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Yarangsee P, Khacha-ananda S, Pitchakarn P, Intayoung U, Sriuan S, Karinchai J, Wijaikhum A, Boonyawan D. A Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Cold Atmospheric Plasma for Medical Applications: The Role of Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity Studies. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:759. [PMID: 38929742 PMCID: PMC11204557 DOI: 10.3390/life14060759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric nonthermal plasma (ANTP) has rapidly evolved as an innovative tool in biomedicine with various applications, especially in treating skin diseases. In particular, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), which are generated by ANTP, plays an important role in the biological signaling pathways of human cells. Unfortunately, excessive amounts of these reactive species significantly result in cellular damage and cell death induction. To ensure the safe application of ANTP, preclinical in vitro studies must be conducted before proceeding to in vivo or clinical trials involving humans. Our study aimed to investigate adverse effects on genetic substances in murine fibroblast cells exposed to ANTP. Cell viability and proliferation were markedly reduced after exposing the cells with plasma. Both extracellular and intracellular reactive species, especially RNS, were significantly increased upon plasma exposure in the culture medium and the cells. Notably, significant DNA damage in the cells was observed in the cells exposed to plasma. However, plasma was not classified as a mutagen in the Ames test. This suggested that plasma led to the generation of both extracellular and intracellular reactive species, particularly nitrogen species, which affect cell proliferation and are also known to induce genetic damage in fibroblast cells. These results highlight the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of ANTP, emphasizing the need for the cautious selection of plasma intensity in specific applications to avoid adverse side effects resulting from reactive species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piimwara Yarangsee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.Y.); (U.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Supakit Khacha-ananda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.Y.); (U.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Pornsiri Pitchakarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Unchisa Intayoung
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.Y.); (U.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Sirikhwan Sriuan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.Y.); (U.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Jirarat Karinchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Apiwat Wijaikhum
- Research and Innovation Division, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, Nonthaburi 11130, Thailand;
| | - Dheerawan Boonyawan
- Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
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Shaukat MN, Nazir A, Fallico B. Ginger Bioactives: A Comprehensive Review of Health Benefits and Potential Food Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2015. [PMID: 38001868 PMCID: PMC10669910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginger is an herbaceous and flowering plant renowned for its rhizome, which is widely employed as both a spice and an herb. Since ancient times, ginger has been consumed in folk medicine and traditional cuisines for its favorable health effects. Different in vitro and in vivo studies have disclosed the advantageous physiological aspects of ginger, primarily due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-carcinogenic properties. These health-promoting features are linked to the variety of bioactive compounds that are present in ginger. Following the advancement in consumer awareness and the industrial demand for organic antioxidants and functional ingredients, the application of ginger and its derivatives has been broadly investigated in a wide range of food products. The prominent features transmitted by ginger into different food areas are antioxidant and nutraceutical values (bakery); flavor, acceptability, and techno-functional characteristics (dairy); hedonic and antimicrobial properties (beverages); oxidative stability, tenderization, and sensorial attributes (meat); and shelf life and sensorial properties (film, coating, and packaging). This review is focused on providing a comprehensive overview of the tendencies in the application of ginger and its derivatives in the food industry and concurrently briefly discusses the beneficial aspects and processing of ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nouman Shaukat
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Akmal Nazir
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Biagio Fallico
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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Khound P, Sarma H, Sarma PP, Jana UK, Devi R. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Verbascoside from Clerodendrum glandulosum Leaves for Analysis of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20360-20369. [PMID: 37323385 PMCID: PMC10268293 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Verbascoside (VER) is a phenylethanoid glycoside compound found in Clerodendrum species and is an important part of traditional medicine. It is found in the leaves of Clerodendrum glandulosum, which is taken as a soup or vegetable and also utilized in traditional medicine by the people of Northeast India, especially against hypertension and diabetes. In the present study, VER was extracted from C. glandulosum leaves using ultrasound-assisted extraction through the solvent extraction method (ethanol-water, ethanol, and water). The ethanol extract had the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, viz., 110.55 mg GAE/g and 87.60 mg QE/g, respectively. HPLC and LC-MS were used to identify the active phenolic compound, and VER was found to be the main component present in the extraction with a molecular weight of 624.59 g/mol. NMR (1H, 2D-COSY) analysis showed the presence of hydroxytyrosol, caffeic acid, glucose, and rhamnose in the VER backbone. Further, different antioxidant activities and antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemia enzyme markers' inhibition against VER-enriched ethanol extract were evaluated. The results showed that ultrasound extraction of polyphenols using ethanol from C. glandulosum could be a promising technique for the extraction of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspanjali Khound
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
- Department
of Zoology, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
| | - Himangshu Sarma
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
| | - Partha Pratim Sarma
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
| | - Uttam Kumar Jana
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
| | - Rajlakshmi Devi
- Life
Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced
Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
- Department
of Zoology, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
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Silva BR, Silva JRV. Mechanisms of action of non-enzymatic antioxidants to control oxidative stress during in vitro follicle growth, oocyte maturation, and embryo development. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 249:107186. [PMID: 36638648 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In vitro follicle growth and oocyte maturation still has a series of limitations, since not all oocytes matured in vitro have the potential to develop in viable embryos. One of the factors associated with low oocyte quality is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during in vitro culture. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the role of non-enzymatic antioxidants in the control of oxidative stress during in vitro follicular growth, oocyte maturation and embryonic development. A wide variety of non-enzymatic antioxidants (melatonin, resveratrol, L-ascorbic acid, L-carnitine, N-acetyl-cysteine, cysteamine, quercetin, nobiletin, lycopene, acteoside, mogroside V, phycocyanin and laminarin) have been used to supplement culture media. Some of them, like N-acetyl-cysteine, cysteamine, nobiletin and quercetin act by increasing the levels of glutathione (GSH), while melatonin and resveratrol increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes and minimize oocyte oxidative stress. L-ascorbic acid reduces free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Lycopene positively regulates the expression of many antioxidant genes. Additionally, L-carnitine protects DNA against ROS-induced damage, while acteoside and laminarin reduces the expression of proapoptotic genes. Mogrosides increases mitochondrial function and reduces intracellular ROS levels, phycocyanin reduces lipid peroxidation, and lycopene neutralizes the adverse effects of ROS. Thus, it is very important to know their mechanisms of actions, because the combination of two or more antioxidants with different activities has great potential to improve in vitro culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca R Silva
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - José R V Silva
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, CE, Brazil.
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Usman AN, Manju B, Ilhamuddin I, Ahmad M, Ab T, Ariyandy A, Budiaman B, Eragradini AR, Hasan II, Hashim S, Sartini S, Sinrang AW. Ginger potency on the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Breast Dis 2023; 42:207-212. [PMID: 37424457 DOI: 10.3233/bd-239003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a type of disease caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can destroy body tissues. The use of traditional medicine naturally uses plants from ginger with the maceration method. The ginger plant is a herbaceous flowering plant with the Zingiberaceacea group. METHODS This study uses the literature review method by reviewing 50 articles from journals and databases. RESULTS A review of several articles, namely ginger has bioactive components such as gingerol. Ginger is used as a treatment in complementary therapies using plants. Ginger is a strategy with many benefits and functions as a nutritional complement to the body. This benefit has shown the effect of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer against nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy in breast cancer. CONCLUSION Anticancer in ginger is shown by polyphenols associated with anti-metastatic, anti-proliferative, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy. Therefore, consuming ginger regularly affects natural herbal therapy with the prevention and treatment of breast cancer and serves as a prevention against the effects of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Nilawati Usman
- Department of Midwifery, Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Budu Manju
- Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | - Mardiana Ahmad
- Department of Midwifery, Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Takko Ab
- Cultural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Andi Ariyandy
- Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - Sartini Sartini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Andi Wardihan Sinrang
- Department of Midwifery, Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Xiao Y, Ren Q, Wu L. The pharmacokinetic property and pharmacological activity of acteoside: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113296. [PMID: 35724511 PMCID: PMC9212779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acteoside (AC), a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from many dicotyledonous plants, has been demonstrated various pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, neuroprotection, cardiovascular protection, anti-diabetes, bone and cartilage protection, hepatoprotection, and anti-microorganism. However, AC has a poor bioavailability, which can be potentially improved by different strategies. The health-promoting characteristics of AC can be attributed to its mediation in many signaling pathways, such as MAPK, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, TGFβ/Smad, and AMPK/mTOR. Interestingly, docking simulation study indicates that AC can be an effective candidate to inhibit the activity of SARS-CoV2 main protease and protect against COVID-19. Many clinical trials for AC have been investigated, and it shows great potentials in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaosheng Xiao
- Department of Orthopaetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qun Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Longhuo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Park J, Park S, Jang T, Kim G, Park JH. The complete chloroplast genome of Abeliophyllum distichum f. lilacinum Nakai (Oleaceae) from the Chungbuk Province, Korea. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2021; 6:1754-1756. [PMID: 34104762 PMCID: PMC8158298 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1931513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The chloroplast genome of Abeliophyllum distichum f. lilacinum Nakai, classified to a monotypic in this genus, and an endemic species in Korea, was sequenced to understand the genetic differences among intraspecies and cultivars of A. distichum. The chloroplast genome length is 156,015 bp (GC ratio is 37.8%) and has a typical quadripartite structure: 86,779 bp large single copy (35.8%) and 17,828 bp small single copy (31.9%) regions separated by two 25,704 bp inverted repeat (43.2%) regions. The genome encodes for 133 genes (88 protein-coding genes, eight rRNAs, and 37 tRNAs). Six to 99 SNPs and seven to 18 INDEL regions (19 bp to 72 bp) were identified against available chloroplast genomes of A. distichum. Phylogenetic trees show that A. distichum f. lilacinum is clustered with the Dae Ryun cultivar which has a larger fruit body. Our analyses suggest additional research, such as Genotyping-By-Sequencing, for understanding relationship between morphology and genotype of A. distichum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsun Park
- InfoBoss Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,InfoBoss Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Park
- InfoBoss Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,InfoBoss Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewon Jang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, JungWon University, Goesan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanho Kim
- Goesan Bunjae Nongwon, Goesan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, JungWon University, Goesan, Republic of Korea
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Nea F, Bitchi MB, Genva M, Ledoux A, Tchinda AT, Damblon C, Frederich M, Tonzibo ZF, Fauconnier ML. Phytochemical Investigation and Biological Activities of Lantana rhodesiensis. Molecules 2021; 26:846. [PMID: 33562771 PMCID: PMC7915326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lantana rhodesiensis Moldenke is a plant widely used to treat diseases, such as rheumatism, diabetes, and malaria in traditional medicine. To better understand the traditional uses of this plant, a phytochemical study was undertaken, revealing a higher proportion of polyphenols, including flavonoids in L. rhodesiensis leaf extract and moderate proportion in stem and root extracts. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was also determined using three different assays: the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, the FRAP method (Ferric-reducing antioxidant power) and the β-carotene bleaching test. The anti-malarial activity of each extract was also evaluated using asexual erythrocyte stages of Plasmodium falciparum, chloroquine-sensitive strain 3D7. The results showed that the leaf extract exhibited higher antioxidant and anti-malarial activities in comparison with the stem and root extracts, probably due to the presence of higher quantities of polyphenols including flavonoids in the leaves. A positive linear correlation was established between the phenolic compound content (total polyphenols including flavonoids and tannins; and total flavonoids) and the antioxidant activity of all extracts. Furthermore, four flavones were isolated from leaf dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions: a new flavone named rhodescine (5,6,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone) (1), 5-hydroxy-6,7,3',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone (2), 5-hydroxy-6,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (3), and 5,6,3'-trihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone (4). Their structures were elucidated by 1H, 13CNMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and MS-EI spectral methods. Aside from compound 2, all other molecules were described for the first time in this plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimata Nea
- Laboratory of Constitution and Reaction of Matter, UFR-SSMT, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BP 582 Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast; (M.B.B.); (Z.F.T.)
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (M.G.); (M.-L.F.)
| | - Michel Boni Bitchi
- Laboratory of Constitution and Reaction of Matter, UFR-SSMT, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BP 582 Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast; (M.B.B.); (Z.F.T.)
| | - Manon Genva
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (M.G.); (M.-L.F.)
| | - Allison Ledoux
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Alembert Tiabou Tchinda
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, P.O. Box 13033 Yaoundé, Cameroon;
| | - Christian Damblon
- MolSys Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Michel Frederich
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Zanahi Félix Tonzibo
- Laboratory of Constitution and Reaction of Matter, UFR-SSMT, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BP 582 Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast; (M.B.B.); (Z.F.T.)
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (M.G.); (M.-L.F.)
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Ma RH, Ni ZJ, Zhu YY, Thakur K, Zhang F, Zhang YY, Hu F, Zhang JG, Wei ZJ. A recent update on the multifaceted health benefits associated with ginger and its bioactive components. Food Funct 2021; 12:519-542. [PMID: 33367423 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02834g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to recent lifestyle shifts and health discernments among consumers, synthetic drugs are facing the challenge of controlling disease development and progression. Various medicinal plants and their constituents are recognized for their imminent role in disease management via modulation of biological activities. At present, research scholars have diverted their attention on natural bioactive entities with health-boosting perception to combat the lifestyle-related disarrays. In particular, Zingiber officinale is a medicinal herb that has been commonly used in food and pharmaceutical products. Its detailed chemical composition and high value-added active components have been extensively studied. In this review, we have summarized the pharmacological potential of this well-endowed chemo preventive agent. It was revealed that its functionalities are attributed to several inherent chemical constituents, including 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 6-hydroshogaol, and oleoresin, which were established through many studies (in vitro, in vivo, and cell lines). In this review, we also focused on the therapeutic effects of ginger and its constituents for their effective antioxidant properties. Their consumption may reduce or delay the progression of related diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity, via modulation of genetic and metabolic activities. The updated data could elucidate the relationship of the extraction processes with the constituents and biological manifestations. We have collated the current knowledge (including the latest clinical data) about the bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger. Their detailed mechanisms, which can lay foundation for their food and medical applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Hui Ma
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China.
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Antioxidant Activity and Acteoside Analysis of Abeliophyllum distichum. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111148. [PMID: 33228093 PMCID: PMC7699419 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined acteoside and its content in Abeliophyllum distichum via HPLC/UV and LC/ESI-MS to obtain insights into the potential use of this plant as an antioxidant agent. Moreover, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (•OH), and O2- radical scavenging activity assays were performed to assess in vitro antioxidative activity. The DPPH, •OH, and O2- radical scavenging activities of A. distichum leaf EtOH extracts at a 250 μg/mL concentration were 88.32%, 94.48%, and 14.36%, respectively, whereas those of stem extracts at the same concentration were 88.15%, 88.99%, and 15.36%, respectively. The contents of acteoside in A. distichum leaves and stems were 162.11 and 29.68 mg/g, respectively. Acteoside was identified as the main antioxidant compound in A. distichum leaves, which resulted in DPPH, •OH, and O2- radical scavenging activities of 82.84%, 89.46%, and 30.31%, respectively, at a 25 μg/mL concentration. These results indicate that A. distichum leaves and stems containing the antioxidant acteoside can be used as natural ingredients for functional and nutritional supplements.
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