncology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10787. [PMID: 32612205 PMCID: PMC7330039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A major cause of failed drug discovery programs is suboptimal target selection, resulting in the development of drug candidates that are potent inhibitors, but ineffective at treating the disease. In the genomics era, the availability of large biomedical datasets with genome-wide readouts has the potential to transform target selection and validation. In this study we investigate how computational intelligence methods can be applied to predict novel therapeutic targets in oncology.
We compared different machine learning classifiers applied to the task of drug target classification for nine different human cancer types. For each cancer type, a set of “known” target genes was obtained and equally-sized sets of “non-targets” were sampled multiple times from the human protein-coding genes. Models were trained on mutation, gene expression (TCGA), and gene essentiality (DepMap) data. In addition, we generated a numerical embedding of the interaction network of protein-coding genes using deep network representation learning and included the results in the modeling. We assessed feature importance using a random forests classifier and performed feature selection based on measuring permutation importance against a null distribution. Our best models achieved good generalization performance based on the AUROC metric. With the best model for each cancer type, we ran predictions on more than 15,000 protein-coding genes to identify potential novel targets. Our results indicate that this approach may be useful to inform early stages of the drug discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Bazaga
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,STORM Therapeutics Ltd, Cambridge, UK.
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Chen W, Song J, Bian H, Yang X, Xie X, Zhu Q, Qin C, Qi J. The functions and targets of miR-212 as a potential biomarker of cancer diagnosis and therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2392-2401. [PMID: 31930653 PMCID: PMC7028855 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem worldwide. An increasing number of researchers are studying the diagnosis, therapy and mechanisms underlying the development and progression of cancer. The study of noncoding RNA has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. It was found that frequent alterations of miRNA expression not only have various functions in cancer but also that miRNAs can act as clinical markers of diagnosis, stage and progression of cancer. MiR-212 is an important example of miRNAs involved in cancer. According to recent studies, miR-212 may serve as an oncogene or tumour suppressor by influencing different targets or pathways during the oncogenesis and the development and metastasis of cancer. Its deregulation may serve as a marker for the diagnosis or prognosis of cancer. In addition, it was recently reported that miR-212 was related to the sensitivity or resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Here, we summarize the current understanding of miR-212 functions in cancer by describing the relevant signalling pathways and targets. The role of miR-212 as a biomarker and its therapeutic potential in cancer is also described. The aim of this review was to identify new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Chen
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China.,Departments of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Song
- Departments of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, China.,Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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