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Vudatha V, Herremans KM, Freudenberger DC, Liu C, Trevino JG. In vivo models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 159:75-112. [PMID: 37268402 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with high mortality rate. Within the next decade, PDAC is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-associated death in the United States. Understanding the pathophysiology of PDAC tumorigenesis and metastases is crucial toward developing new therapeutics. One of the challenges in cancer research is generating in vivo models that closely recapitulate the genomic, histological, and clinical characteristics of human tumors. An ideal model for PDAC not only captures the tumor and stromal environment of human disease, but also allows for mutational control and is easy to reproduce in terms of time and cost. In this review, we highlight evolution of in vivo models for PDAC including spontaneous tumors models (i.e., chemical induction, genetic modification, viral delivery), implantation models including patient derived xenografts (PDX), and humanized PDX. We discuss the implementation of each system and evaluate the benefits and shortcomings of these models. Overall, this review provides a broad overview of prior and current techniques of in vivo PDAC modeling and their associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Vudatha
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kelly M Herremans
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Devon C Freudenberger
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Christopher Liu
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jose G Trevino
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; Division of Surgical Oncology, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Chang CY, Lin CC. Hydrogel Models with Stiffness Gradients for Interrogating Pancreatic Cancer Cell Fate. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:37. [PMID: 33805737 PMCID: PMC8002168 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer and has seen only modest improvements in patient survival rate over the past few decades. PDAC is highly aggressive and resistant to chemotherapy, owing to the presence of a dense and hypovascularized fibrotic tissue, which is composed of stromal cells and extracellular matrices. Increase deposition and crosslinking of matrices by stromal cells lead to a heterogeneous microenvironment that aids in PDAC development. In the past decade, various hydrogel-based, in vitro tumor models have been developed to mimic and recapitulate aspects of the tumor microenvironment in PDAC. Advances in hydrogel chemistry and engineering should provide a venue for discovering new insights regarding how matrix properties govern PDAC cell growth, migration, invasion, and drug resistance. These engineered hydrogels are ideal for understanding how variation in matrix properties contributes to the progressiveness of cancer cells, including durotaxis, the directional migration of cells in response to a stiffness gradient. This review surveys the various hydrogel-based, in vitro tumor models and the methods to generate gradient stiffness for studying migration and other cancer cell fate processes in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Chang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Chien-Chi Lin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Kong K, Guo M, Liu Y, Zheng J. Progress in Animal Models of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:1555-1567. [PMID: 32047562 PMCID: PMC6995380 DOI: 10.7150/jca.37529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common gastrointestinal tumor, the incidence of pancreatic cancer has been increasing in recent years. The disease shows multi-gene, multi-step complex evolution from occurrence to dissemination. Furthermore, pancreatic cancer has an insidious onset and an extremely poor prognosis, so it is difficult to obtain cinical specimens at different stages of the disease, and it is, therefore, difficult to observe tumorigenesis and tumor development in patients with pancreatic cancer. At present, no standard protocols stipulate clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer, and the benefit rate of new targeted therapies is low. For this reason, a well-established preclinical model of pancreatic cancer must be established to allow further exploration of the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis mechanism of pancreatic cancer, as well as to facilitate research into new therapeutic targets. A large number of animal models of pancreatic cancer are currently available, including a cancer cell line-based xenograft, a patient-derived xenograft, several mouse models (including transgenic mice), and organoid models. These models have their own characteristics, but they still cannot perfectly predict the clinical outcome of the new treatment. In this paper, we present the distinctive features of the currently popular pancreatic cancer models, and discuss their preparation methods, clinical relations, scientific purposes and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Kong
- Pathology Department of Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Meng Guo
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology &Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Pathology Department of Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology &Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Pathology Department of Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
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Yu X, Yao L, Di Y, He H, Li X, Zhang C, Fu D, Jin C, Li J. Application of Deuteporfin in the Metastatic Lymph Node Mapping of Pancreatic Cancer: An in vivo Study. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 92:325-330. [PMID: 26833269 DOI: 10.1111/php.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For most cancer patients, the presence of metastatic lymph nodes usually indicates regional recurrence and poor prognosis. Therefore, lymph node mapping is a requisite for disease staging, prognosis prediction and decision making in the treatment of cancer. Deuteporfin, a second-generation photosensitizer, has a maximum excitation wavelength that can reach the near infrared (NIR) region (650-700 nm). We aimed to take advantage of these aspects of deuteporfin and use it as a fluorescent probe for metastatic lymph node mapping in vivo using NIR fluorescent imaging. In our study, we further investigated whether a photosensitizer could be used as a tracer for metastatic lymph node mapping of pancreatic cancer based on previous reports. Compared to normal tissues, tumor tissues including primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes had a higher uptake ability of deuteporfin (P < 0.05). Our research confirmed this targeting property of deuteporfin using in vivo fluorescent imaging. Consistent with observations from in vivo imaging experiments, frozen sections of metastatic lymph nodes intuitively displayed significantly higher and wider distributions of deuteporfin than normal sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Yu
- Pancreatic Surgery Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lie Yao
- Pancreatic Surgery Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Di
- Pancreatic Surgery Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang He
- Pancreatic Surgery Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deliang Fu
- Pancreatic Surgery Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Jin
- Pancreatic Surgery Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Li
- Pancreatic Surgery Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yu X, Zhu W, Di Y, Gu J, Guo Z, Li H, Fu D, Jin C. Triple-functional albumin-based nanoparticles for combined chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy of pancreatic cancer with lymphatic metastases. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6771-6785. [PMID: 28979117 PMCID: PMC5602453 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s131295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis is the major metastatic pattern of pancreatic cancer and considered as an independent risk factor of survival. However, there is still no effective way for the diagnosis and treatment for lymphatic metastases of pancreatic cancer. In this study, using albumin as a carrier of gemcitabine (Gem), further modified by pyropheophorbide-a, we have designed and synthesized a nanoparticle (NP) compound named "pheophorbide-a (P@)-Gem-human serum albumin (HSA)-NPs". By utilization of its tracer ability of lymphatic metastases, which is triggered by near-infrared irradiation and its visible dying ability, the compound is used for drug delivery tracking, meanwhile as a treating drug, as well as the combined effect of photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. By the nude mice model of lymphatic metastases of pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3-LN7), we aim to explore the feasibility, effectiveness, and biological safety of diagnosis and treatment for the lymphatic metastases of pancreatic cancer by P@-Gem-HSA-NP, thereby, providing new methods and strategies for the study of nanodrug carrier and research on lymphatic metastases of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Di
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Jichun Gu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Zhongyi Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Hengchao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Deliang Fu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
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