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Wu K, Qiu C, Ma Q, Chen F, Lu T. The anti-cancer mechanism of Celastrol by targeting JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in gastric and ovarian cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 491:117077. [PMID: 39181414 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.117077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celastrol is a natural triterpene exhibiting significant and extensive antitumor activity in a wide range of cancer. Due to unfavorable toxicity profile and undefined mechanism, Celastrol's application in clinical cancer therapy remains limited. Herein, we elucidate the pharmacological mechanism of Celastrol's anticancer effects, with a focus on STAT3 signaling pathway in cancers with high incidence of metastasis. METHODS The safety profile of Celastrol were assessed in mice. In vitro analysis was performed in gastric cancer and ovarian cancer to assess the cytotoxicity, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of Celastrol using STAT3 knockout cancer cells. Effects of Celastrol on STAT3 activation and transcription activity, JAK2/STAT3 signaling protein expression were assessed. Additionally, proteomic contrastive analysis was performed to explore the molecular association of Celastrol with STAT3 deletion in cancer cells. RESULTS Celastrol has no obvious toxic effect at 1.5 mg/kg/day in a 15 days' administration. Celastrol inhibits tumor growth and increases ROS in a STAT3 dependent manner in gastric and ovarian cancer celllines. On molecular level, it downregulates IL-6 level and inhibits the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway by suppressing STAT3' activation and transcription activity. Proteomic contrastive analysis suggests a similar cellular mechanism of action between Celastrol and STAT3 deletion on regulating cancer progression pathways related to migration and invasion. CONCLUSION Our research elucidates the anti-cancer mechanism of Celastrol through targeting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in cancer with high incidence of metastasis. This study provides a solid theoretical basis for the application of Celastrol in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chentao Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qihong Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiangong Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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2
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Zhao C, Wu Z, Yao Z, Zhang F, Zhao R, Cao X, Ling S, Jiang X. The tumorigenic effect of the high expression of ABRACL in glioma and its potential as a therapeutic target. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36597. [PMID: 39286126 PMCID: PMC11402703 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common malignant intracranial tumors, with no effective treatments. Better understanding and identification of novel targets are urgently warranted. Actin-binding Rho activating C-terminal like (ABRACL) has been reported as an oncogene in several cancer types. However, the potential roles of ABRACL in the tumorigenesis of malignant glioma remain unknown. We discovered that ABRACL is highly expressed in different sub-types of gliomas in both CGGA and TCGA databases, which was further validated in glioblastoma cell lines and normal human astrocyte lines. RT-qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that ABRACL expression in glioma tissues was upregulated along with the increasing WHO grades. Further survival analysis of glioma patients also revealed that the overall survival of patients in the ABRACL high expression level group were significantly shorter than those in the low expression level group. Knockdown of ABRACL inhibited the proliferation, cell migration, invasion and cytodynamics behaviors in glioma cell lines via activating STAT3 signaling, which also induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Conversely, overexpressing ABRACL promoted cell renewing and migration, enabled more flexible cell deformation, supporting ABRACL being a bona fide oncogene. Intracranial orthotopic xenograft experiment further confirmed that ABRACL downregulation significantly suppressed glioma growth. These results have demonstrated that the tumorigenic effect of ABRACL is partly mediated by STAT3, whose expression also correlates with clinical prognosis. ABRACL facilitates glioma malignancy phenotype through regulating the cytoskeleton by activating STAT3 pathway, suggesting that it may represent a potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhipeng Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Cao
- Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Shizhang Ling
- Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaochun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Rodrigues JA, Pires BRB, de Amorim ISS, Siqueira PB, de Sousa Rodrigues MM, de Souza da Fonseca A, Panis C, Mencalha AL. STAT3 Regulates the Redox Profile in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01439-x. [PMID: 39033092 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Unbalanced redox status and constitutive STAT3 activation are related to several aspects of tumor biology and poor prognosis, including metastasis and drug resistance. The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is listed as the most aggressive and exhibits the worst prognosis among the breast cancer subtypes. Although the mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation led to STAT3 activation is described, there is no data concerning the STAT3 influence on redox homeostasis in TNBC. To address the role of STAT3 signaling in redox balance, we inhibited STAT3 in TNBC cells and investigated its impact on total ROS levels, contents of hydroperoxides, nitric oxide (NO), and total glutathione (GSH), as well as the expression levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/p65. Our results indicate that ROS levels depend on the STAT3 activation, while the hydroperoxide level remained unchanged, and NO and 3NT expression increased. Furthermore, GSH levels, Nrf2, and NF-κB/p65 protein levels are decreased in the STAT3-inhibited cells. Accordingly, TNBC patients' data from TCGA demonstrated that both STAT3 mRNA levels and STAT3 signature are correlated to NF-κB/p65 and Nrf2 signatures. Our findings implicate STAT3 in controlling redox balance and regulating redox-related genes' expression in triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Alves Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ricardo Barreto Pires
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Isis Salviano Soares de Amorim
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
- Laboratório de Alimentos Funcionais, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Priscyanne Barreto Siqueira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Mariana Moreno de Sousa Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tumores, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, 85605-010, Brazil
| | - Andre Luiz Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
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Dong L, Liu C, Sun H, Wang M, Sun M, Zheng J, Yu X, Shi R, Wang B, Zhou Q, Chen Z, Xing B, Wang Y, Yao X, Mei M, Ren Y, Zhou X. Targeting STAT3 potentiates CDK4/6 inhibitors therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2024; 593:216956. [PMID: 38735381 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Anti-CDK4/6 therapy has been employed for the treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with CDK4/6 hyperactivation, but the response rate is relatively low. In this study, we first showed that CDK4 and CDK6 was over-expressed and conferred poor prognosis in HNSCC. Moreover, in RB-positive HNSCC, STAT3 signaling was activated induced by CDK4/6 inhibition and STAT3 promotes RB deficiency by upregulation of MYC. Thirdly, the combination of Stattic and CDK4/6 inhibitor results in striking anti-tumor effect in vitro and in Cal27 derived animal models. Additionally, phospho-STAT3 level negatively correlates with RB expression and predicts poor prognosis in patients with HNSCC. Taken together, our findings suggest an unrecognized function of STAT3 confers to CDK4/6 inhibitors resistance and presenting a promising combination strategy for patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Dong
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medicine on Head & Neck Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medicine on Head & Neck Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Haoyang Sun
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mo Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mengyu Sun
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medicine on Head & Neck Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jianwei Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medicine on Head & Neck Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medicine on Head & Neck Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medicine on Head & Neck Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Bofan Xing
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medicine on Head & Neck Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medicine on Head & Neck Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yao
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medicine on Head & Neck Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Mei Mei
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Yu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medicine on Head & Neck Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin, 300060, China; Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medicine on Head & Neck Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Kovář M, Šubr V, Běhalová K, Studenovský M, Starenko D, Kovářová J, Procházková P, Etrych T, Kostka L. Chemosensitization of tumors via simultaneous delivery of STAT3 inhibitor and doxorubicin through HPMA copolymer-based nanotherapeutics with pH-sensitive activation. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2024; 56:102730. [PMID: 38158146 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We synthesized three novel STAT3 inhibitors (S3iD1-S3iD3) possessing oxoheptanoic residue enabling linkage to HPMA copolymer carrier via a pH-sensitive hydrazone bond. HPMA copolymer conjugates bearing doxorubicin (Dox) and our STAT3 inhibitors were synthesized to evaluate the anticancer effect of Dox and STAT3 inhibitor co-delivery into tumors. S3iD1-3 and their copolymer-bound counterparts (P-S3iD1-P-S3iD3) showed considerable in vitro cytostatic activities in five mouse and human cancer cell lines with IC50 ~0.6-7.9 μM and 0.7-10.9 μM, respectively. S3iD2 and S3iD3 were confirmed to inhibit the STAT3 signaling pathway. The combination of HPMA copolymer-bound Dox (P-Dox) and P-S3iD3 at the dosage showing negligible toxicity demonstrated significant antitumor activity in B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice and completely cured 2 out of 15 mice. P-Dox alone had a significantly lower therapeutic activity with no completely cured mice. Thus, polymer conjugates bearing STAT3 inhibitors may be used for the chemosensitization of chemorefractory tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kovář
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Šubr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Běhalová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Studenovský
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Starenko
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kovářová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Procházková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Kostka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Chen JS, Teng YN, Chen CY, Chen JY. A novel STAT3/ NFκB p50 axis regulates stromal-KDM2A to promote M2 macrophage-mediated chemoresistance in breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:237. [PMID: 37821959 PMCID: PMC10568766 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysine Demethylase 2A (KDM2A) plays a crucial role in cancer cell growth, differentiation, metastasis, and the maintenance of cancer stemness. Our previous study found that cancer-secreted IL-6 can upregulate the expression of KDM2A to promote further the transition of cells into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). However, the molecular mechanism by which breast cancer-secreted IL-6 regulates the expression of KDM2A remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of IL-6 in regulating KDM2A expression in CAFs and KDM2A-mediated paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer. METHODS The ectopic vector expression and biochemical inhibitor were used to analyze the KDM2A expression regulated by HS-578 T conditioned medium or IL-6 in mammary fibroblasts. Immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to examine the interaction between STAT3 and NFκB p50. M2 macrophage polarization was assessed by analyzing M2 macrophage-specific markers using flow cytometry and RT-PCR. ESTIMATE algorithm was used to analyze the tumor microenvironment-dominant breast cancer samples from the TCGA database. The correlation between stromal KDM2A and CD163 + M2 macrophages was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Cell viability was determined using trypan blue exclusion assay. RESULTS IL-6 regulates gene expression via activation and dimerization of STAT3 or collaboration of STAT3 and NFκB. However, STAT3, a downstream transcription factor of the IL-6 signaling pathway, was directly complexed with NFκB p50, not NFκB p65, to upregulate the expression of KDM2A in CAFs. Enrichment analysis of immune cells/stromal cells using TCGA-breast cancer RNA-seq data unveiled a positive correlation between stromal KDM2A and the abundance of M2 macrophages. CXCR2-associated chemokines secreted by KDM2A-expressing CAFs stimulated M2 macrophage polarization, which in turn secreted CCL2 to increase paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells by activating CCR2 signaling. CONCLUSION This study revealed the non-canonical molecular mechanism of IL-6 secreted by breast cancer upregulated KDM2A expression in CAFs via a novel STAT3/NFκB p50 axis, which STAT3 complexed with NFκB p50 in NFκB p50 binding motif of KDM2A promoter. KDM2A-expressing CAFs dominantly secreted the CXCR2-associated chemokines to promote M2 macrophage polarization and enhance paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting the CXCR2 or CCR2 pathway as a novel strategy for paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shing Chen
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82425, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ning Teng
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, 8 Yida Road, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan ROC
- Department of Pharmacy, E-Da Cancer Hospital, 21 Yida Road, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan ROC
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan ROC
| | - Jing-Yi Chen
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82425, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82425, Taiwan ROC.
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