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Le T, Priefer R. Detection technologies of volatile organic compounds in the breath for cancer diagnoses. Talanta 2023; 265:124767. [PMID: 37327663 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although there are new approaches in both cancer treatment and diagnosis, overall mortality is a major concern. New technologies have attempted to look at breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection to diagnose cancer. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC - MS) have remained the gold standard of VOC analysis for decades, but it has limitations in differentiating VOCs between cancer subtypes. To increase efficacy and accuracy, new methods to analyze these breath VOCs have been introduced, such as Solid Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS), Selected Ion Flow Tube - Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS), Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometry (PRT-MS), Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS), and Colorimetric Sensors. This article highlights new technologies that have been studied and applied in the detection and quantification of breath VOCs for possible cancer diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Le
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, Ma, United States
| | - Ronny Priefer
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, Ma, United States.
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Peled N, Fuchs V, Kestenbaum EH, Oscar E, Bitran R. An Update on the Use of Exhaled Breath Analysis for the Early Detection of Lung Cancer. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2021; 12:81-92. [PMID: 34429674 PMCID: PMC8378913 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s320493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer has historically been the main responsible for cancer associated deaths. Owing to this is our current inability to screen for and diagnose early pathological findings, preventing us from a timely intervention when cure is still achievable. Over the last decade, together with the extraordinary progress in therapeutical alternatives in the field, there has been an ongoing search for a biomarker that would allow for this. Numerous technologies have been developed but their clinical application is yet to come. In this review, we provide an update on volatile organic compounds, a non-invasive method that can hold the key for detecting early metabolic pathway changes in carcinogenesis. For its compilation, web-based search engines of scientific literature such as PubMed were explored and reviewed, using articles, research, and papers deemed meaningful by authors discretion. After a brief description, we depict how this technique can complement current methods and present the value of electronic noses in the identification of the “breathprint”. Lastly, we bring some of the latest updates in the field together with the current limitations and final remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Peled
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vered Fuchs
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Emily H Kestenbaum
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Elron Oscar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Raul Bitran
- The Legacy Heritage Oncology Center & Dr. Larry Norton Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Chen J, Lv X, He H, Qi F, Chen J. Significance of vascular endothelium growth factor testing in exhaled breath condensate of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Technol Health Care 2021; 28:347-354. [PMID: 32364167 PMCID: PMC7369122 DOI: 10.3233/thc-209035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to observe and investigate the clinical significance of vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: An improved EcoScreen condenser was used to collect EBC from 31 ARDS patients on mechanical ventilation and from 22 healthy subjects. Serum and EBC VEGF levels were analyzed with ELISA. VEGF levels in the EBC of patients with different grades of lung injuries were analyzed. The correlation between VEGF levels and clinical indicators was analyzed. RESULTS: Serum and EBC VEGF levels were linearly and positively correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.694 (P< 0.01). The VEGF level in the EBC of ARDS patients was significantly lower than that in the control group (P< 0.01). The VEGF level in the EBC of the mild ARDS group was higher than that in the moderate-severe ARDS group (P< 0.01). The VEGF level in the EBC of the survival group was higher than that in the mortality group. The VEGF level in the EBC of ARDS patients was positively correlated with PaO2/FiO2 and PaO2 and was negatively correlated with lung injury score (LIS) and A-aDO2/PaO2. CONCLUSION: The changes in VEGF levels in the EBC of ARDS patients can Respiratory Medicine, reflect the severity of lung injury. Therefore, VEGF level in EBC can be used as an auxiliary index for judging the severity and prognosis of ARDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Xuedong Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Haiyan He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Intensive Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
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Cainap C, Pop LA, Balacescu O, Cainap SS. Early diagnosis and screening in lung cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1993-2009. [PMID: 32774997 PMCID: PMC7407360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer, but the first cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This rather high death rate is due mainly to the fact that most patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage cancer, for which the conventional treatment does not work. The most used screening method for lung cancer is a low-dose CT scan, but it is recommended for specific age populations and it also started different debates on its advantages for lung cancer diagnosis. Over the year, several new techniques have been developed that are less invasive, have lower side effect, and can be implemented at all types of populations. This article aimed to present the advantages and disadvantages of using several methods for lung cancer diagnosis, including analysis of volatile organic compounds, exhaled breath condensate analysis and specific genomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calin Cainap
- Department of Oncology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj-Napoca, Romania
- Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta Institute of OncologyCluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura A Pop
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu HatieganuCluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Balacescu
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta Institute of OncologyCluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona S Cainap
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Emergency County Hospital for Children, Pediatric Clinic no 2Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Mother and Child, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj-Napoca, Romania
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Kezeminasab S, Emamalizadeh B, Khoubnasabjafari M, Jouyban A. Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Non-Invasive Source for Tracking of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Lung Diseases. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung diseases have been recognized as an extensive cause of morbidity and mortality in the worldwide. The high degree of clinical heterogeneity and nonspecific initial symptoms of lung diseases contribute to a delayed diagnosis. So, the molecular and genomic profiling play a pivotal role in promoting the pulmonary diseases. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as a novel and potential method for sampling the respiratory epithelial lining fluid is to assess the inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, drugs and genetic alterations in the pathophysiologic processes of lung diseases. The recent studies on the analysis of EBC from both a genetic and epigenetic point of view were searched from database and reviewed. This review provides an overview of the current findings in the tracking of genomic and epigenetic alterations which are potentially effective in better management of cancer detection. In addition, respiratory microbiota DNA using EBC samples in association with pulmonary disease especially lung cancer were investigated. Various studies have concluded that EBC has a great potential for analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA alterations as well as epigenetic modifications and identification of respiratory microbiome. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) based genomic profiling of EBC samples is recommended as a promising approach to establish personalized based prevention, diagnosis, treatment and post-treatment follow-ups for patients with lung diseases especially lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Kezeminasab
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babak Emamalizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Kimia Idea Pardaz Azerbaijan (KIPA) Science-Based Company, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Tetik Vardarli A, Pelit L, Aldag C, Korba K, Celebi C, Dizdas TN, Uzun UC, Tayfur E, Aykut A, Karakus HS, Baysal E, Goksel O, Pelit F, Yalcin F, Ertas FN, Basbinar Y, Veral A, Gunduz C, Goksel T. Concordance in molecular genetic analysis of tumour tissue, plasma, and exhaled breath condensate samples from lung cancer patients. J Breath Res 2020; 14:036001. [PMID: 32031993 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab739b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Lung adenocarcinoma is characterized by poor prognosis and short survival rates. Therefore, tools to identify the tumoural molecular structure and guide effective diagnosis and therapy decisions are essential. Surgical biopsies are highly invasive and not conducive for patient follow-up. To better understand disease prognosis, novel non-invasive analytic methods are needed. The aim of the present study is to identify the genetic mutations in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, plasma, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples by next-generation sequencing and evaluate their utility in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. METHOD FFPE, plasma, and EBC samples were collected from 12 lung adenocarcinoma patients before treatment. DNA was extracted from the specimens using an Invitrogen PureLink Genomic DNA Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Amplicon-based sequencing was performed using Ion AmpliSeq Colon and Lung Cancer Research Panel v2. RESULTS Genetic alterations were detected in all FFPE, plasma, and EBC specimens. The mutations in PIK3CA, MET, PTEN, SMAD4, and FGFR2 genes were highly correlated in six patients. Somatic and novel mutations detected in tissue and EBC samples were highly correlated in one additional patient. The EGFR p.L858R and KRAS p.G12C driver mutations were found in both the FFPE tissue specimens and the corresponding EBC samples of the lung adenocarcinoma patients. CONCLUSION The driver mutations were detected in EBC samples from lung adenocarcinoma patients. The analysis of EBC samples represents a promising non-invasive method to detect mutations in lung cancer and guide diagnosis and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Tetik Vardarli
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Izmir-Turkey
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Campanella A, De Summa S, Tommasi S. Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers for lung cancer. J Breath Res 2019; 13:044002. [PMID: 31282387 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab2f9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide and the identification of clinically useful biomarkers for lung cancer detection at both early and metastatic stage is a pressing medical need. Although many improvements have been made in the treatment and in the early screening of this cancer, most diagnosis are made at a late stage, when a lot of genetic and epigenetic changes have occurred. A promising source of biomarkers reflective of the pathogenesis of lung cancer is exhaled breath condensate (EBC), a biological fluid and a natural matrix of the respiratory tract. Molecules such as DNAs, RNAs, proteins, metabolites and volatile compounds are present in EBC, and their presence/absence or their variation in concentrations can be used as biomarkers. The aims of this review are to briefly describe exhaled breath composition, firstly, and then to document some of the EBC candidate biomarkers for lung cancer by dividing them according to their origin (genome, transcriptome, epigenome, metabolome, proteome and microbiota) in order to demonstrate the potential use of EBC as a helpful tool in cancer diagnostics, molecular profiling, therapy monitoring and screening of high risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Campanella
- Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
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Koc A, Goksel T, Pelit L, Korba K, Dizdas TN, Baysal E, Uzun UC, Kaya OO, Ozyilmaz B, Kutbay YB, Ozdemir TR, Kirbiyik O, Erdogan KM, Guvenc MS, Kocal GC, Basbinar Y. cfDNA in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and contamination by ambient air: toward volatile biopsies. J Breath Res 2019; 13:036006. [PMID: 30970343 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab17ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath is a source of volatile and nonvolatile biomarkers in the body that can be accessed non-invasively and used for monitoring. The collection of lung secretions by conventional methods such as bronchoalveolar lavage, induced sputum collection, and core biopsies is limited by the invasive nature of these methods. Non-invasive collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) provides fluid samples that are representative of airway lining fluids. Various volatile and nonvolatile biomarkers can be detected in volatile condensates, such as H2O2, nitric oxide, lipid mediators, cytokines, chemokines, DNA, and microRNAs. Studies have examined cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in plasma samples from non-small-cell lung cancer patients, offering to new insights and fostering development of the liquid biopsy. However, few studies have examined cfDNA in EBC samples. This study examined whether EBC is an appropriate source of cfDNA using housekeeping-gene-specific primer probes and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in healthy subjects. Ambient (room) air is contaminated with DNA, so caution is needed. Preliminary studies indicated that volatile biopsies are becoming an important diagnostic tool in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altug Koc
- Department of Translational Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. Genetic Diagnosis Center, Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Izmir, Turkey
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Non-invasive approaches for lung cancer diagnosis. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12055-017-0600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Youssef O, Sarhadi VK, Armengol G, Piirilä P, Knuuttila A, Knuutila S. Exhaled breath condensate as a source of biomarkers for lung carcinomas. A focus on genetic and epigenetic markers-A mini-review. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:905-914. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Youssef
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Virinder Kaur Sarhadi
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Gemma Armengol
- Unit of Biological Anthropology, Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Päivi Piirilä
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, HUS-Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University; Helsinki Finland
| | - Aija Knuuttila
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki Finland
| | - Sakari Knuutila
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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