1
|
Liu Y, Zhang M, Zeng L, Lai Y, Wu S, Su X. Wogonin upregulates SOCS3 to alleviate the injury in Diabetic Nephropathy by inhibiting TLR4-mediated JAK/STAT/AIM2 signaling pathway. Mol Med 2024; 30:78. [PMID: 38844873 PMCID: PMC11155057 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a life-threatening renal disease and needs urgent therapies. Wogonin is renoprotective in DN. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of how wogonin regulated high glucose (HG)-induced renal cell injury. METHODS Diabetic mice (db/db), control db/m mice, and normal glucose (NG)- or HG-treated human tubule epithelial cells (HK-2) were used to evaluate the levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), inflammation and fibrosis. Lentivirus was used to regulate SOCS3 and TLR4 expressions. After oral gavage of wogonin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle in db/db mice, histological morphologies, blood glucose, urinary protein, serum creatinine values (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed. RT-qPCR and Western blot evaluated inflammation and fibrosis-related molecules. RESULTS HG exposure induced high blood glucose, severe renal injuries, high serumal Src and BUN, low SOD and GSH, and increased ROS. HG downregulated SOCS3 but upregulated TLR4 and JAK/STAT, fibrosis, and inflammasome-related proteins. Wogonin alleviated HG-induced renal injuries by decreasing cytokines, ROS, Src, and MDA and increasing SOD and GSH. Meanwhile, wogonin upregulated SOCS3 and downregulated TLR4 under HG conditions. Wogonin-induced SOCS3 overexpression directly decreased TLR4 levels and attenuated JAK/STAT signaling pathway-related inflammation and fibrosis, but SOCS3 knockdown significantly antagonized the protective effects of wogonin. However, TLR4 knockdown diminished SOCS3 knockdown-induced renal injuries. CONCLUSION Wogonin attenuates renal inflammation and fibrosis by upregulating SOCS3 to inhibit TLR4 and JAK/STAT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Liu
- Nephropathy Department, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongcheng, East Road No. 1, DongGuan, 523015, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Precise Prevention & Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease and Complications, DongGuan, 523015, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengbi Zhang
- Nephropathy Department, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongcheng, East Road No. 1, DongGuan, 523015, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Zeng
- Nephropathy Department, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongcheng, East Road No. 1, DongGuan, 523015, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhong Lai
- Nephropathy Department, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongcheng, East Road No. 1, DongGuan, 523015, Guangdong, China
| | - Songzhao Wu
- Nephropathy Department, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongcheng, East Road No. 1, DongGuan, 523015, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Su
- Nephropathy Department, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongcheng, East Road No. 1, DongGuan, 523015, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lazzara F, Longo AM, Giurdanella G, Lupo G, Platania CBM, Rossi S, Drago F, Anfuso CD, Bucolo C. Vitamin D3 preserves blood retinal barrier integrity in an in vitro model of diabetic retinopathy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:971164. [PMID: 36091806 PMCID: PMC9458952 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.971164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of the blood retinal barrier (BRB) represents one of the main features of diabetic retinopathy, a secondary microvascular complication of diabetes. Hyperglycemia is a triggering factor of vascular cells damage in diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of vitamin D3 on BRB protection, and to investigate its regulatory role on inflammatory pathways. We challenged human retinal endothelial cells with high glucose (HG) levels. We found that vitamin D3 attenuates cell damage elicited by HG, maintaining cell viability and reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and ICAM-1. Furthermore, we showed that vitamin D3 preserved the BRB integrity as demonstrated by trans-endothelial electrical resistance, permeability assay, and cell junction morphology and quantification (ZO-1 and VE-cadherin). In conclusion this in vitro study provided new insights on the retinal protective role of vitamin D3, particularly as regard as the early phase of diabetic retinopathy, characterized by BRB breakdown and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lazzara
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Longo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giurdanella
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, Enna, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology–CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology–CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Bianca Maria Platania
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology–CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Settimio Rossi
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology–CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelina Daniela Anfuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology–CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology–CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- *Correspondence: Claudio Bucolo,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu H, Zhang T, He L, Yuan M, Yuan X, Wang S. Exploring the mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction in regulating atherosclerotic disease network based on integrated pharmacological methods. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20211429. [PMID: 34528665 PMCID: PMC8521537 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction (DGBXD) in regulating Atherosclerosis (AS) network based on integrated pharmacological methods. METHODS The active ingredients and targets of DGBXD are obtained from TCMSP database and ETCM. AS-related targets were collected from the Genecards and OMIM databases. The drug-disease protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by Cytoscape. Meanwhile, it was used to screen out densely interacting regions, namely clusters. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) annotations are performed on the targets and genes in the cluster to obtain biological processes, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations are performed on the targets of the PPI network to obtain signaling pathways. RESULTS A total of 212 known targets, 265 potential targets and 229 AS genes were obtained. The 'DGBXD known-AS PPI network' and 'DGBXD-AS PPI Network' were constructed and analyzed. DGBXD can regulate inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, vascular smooth muscle proliferation, angiogenesis, TNF, HIF-1, FoxO signaling pathway, etc. The experimental data showed that compared with the model group, the expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and interleukin (IL)-1β protein and mRNA in the DGBXD group decreased (P<0.05). However, plasma IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in the DGBXD group were not significantly different from the model group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The mechanism of DGBXD in the treatment of AS may be related to the improvement of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the blood vessel wall and the anti-vascular local inflammatory response, which may provide a reference for the study of the mechanism of DGBXD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tianqing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mengxia Yuan
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yin Q, Wang L, Yu H, Chen D, Zhu W, Sun C. Pharmacological Effects of Polyphenol Phytochemicals on the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:716672. [PMID: 34539403 PMCID: PMC8447487 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.716672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a common pathway of many cytokine signal transductions, closely related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and inflammatory response. It is essential for inhibiting the inflammatory response, initiating innate immunity, and coordinating adaptive immune mechanisms. Owing to the nature of this pathway and its potential cross-epitopes with multiple alternative pathways, the long-term efficacy of monotherapy-based adaptive targeting therapy is limited, and the majority of drugs targeting STATs are still in the preclinical phase. Meanwhile, curcumin, quercetin, and several kinds of plant polyphenol chemicals play roles in multiple sites of the JAK-STAT pathway to suppress abnormal activation. Polyphenol compounds have shown remarkable effects by acting on the JAK-STAT pathway in anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and cardiovascular disease control. This review summarizes the pharmacological effects of more than 20 kinds of phytochemicals on JAK-STAT signaling pathway according to the chemical structure of polyphenolic phytochemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Longyun Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Daquan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenwei Zhu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China.,Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao C, Wang W, Yan K, Sun H, Han J, Hu Y. The therapeutic effect and mechanism of Qishen Yiqi dripping pills on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetic complications. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:547-556. [PMID: 34382512 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210811153610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The alterations in vascular homeostasis is deeply involved in the development of numerous diseases, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetic complications. Changes in blood flow and endothelial permeability caused by vascular dysfunction are the common mechanisms for these three types of diseases. The disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism can result in changes of the energy production patterns in endothelium and surrounding cells which may consequently cause local energy metabolic disorders, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) follows the principle of the "treatment by the syndrome differentiation". TCM considers of that coronary heart disease, stroke and diabetes complications all as the type of "Qi deficiency and Blood stasis" syndrome, which mainly happens to the vascular system. Therefore, the common pathogenesis of these three types of diseases suggests the treatment strategy by TCM should be in a close manner and named as "treating different diseases by the same treatment". Qishen Yiqi dripping pills is a modern Chinese herbal medicine which has been widely used for treatment of patients with coronary heart disease characterized as "Qi deficiency and blood stasis" in China. Recently, many clinical reports have demonstrated the potent therapeutic effects of Qishen Yiqi dripping pills on ischemic stroke and diabetic nephropathy. Based on these reports, we will summarize the clinical applications of Qishen Yiqi dripping pills on coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke and diabetic nephropathy, including the involved mechanisms with basic researches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlai Zhao
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Tianjin. China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Tianjin. China
| | - Kaijing Yan
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Tianjin. China
| | - He Sun
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Tianjin. China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin. China
| | - Yunhui Hu
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Tianjin. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Network Pharmacology Combined with Bioinformatics to Investigate the Mechanisms and Molecular Targets of Astragalus Radix-Panax notoginseng Herb Pair on Treating Diabetic Nephropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9980981. [PMID: 34349833 PMCID: PMC8328704 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9980981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Astragalus Radix (AR)-Panax notoginseng (PN), a classical herb pair, has shown significant effects in treating diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the intrinsic mechanism of AR-PN treating DN is still unclear. This study aims to illustrate the mechanism and molecular targets of AR-PN treating DN based on network pharmacology combined with bioinformatics. Materials and Methods The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database was used to screen bioactive ingredients of AR-PN. Subsequently, putative targets of bioactive ingredients were predicted utilizing the DrugBank database and converted into genes on UniProtKB database. DN-related targets were retrieved via analyzing published microarray data (GSE30528) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Protein-protein interaction networks of AR-PN putative targets and DN-related targets were established to identify candidate targets using Cytoscape 3.8.0. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of candidate targets were reflected using a plugin ClueGO of Cytoscape. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina software, and the results were visualized by Pymol software. The diagnostic capacity of hub genes was verified by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Twenty-two bioactive ingredients and 189 putative targets of AR-PN were obtained. Eight hundred and fifty differently expressed genes related to DN were screened. The PPI network showed that 115 candidate targets of AR-PN against DN were identified. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that candidate targets of AR-PN against DN were mainly involved in the apoptosis, oxidative stress, cell cycle, and inflammation response, regulating the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cell cycle, and MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, MAPK1, AKT1, GSK3B, CDKN1A, TP53, RELA, MYC, GRB2, JUN, and EGFR were considered as the core potential therapeutic targets. Molecular docking demonstrated that these core targets had a great binding affinity with quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and formononetin components. ROC curve analysis showed that AKT1, TP53, RELA, JUN, CDKN1A, and EGFR are effective in discriminating DN from controls. Conclusions AR-PN against DN may exert its renoprotective effects via various bioactive chemicals and the related pharmacological pathways, involving multiple molecular targets, which may be a promising herb pair treating DN. Nevertheless, these results should be further validated by experimental evidence.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhuang K, Jiang X, Liu R, Ye C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Quan S, Huang H. Formononetin Activates the Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway Via Sirt1 to Improve Diabetic Renal Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:616378. [PMID: 33519483 PMCID: PMC7845558 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.616378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the main factor responsible for the induction of diabetic renal fibrosis. Thus, improving the state of oxidative stress can effectively prevent the further deterioration of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Previous research has shown that formononetin (FMN), a flavonoid with significant antioxidant activity and Sirt1 activation effect, can improve diabetic renal fibrosis. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the effect of FMN on diabetic renal fibrosis have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we carried out in vivo experiments in a db/db (diabetic) mouse model and demonstrated that FMN activated the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway and improved oxidative stress by increasing levels of sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) protein level in renal tissue. We also found that this process reversed the up-regulation of fibronectin (FN) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and led to an improvement in renal insufficiency. In vitro results further showed that FMN significantly reversed the upregulation of FN and ICAM-1 in glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) exposed to high glucose. FMN also promoted the expression of Nrf2 and widened its nuclear distribution. Thus, our data indicated that FMN inhibited hyperglycemia-induced superoxide overproduction by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. We also found that FMN up-regulated the expression of Sirt1 and that Sirt1 deficiency could block the activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in GMCs induced by high glucose. Finally, we found that Sirt1 deficiency could reverse the down-regulation of FN and ICAM-1 induced by FMN. Collectively, our data demonstrated that FMN up-regulated the expression of Sirt1 to activate the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, improved oxidative stress in DN to prevent the progression of renal fibrosis. Therefore, FMN probably represents an efficient therapeutic option of patients with DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhuang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiyu Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renbin Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Cunsi Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunhan Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijian Quan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heqing Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lv J, Zhuang K, Jiang X, Huang H, Quan S. Renoprotective Effect of Formononetin by Suppressing Smad3 Expression in Db/Db Mice. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3313-3324. [PMID: 33061493 PMCID: PMC7535125 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s272147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glomerular sclerosis and renal interstitial fibrosis are the most important pathologies in the development of kidney damage under diabetic conditions. Smad3 plays antagonistic roles in high glucose-induced renal tubular fibrosis, which is an important treatment target for diabetic nephropathy (DN). Formononetin (FMN) has multiple effects on diabetic vascular complications including DN. However, whether it plays an anti-fibrosis role by regulating smad3 is unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the renoprotective effect of FMN by suppressing smad3 expression in db/db mice. METHODS FMN was orally administered to db/db mice with a dose of 25 or 50 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, serum, urine, and kidney samples were collected for biochemical and pathological examinations. The expressions of proteins and mRNA associated with renal fibrosis were determined by biochemical, histological, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS The results showed that FMN substantially improved the glucolipid metabolism, reduced the oxidative stress, and protected renal function in db/db mice. Meanwhile, protein and mRNA expression of smad3 and related regulatory factor of extracellular matrix deposition were significantly suppressed. CONCLUSION The present study suggested that FMN has a good renoprotective effect in DN, which plays an anti-fibrosis role in db/db mice by suppressing the expression of smad3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiyu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heqing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou510006, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510006, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Heqing Huang; Shijian Quan Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232 East Wai Huan Road, Guangzhou510006, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 1 392 211 9719 Email ;
| | - Shijian Quan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou510006, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|