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Rahimian N, Sheida A, Rajabi M, Heidari MM, Tobeiha M, Esfahani PV, Ahmadi Asouri S, Hamblin MR, Mohamadzadeh O, Motamedzadeh A, Khaksary Mahabady M. Non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in pituitary adenoma. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154649. [PMID: 37453360 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenoma (PA) is the third most common primary intracranial tumor in terms of overall disease incidence. Although they are benign tumors, they can have a variety of clinical symptoms, but are mostly asymptomatic, which often leads to diagnosis at an advanced stage when surgical intervention is ineffective. Earlier identification of PA could reduce morbidity and allow better clinical management of the affected patients. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) do not generally code for proteins, but can modulate biological processes at the post-transcriptional level through a variety of molecular mechanisms. An increased number of ncRNA expression profiles have been found in PAs. Therefore, understanding the expression patterns of different ncRNAs could be a promising method for developing non-invasive biomarkers. This review summarizes the expression patterns of dysregulated ncRNAs (microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs) involved in PA, which could one day serve as innovative biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the treatment of this neoplasia. We also discuss the potential molecular pathways by which the dysregulated ncRNAs could cause PA and affect its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Rahimian
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sheida
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Rajabi
- Department of Pathology, Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Heidari
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tobeiha
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Pegah Veradi Esfahani
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sahar Ahmadi Asouri
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Omid Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Motamedzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Khaksary Mahabady
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Hallén T, Johannsson G, Dahlén R, Glad CAM, Örndal C, Engvall A, Carén H, Skoglund T, Olsson DS. Genome-wide DNA Methylation Differences in Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas With and Without Postsurgical Progression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2318-2328. [PMID: 35485764 PMCID: PMC9282265 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tumor progression in surgically treated patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) is associated with excess mortality. Reliable biomarkers allowing early identification of tumor progression are missing. OBJECTIVE To explore DNA methylation patterns associated with tumor progression in NFPA patients. METHODS This case-controlled exploratory trial at a university hospital studied patients who underwent surgery for NFPA that had immunohistochemical characteristics of a gonadotropinoma. Cases included patients requiring reintervention due to tumor progression (reintervention group, n = 26) and controls who had a postoperative residual tumor without tumor progression for at least 5 years (radiologically stable group, n = 17). Genome-wide methylation data from each tumor sample were analyzed using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip platform. RESULTS The analysis showed that 605 CpG positions were significantly differently methylated (differently methylated positions, DMPs) between the patient groups (false discovery rate adjusted P value < 0.05, beta value > 0.2), mapping to 389 genes. The largest number of DMPs were detected in the genes NUP93 and LGALS1. The 3 hypomethylated DMPs and the 3 hypermethylated DMPs with the lowest P values were all significantly (P < 0.05) and individually associated with reintervention-free survival. One of the hypermethylated DMPs with the lowest P value was located in the gene GABRA1. CONCLUSION In this exploratory study, DNA methylation patterns in NFPA patients were associated with postoperative tumor progression requiring reintervention. The DMPs included genes that have been previously associated with tumor development. Our study is a step toward finding epigenetic signatures to predict tumor progression in patients with NFPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hallén
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rahil Dahlén
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camilla A M Glad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Örndal
- Unilabs Pathology Sweden AB, Department of Pathology and Cytology, Skaraborgs Hospital, 541 85 Skövde
| | - Angelica Engvall
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Carén
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Skoglund
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel S Olsson
- Correspondence: Assoc. Prof. Daniel S. Olsson, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Box 428, SE-405 30, Sweden.
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Cheng J, Nie D, Li B, Gui S, Li C, Zhang Y, Zhao P. CircNFIX promotes progression of pituitary adenoma via CCNB1 by sponging miR-34a -5p. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 525:111140. [PMID: 33359304 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that CCNB1 affects the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas, and it is of great significance to find the upstream mechanism of regulating CCNB1.In this study, we explored a significantly overexpressed circRNA in invasive pituitary adenomas. Based on bioinformatics analysis and mechanism experiments, we determined that circNFIX (has-circ_0005660) affects cell invasion, migration and proliferation in pituitary adenomas by sponging miR-34a-5p through CCNB1. In pituitary adenoma tissues, the expression of circNFIX and CCNB1 was upregulated, while miR-34a-5p expression was downregulated. The silencing of circNFIX or overexpression of miR-34a-5p inhibited cell invasion, migration and proliferation. Inhibition of miR-34a-5p expression reversed the inhibitory effect of circNFIX silencing on the progression of pituitary adenoma. In conclusion, CircNFIX affects cell invasion, migration, and proliferation in pituitary adenomas by sponging miR-34a-5p through CCNB1. Therefore, circNFIX is expected to serve as a potential target for the treatment of pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Cheng
- Neurosurgical Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Ding Nie
- Neurosurgical Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Cell and Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - SongBai Gui
- Neurosurgical Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - ChuZhong Li
- Department of Cell and Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - YaZhuo Zhang
- Department of Cell and Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Neurosurgical Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
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He X, Gao K, Lu S, Wu R. LncRNA HOTTIP leads to osteoarthritis progression via regulating miR-663a/ Fyn-related kinase axis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:67. [PMID: 33435956 PMCID: PMC7802157 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has been implicated in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). This study was aimed to explore the role and molecular mechanism of lncRNA HOXA terminal transcriptional RNA (HOTTIP) in the development of OA. METHODS The expression of HOTTIP, miR-663a and Fyn-related kinase (FRK) in the OA articular cartilage and OA chondrocyte model induced by IL-1β was determined by qRT-PCR. CCK-8, colony formation and flow cytometry were used to determine the cell proliferation and apoptosis of OA chondrocytes. The specific molecular mechanism of HOTTIP in OA chondrocytes was determined by dual luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, western blotting and RNA pull-down. RESULTS The expression of HOTTIP and FRK were up-regulated, while miR-663a was down-regulated in OA cartilage tissues. Knockdown of HOTTIP decreased the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of OA cartilage model cells, while overexpression of HOTTIP increased the proliferation and reduced the apoptosis of OA cartilage model cells. Moreover, HOTTIP could bind to miR-663a as competitive endogenous RNA. Inhibition of miR-663a expression could alleviate the effect of HOTTIP knockdown on the proliferation and apoptosis of OA cartilage model cells. Furthermore, FRK was found to be a direct target of miR-663a, which could markedly down-regulate the expression of FRK in OA chondrocytes, while HOTTIP could remarkably up-regulate the expression of FRK. In addition, miR-663a inhibition increased the proliferation and reduced the apoptosis of OA cells, while FRK knockdown reversed the effect of miR-663a inhibition on the proliferation and apoptosis of OA cells. Meanwhile, overexpression of miR-663a decreased the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of OA cells, while overexpression of FRK reversed the effect of miR-663a overexpression on the proliferation and apoptosis of OA cells. CONCLUSION HOTTIP was involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of OA chondrocytes via miR-663a/ FRK axis, and HOTTIP/miR-663a/FRK might be a potential target for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fudan University Jinshan Hospital, No.1508 Longhang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai City, 201508, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Ze Tian Xing Zhi Di Cosmetology Clinic, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Shuaihua Lu
- Ze Tian Xing Zhi Di Cosmetology Clinic, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Rongbo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fudan University Jinshan Hospital, No.1508 Longhang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai City, 201508, China.
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Li B, Cheng J, Wang H, Zhao S, Zhu H, Li C, Zhang Y, Zhao P. CCNB1 affects cavernous sinus invasion in pituitary adenomas through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Transl Med 2019; 17:336. [PMID: 31585531 PMCID: PMC6778375 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between cyclin B1 (CCNB1) gene expression and cavernous sinus invasion in pituitary adenomas. METHODS Twenty-four pituitary adenoma tissue samples were examined by RT-qPCR and Western blot to assess the mRNA expression levels and protein levels of CCNB1, E-cadherin and N-cadherin. Correlation analyses between the expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and CCNB1 were performed. After lentivirus-mediated knockdown of CCNB1 in rat pituitary adenoma cell lines (GH3 and GT1-1), cell function changes were studied. The relationship between CCNB1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was further verified by animal experiments. RESULTS CCNB1 and N-cadherin gene expression were significantly higher in the invasive pituitary adenomas than in the non-invasive pituitary adenomas. Conversely, E-cadherin expression in the invasive pituitary adenomas was significantly lower. CCNB1 gene expression was downregulated in the GH3 and GT1-1 pituitary adenoma cell lines; N-cadherin expression was also decreased, but E-cadherin expression was increased. These results were confirmed in vivo. After downregulation of CCNB1, cell invasion and migration was significantly reduced in Transwell experiments. CONCLUSION High CCNB1 expression in pituitary adenoma affects cavernous sinus invasion through EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Neurosurgical Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- Neurosurgical Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Department of Cell and Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Sida Zhao
- Department of Cell and Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- Neurosurgical Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Department of Cell and Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Department of Cell and Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Neurosurgical Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
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Portrait of Tissue-Specific Coexpression Networks of Noncoding RNAs (miRNA and lncRNA) and mRNAs in Normal Tissues. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:9029351. [PMID: 31565069 PMCID: PMC6745163 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9029351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Genes that encode proteins playing a role in more than one biological process are frequently dependent on their tissue context, and human diseases result from the altered interplay of tissue- and cell-specific processes. In this work, we performed a computational approach that identifies tissue-specific co-expression networks by integrating miRNAs, long-non-coding RNAs, and mRNAs in more than eight thousands of human samples from thirty normal tissue types. Our analysis (1) shows that long-non coding RNAs and miRNAs have a high specificity, (2) confirms several known tissue-specific RNAs, and (3) identifies new tissue-specific co-expressed RNAs that are currently still not described in the literature. Some of these RNAs interact with known tissue-specific RNAs or are crucial in key cancer functions, suggesting that they are implicated in tissue specification or cell differentiation.
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Hou Z, Yang J, Wang G, Wang C, Zhang H. Bioinformatic analysis of gene expression profiles of pituitary gonadotroph adenomas. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1655-1663. [PMID: 29434861 PMCID: PMC5776930 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify genes, microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) or pathways associated with the development of pituitary gonadotroph adenomas. The array data of GSE23207, which included 16 samples of multiple endocrine neoplasia-associated rat pituitary homozygous mutations and 5 pituitary tissue samples from healthy rats, were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed prior to functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. miRNAs associated with DEGs were predicted, and an miRNA-target regulatory network was constructed. A total of 187 upregulated and 370 downregulated DEGs were identified in the pituitary gonadotroph adenoma group compared with the healthy (control) group. Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 1 exhibited the highest degree in the PPI network. The upregulated DEGs were predominately enriched in ‘neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction’ pathway, and downregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in ‘cell cycle’. The DEGs in module were predominately enriched in the ‘cell cycle’, whereas DEGs in module b and c were enriched in ‘neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction’. miR-374, −153, −145 and −33 were identified as important miRNAs in the regulation of the DEGs. Cdk1, cyclin (Ccn) A2, Ccnb1, ‘cell cycle’ and ‘neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction’ pathways may serve important roles in the development of pituitary gonadotroph adenomas; Ccna2 and Ccnb1 may contribute to this development via an effect on the ‘cell cycle’ pathway. Furthermore, miR-374 and −145 may contribute to the development of pituitary gonadotroph adenomas via regulation of the expression of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Changjiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
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Zhao P, Zhang P, Hu W, Wang H, Yu G, Wang Z, Li C, Bai J, Zhang Y. Upregulation of cyclin B1 plays potential roles in the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 43:267-273. [PMID: 28601573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Predicting aggressive or malignant behavior of pituitary adenomas (PAs) remains challenging. Aberrant expression of cyclin B1 (CCNB1) occurred in various tumors including PAs. Our study was aimed to explore its roles in the development of PAs aggressiveness. According to the integrated analysis, the expression of CCNB1 was evaluated. Following bioinformatics analysis was performed to uncover the pathways CCNB1 involved in and the upstream transcriptional regulation factors. The mRNA expression of CCNB1 was verified by qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry analysis was conducted to examine the expression of CCNB1 protein in three groups of PAs (non-invasive, invasive and aggressive-invasive). In this study, CCNB1 was up-regulated in PAs versus normal pituitary. Functional annotation revealed CCNB1 was mainly involved in p53 signaling pathway and cell cycle, which affected proliferation and contributed to tumorigenesis. The constructed transcriptional regulatory network contained 22 upstream transcriptional factors for CCNB1. Moreover, the network also suggested the interactions between CCNB1 and other genes implicated in proliferation (BUB1, CDC25C and TTK). Immunohistochemistry showed staining of CCNB1 was positive in PAs, and its expression was gradually enhanced with the increased invasiveness. In conclusion, up-regulation of CCNB1, together with other regulatory molecules in cell cycle, may play roles in the PAs pathology and could be an indicator for invasiveness of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chuiyangliu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuang Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiwei Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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