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Feng ML, Sun MJ, Xu BY, Liu MY, Zhang HJ, Wu C. Mechanism of ELL-associated factor 2 and vasohibin 1 regulating invasion, migration, and angiogenesis in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:3770-3792. [PMID: 37426316 PMCID: PMC10324531 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i24.3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a novel endogenous anti-angiogenic molecule, vasohibin 1 (VASH1) is not only expressed in tumor stroma, but also in tumor tissue. Moreover, studies have shown that VASH1 may be a prognostic marker in colorectal cancer (CRC). Knockdown of VASH1 enhanced transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad3 pathway activity and type I/III collagen production. Our previous findings suggest that ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2) may play a tumor suppressor and protective role in the development and progression of CRC by regulating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/TGF-β1 signaling pathway. However, the functional role and mechanism of VASH1-mediated TGF-β1 related pathway in CRC has not been elucidated.
AIM To investigate the expression of VASH1 in CRC and its correlation with the expression of EAF2. Furthermore, we studied the functional role and mechanism of VASH1 involved in the regulation and protection of EAF2 in CRC cells in vitro.
METHODS We collected colorectal adenocarcinoma and corresponding adjacent tissues to investigate the clinical expression of EAF2 protein and VASH1 protein in patients with advanced CRC. Following, we investigated the effect and mechanism of EAF2 and VASH1 on the invasion, migration and angiogenesis of CRC cells in vitro using plasmid transfection.
RESULTS Our findings indicated that EAF2 was down-regulated and VASH1 was up-regulated in advanced CRC tissue compared to normal colorectal tissue. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the higher EAF2 Level group and the lower VASH1 Level group had a higher survival rate. Overexpression of EAF2 might inhibit the activity of STAT3/TGF-β1 pathway by up-regulating the expression of VASH1, and then weaken the invasion, migration and angiogenesis of CRC cells.
CONCLUSION This study suggests that EAF2 and VASH1 may serve as new diagnostic and prognostic markers for CRC, and provide a clinical basis for exploring new biomarkers for CRC. This study complements the mechanism of EAF2 in CRC cells, enriches the role and mechanism of CRC cell-derived VASH1, and provides a new possible subtype of CRC as a therapeutic target of STAT3/TGF-β1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Feng
- Department of Endoscopy, The First Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ming-Jun Sun
- Department of Endoscopy, The First Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bo-Yang Xu
- Department of Endoscopy, The First Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Liu
- Department of Endoscopy, The First Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui-Jing Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy, The First Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Can Wu
- Department of Endoscopy, The First Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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TGF-β Signaling in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (mCRC): From Underlying Mechanism to Potential Applications in Clinical Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214436. [PMID: 36430910 PMCID: PMC9698504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious public health issue, and it has the leading incidence and mortality among malignant tumors worldwide. CRC patients with metastasis in the liver, lung or other distant sites always have poor prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to discover the underlying mechanisms of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and to develop optimal therapy for mCRC. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a significant role in various physiologic and pathologic processes, and aberrant TGF-β signal transduction contributes to mCRC progression. In this review, we summarize the alterations of the TGF-β signaling pathway in mCRC patients, the functional mechanisms of TGF-β signaling, its promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, its facilitation of angiogenesis, its suppression of anti-tumor activity of immune cells in the microenvironment and its contribution to stemness of CRC cells. We also discuss the possible applications of TGF-β signaling in mCRC diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapies in clinical trials. Hopefully, these research advances in TGF-β signaling in mCRC will improve the development of new strategies that can be combined with molecular targeted therapy, immunotherapy and traditional therapies to achieve better efficacy and benefit mCRC patients in the near future.
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Patel SB, Bookstein R, Farahani N, Chevarie-Davis M, Pao A, Aguiluz A, Riley C, Hodge JC, Alkan S, Liu Z, Deng N, Lopategui JR. Recommendations for Specimen and Therapy Selection in Colorectal Cancer. Oncol Ther 2021; 9:451-469. [PMID: 33895946 PMCID: PMC8593092 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-021-00151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Next-generation sequencing has emerged as a clinical tool for the identification of actionable mutations to triage advanced colorectal cancer patients for targeted therapies. The literature is conflicted as to whether primaries or their metastases should be selected for sequencing. Some authors suggest that either site may be sequenced, whereas others recommend sequencing the primary, the metastasis, or even both tumors. Here, we address this issue head on with a meta-analysis and provide for the first time a set of sensible recommendations to make this determination. METHODS From our own series, we include 43 tumors from 13 patients including 14 primaries, 10 regional lymph node metastases, 17 distant metastases, and two anastomotic recurrences sequenced using the 50 gene Ion AmpliSeq cancer NGS panel v2. RESULTS Based on our new cohort and a meta-analysis, we found that ~ 77% of patient-matched primary-metastatic pairs have identical alterations in these 50 cancer-associated genes. CONCLUSIONS Low tumor cellularity, tumor heterogeneity, clonal evolution, treatment status, sample quality, and/or size of the sequencing panel accounted for a proportion of the differential detection of mutations at primary and metastatic sites. The therapeutic implications of the most frequently discordant alterations (TP53, APC, PIK3CA, and SMAD4) are discussed. Our meta-analysis indicates that a subset of patients who fail initial therapy may benefit from sequencing of additional sites to identify new actionable genomic abnormalities not present in the initial analysis. Evidence-based recommendations are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal B Patel
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd., SSB #362, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- HeloGenika LLC, Dexter, MI, 48130, USA
| | - Robert Bookstein
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd., SSB #362, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Navid Farahani
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd., SSB #362, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Myriam Chevarie-Davis
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd., SSB #362, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Andy Pao
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd., SSB #362, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Angela Aguiluz
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd., SSB #362, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Christian Riley
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd., SSB #362, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Jennelle C Hodge
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd., SSB #362, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Serhan Alkan
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd., SSB #362, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Zhenqui Liu
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nan Deng
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean R Lopategui
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd., SSB #362, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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Kordbacheh F, Farah CS. Molecular Pathways and Druggable Targets in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3453. [PMID: 34298667 PMCID: PMC8307423 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, affecting an ever increasing global population. Despite advances in diagnostic technology and surgical approaches to manage these conditions, survival rates have only marginally improved and this has occurred mainly in developed countries. Some improvements in survival, however, have been a result of new management and treatment approaches made possible because of our ever-increasing understanding of the molecular pathways triggered in head and neck oncogenesis, and the growing understanding of the abundant heterogeneity of this group of cancers. Some important pathways are common to other solid tumours, but their impact on reducing the burden of head and neck disease has been less than impressive. Other less known and little-explored pathways may hold the key to the development of potential druggable targets. The extensive work carried out over the last decade, mostly utilising next generation sequencing has opened up the development of many novel approaches to head and neck cancer treatment. This paper explores our current understanding of the molecular pathways of this group of tumours and outlines associated druggable targets which are deployed as therapeutic approaches in head and neck oncology with the ultimate aim of improving patient outcomes and controlling the personal and economic burden of head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Kordbacheh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Camile S. Farah
- The Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Genomics for Life, Brisbane, QLD 4064, Australia
- Anatomical Pathology, Australian Clinical Labs, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Head and Neck Cancer Signalling Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Jian M, Ren L, He G, Lin Q, Tang W, Chen Y, Chen J, Liu T, Ji M, Wei Y, Chang W, Xu J. A novel patient-derived organoids-based xenografts model for preclinical drug response testing in patients with colorectal liver metastases. J Transl Med 2020; 18:234. [PMID: 32532289 PMCID: PMC7291745 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Cancer-related mortality in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is predominantly caused by development of colorectal liver metastases (CLMs). How to screen the sensitive chemotherapy and targeted therapy is the key element to improve the prognosis of CLMs patients. The study aims to develop patient-derived organoids-based xenografted liver metastases (PDOX-LM) model of CRC, to recapitulate the clinical drug response. Methods We transplanted human CRC primary tumor derived organoids in murine spleen to obtain xenografted liver metastases in murine liver. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, whole-exome and RNA sequencing, and drug response testing were utilized to identify the homogeneity in biological and genetic characteristics, and drug response between the PDOX-LM models and donor liver metastases. Results We successfully established PDOX-LM models from patients with CLMs. IHC staining showed that positive expression of CEA, Ki67, VEGF, FGFR2 in donor liver metastases were also well preserved in matched xenografted liver metastases. Whole-exon sequencing and transcriptome analysis showed that both xenografted and donor liver metastases were highly concordant in somatic variants (≥ 0.90 frequency of concordance) and co-expression of driver genes (Pearson’s correlation coefficient reach up to 0.99, P = 0.001). Furthermore, drug response testing showed that the PDOX-LM models can closely recapitulated the clinical response to mFOLFOX6 regiments. Conclusions This PDOX-LM model provides a more convenient and informative platform for preclinical testing of individual tumors by retaining the histologic and genetic features of donor liver metastases. This technology holds great promise to predict treatment sensitivity for patients with CLMs undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jian
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Guodong He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wentao Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yijiao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Meiling Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ye Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wenju Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Kotoula V, Lyberopoulou A, Papadopoulou K, Charalambous E, Alexopoulou Z, Gakou C, Lakis S, Tsolaki E, Lilakos K, Fountzilas G. Evaluation of two highly-multiplexed custom panels for massively parallel semiconductor sequencing on paraffin DNA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128818. [PMID: 26039550 PMCID: PMC4454570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIM Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) holds promise for expanding cancer translational research and diagnostics. As yet, it has been applied on paraffin DNA (FFPE) with commercially available highly multiplexed gene panels (100s of DNA targets), while custom panels of low multiplexing are used for re-sequencing. Here, we evaluated the performance of two highly multiplexed custom panels on FFPE DNA. METHODS Two custom multiplex amplification panels (B, 373 amplicons; T, 286 amplicons) were coupled with semiconductor sequencing on DNA samples from FFPE breast tumors and matched peripheral blood samples (n samples: 316; n libraries: 332). The two panels shared 37% DNA targets (common or shifted amplicons). Panel performance was evaluated in paired sample groups and quartets of libraries, where possible. RESULTS Amplicon read ratios yielded similar patterns per gene with the same panel in FFPE and blood samples; however, performance of common amplicons differed between panels (p<0.001). FFPE genotypes were compared for 1267 coding and non-coding variant replicates, 999 out of which (78.8%) were concordant in different paired sample combinations. Variant frequency was highly reproducible (Spearman's rho 0.959). Repeatedly discordant variants were of high coverage / low frequency (p<0.001). Genotype concordance was (a) high, for intra-run duplicates with the same panel (mean±SD: 97.2±4.7, 95%CI: 94.8-99.7, p<0.001); (b) modest, when the same DNA was analyzed with different panels (mean±SD: 81.1±20.3, 95%CI: 66.1-95.1, p = 0.004); and (c) low, when different DNA samples from the same tumor were compared with the same panel (mean±SD: 59.9±24.0; 95%CI: 43.3-76.5; p = 0.282). Low coverage / low frequency variants were validated with Sanger sequencing even in samples with unfavourable DNA quality. CONCLUSIONS Custom MPS may yield novel information on genomic alterations, provided that data evaluation is adjusted to tumor tissue FFPE DNA. To this scope, eligibility of all amplicons along with variant coverage and frequency need to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Kotoula
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Aggeliki Lyberopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elpida Charalambous
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Chryssa Gakou
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotiris Lakis
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Tsolaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Lilakos
- Department of Haematology, “Laikon” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
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