TOX3 protein expression is correlated with pathological characteristics in breast cancer

Exploring Genetic Interactions in Colombian Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Study on SNP-SNP Associations

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic disorder with high prevalence in women around the world. The identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) through genome-wide association studies has classified it as a polygenic disease. Most studies have independently evaluated the contribution of each SNP to the risk of PCOS. Few studies have assessed the effect of epistasis among the identified SNPs. Therefore, this exploratory study aimed to evaluate the interaction of 27 SNPs identified as risk candidates and their contribution to the pathogenesis of PCOS. The study population included 49 control women and 49 women with PCOS with a normal BMI. Genotyping was carried out through the MassARRAY iPLEX single-nucleotide polymorphism typing platform. Using the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method, the interaction between SNPs was evaluated. The analysis showed that the best interaction model (p < 0.0001) was composed of three loci (rs11692782-FSHR, rs2268361-FSHR, and rs4784165-TOX3). Furthermore, a tendency towards synergy was evident between rs2268361 and the SNPs rs7371084-rs11692782-rs4784165, as well as a redundancy in rs7371084-rs11692782-rs4784165. This pilot study suggests that epistasis may influence PCOS pathophysiology. Large-scale analysis is needed to deepen our understanding of its impact on this complex syndrome affecting thousands of women.

Expression- and splicing-based multi-tissue transcriptome-wide association studies identified multiple genes for breast cancer by estrogen-receptor status

BACKGROUND

Although several transcriptome-wide association studies (TWASs) have been performed to identify genes associated with overall breast cancer (BC) risk, only a few TWAS have explored the differences in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancer. Additionally, these studies were based on gene expression prediction models trained primarily in breast tissue, and they did not account for alternative splicing of genes.

METHODS

In this study, we utilized two approaches to perform multi-tissue TWASs of breast cancer by ER subtype: (1) an expression-based TWAS that combined TWAS signals for each gene across multiple tissues and (2) a splicing-based TWAS that combined TWAS signals of all excised introns for each gene across tissues. To perform this TWAS, we utilized summary statistics for ER + BC from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) and for ER- BC from a meta-analysis of BCAC and the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 (CIMBA).

RESULTS

In total, we identified 230 genes in 86 loci that were associated with ER + BC and 66 genes in 29 loci that were associated with ER- BC at a Bonferroni threshold of significance. Of these genes, 2 genes associated with ER + BC at the 1q21.1 locus were located at least 1 Mb from published GWAS hits. For several well-studied tumor suppressor genes such as TP53 and CHEK2 which have historically been thought to impact BC risk through rare, penetrant mutations, we discovered that common variants, which modulate gene expression, may additionally contribute to ER + or ER- etiology.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study comprehensively examined how differences in common variation contribute to molecular differences between ER + and ER- BC and introduces a novel, splicing-based framework that can be used in future TWAS studies.

The largest genome-wide association study for breast cancer in Taiwanese Han population

PURPOSE

Breast cancer is a molecularly heterogeneous disease, and multiple genetic variants contribute to its development and prognosis. Most of previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic risk scores (PRSs) analyses focused on studying breast cancers of Caucasian populations, which may not be applicable to other population. Therefore, we conducted the largest breast cancer cohort of Taiwanese population to fill in the knowledge gap.

METHODS

A total of 152,534 Participants recruited by China Medical University Hospital between 2003 and 2019 were filtered by several patient selection criteria and GWAS quality control steps, resulting in the inclusion of 2496 cases and 9984 controls for this study. We then conducted GWAS for all breast cancers and PRS analyses for all breast cancers and the four breast cancer subtypes, including luminal A, luminal B, basal-like, and HER2-enriched.

RESULTS

The GWAS analyses identified 113 SNPs, 50 of which were novel. The PRS models for all breast cancers and the luminal A subtype showed positively correlated trends between the PRS and the risk of developing breast cancer. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the groups with the highest PRS in all breast cancers and the luminal A subtype were 5.33 (3.79-7.66) and 3.55 (2.13-6.14), respectively.

CONCLUSION

In summary, we explored the association of genetic variants with breast cancer in the largest Taiwanese cohort and developed two PRS models that can predict the risk of developing any breast cancer and the luminal A subtype in Taiwanese women.

A novel TOX3-WDR5-ABCG2 signaling axis regulates the progression of colorectal cancer by accelerating stem-like traits and chemoresistance

The eradication of cancer stem cells (CSCs) with drug resistance confers the probability of local tumor control after chemotherapy or targeted therapy. As the main drug resistance marker, ABCG2 is also critical for colorectal cancer (CRC) evolution, in particular cancer stem-like traits expansion. Hitherto, the knowledge about the expression regulation of ABCG2, in particular its upstream transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, remains limited in cancer, including CRC. Here, ABCG2 was found to be markedly up-regulated in CRC CSCs (cCSCs) expansion and chemo-resistant CRC tissues and closely associated with CRC recurrence. Mechanistically, TOX3 was identified as a specific transcriptional factor to drive ABCG2 expression and subsequent cCSCs expansion and chemoresistance by binding to -261 to -141 segments of the ABCG2 promoter region. Moreover, we found that TOX3 recruited WDR5 to promote tri-methylation of H3K4 at the ABCG2 promoter in cCSCs, which further confers stem-like traits and chemoresistance to CRC by co-regulating the transcription of ABCG2. In line with this observation, TOX3, WDR5, and ABCG2 showed abnormal activation in chemo-resistant tumor tissues of in situ CRC mouse model and clinical investigation further demonstrated the comprehensive assessment of TOX3, WDR5, and ABCG2 could be a more efficient strategy for survival prediction of CRC patients with recurrence or metastasis. Thus, our study found that TOX3-WDR5/ABCG2 signaling axis plays a critical role in regulating CRC stem-like traits and chemoresistance, and a combination of chemotherapy with WDR5 inhibitors may induce synthetic lethality in ABCG2-deregulated tumors.

The Prognostic Value of the Developmental Gene FZD6 in Young Saudi Breast Cancer Patients: A Biomarkers Discovery and Cancer Inducers OncoScreen Approach

Wnt signalling receptors, Frizzleds (FZDs), play a pivotal role in many cellular events during embryonic development and cancer. Female breast cancer (BC) is currently the worldwide leading incident cancer type that cause 1 in 6 cancer-related death. FZD receptors expression in cancer was shown to be associated with tumour development and patient outcomes including recurrence and survival. FZD6 received little attention for its role in BC and hence we analysed its expression pattern in a Saudi BC cohort to assess its prognostic potential and unravel the impacted signalling pathway. Paraffin blocks from approximately 405 randomly selected BC patients aged between 25 and 70 years old were processed for tissue microarray using an automated tissue arrayer and then subjected to FZD6 immunohistochemistry staining using the Ventana platform. Besides, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) knowledgebase was used to decipher the upstream and downstream regulators of FZD6 in BC. TargetScan and miRabel target-prediction databases were used to identify the potential microRNA to regulate FZD6 expression in BC. Results showed that 60% of the BC samples had a low expression pattern while 40% showed a higher expression level. FZD6 expression analysis showed a significant correlation with tumour invasion (p < 0.05), and borderline significance with tumour grade (p = 0.07). FZD6 expression showed a highly significant association with the BC patients’ survival outcomes. This was mainly due to the overall patients’ cohort where tumours with FZD6 elevated expression showed higher recurrence rates (DFS, p < 0.0001, log-rank) and shorter survival times (DSS, p < 0.02, log-rank). Interestingly, the FZD6 prognostic value was more potent in younger BC patients as compared to those with late onset of the disease. TargetScan microRNA target-prediction analysis and validated by miRabel showed that FZD6 is a potential target for a considerable number of microRNAs expressed in BC. The current study demonstrates a potential prognostic role of FZD6 expression in young BC female patients and provides a better understanding of the involved molecular silencing machinery of the Wnt/FZD6 signalling. Our results should provide a better understanding of FZD6 role in BC by adding more knowledge that should help in BC prevention and theranostics.

Differential gene expression of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells in advanced versus early stage colorectal cancer and identification of a gene signature of poor prognosis

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play indispensable roles in the progression and response to treatment of solid tumors. However, the prognostic significance of CD4⁺ TILs is not fully disclosed in cancers generally and in CRC in particular, mainly due to the existence of different functional subsets of CD4⁺ T cells. We performed transcriptomic profiling of CD4⁺ TILs isolated from CRC patients in order to identify differentially expressed genes and their functional pathways in early versus advanced disease stages. We found that in advanced stages, genes related to immune and inflammatory responses, in particular Th1-mediated immune response and cytotoxicity-mediated genes, were downregulated; while epigenetic-mediated silencing genes were upregulated. Interestingly, we identified genes, which were steadily upregulated or downregulated in CD4⁺ TILs with CRC progression from stage I to IV. Additionally, of the top 200 deregulated genes, 43 upregulated and 64 downregulated genes showed similar deregulation trends in the cancer genome atlas CRC dataset. From these 97 deregulated genes, we identified a “poor prognosis CD4 gene signature (ppCD4sig)”. Patients with high ppCD4sig score showed shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) and progression-free interval (PFI). The ppCD4sig was an independent prognostic indicator for DSS (HR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.32–2.27, P = 0.0001) and PFI (HR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.3–2.35, P = 0.0016). Additionally, patients at advanced stages and at a younger age (<55 years) were more likely to have a high ppCD4sig score. Altogether, our data provide novel insights and a unique prognostic gene signature of CD4⁺ TILs in the CRC microenvironment.

TOX3 Promotes Ovarian Estrogen Synthesis: An RNA-Sequencing and Network Study

BACKGROUND

Women who undergo chronic exposure to excessive estrogen are at a high risk of developing breast cancer. TOX3 has been reported to be highly expressed in breast tumors and is closely related to estrogen receptors. However, the effect of TOX3 on estrogen synthesis remains poorly understood.

METHODS

Using lentiviruses as a vector, we stably overexpressed TOX3 in the ovarian granulosa cell line KGN, the cells where estradiol is primarily produced, to investigate its role in estrogen production as well as cell viability and apoptosis. RNA-Sequencing was applied to uncover the global gene expression upon TOX3 overexpression.

RESULTS

We observed an increased level of cell viability and a reduced cell apoptosis rate after TOX3 overexpression, and the level of estradiol in the cell culture supernatant also increased significantly. Gene set enrichment analysis of the transcriptome showed that the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway was significantly enriched. Similarly, pathway mapping using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses also showed that TOX3 overexpression affects the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway. Further experiments showed that upregulated FSHR, CYP19A1, and BMP6 accounted for the enhanced estrogen synthesis.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that TOX3 quantitatively and qualitatively stimulates estrogen synthesis by enhancing estrogen signaling pathway-related gene expression in ovarian granulosa cells. These findings suggest that TOX3 may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.

TOX3 is a favorable prognostic indicator and potential immunomodulatory factor in lung adenocarcinoma

Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box (TOX) genes represent a novel family of genes. Deregulated expression of TOXs has been reported in a variety of cancer types, including lung cancer. It has also been reported that TOXs are crucial regulators of the immune system. The present study systematically evaluated the prognostic values of TOX family members using a set of publicly accessible databases, including Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier plotter and cBioPortal. It was revealed that TOX expression profiles differed between lung cancer and normal tissues, and high expression of TOX mRNAs generally predicted improved survival outcomes. Notably, TOX3 expression was significantly increased in lung adenocarcinoma, compared with other pathological subtypes of lung cancer. Survival analysis demonstrated that elevated TOX3 expression was significantly associated with improved progression-free and overall survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that TOX3 expression was negatively correlated with the expression of programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1), PD-ligand 1 and Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 in lung adenocarcinoma. These results indicated that TOX3 is a prognostic indicator and promising immunomodulatory factor in lung adenocarcinoma. Future studies investigating the role of TOX3 in lung cancer immunity are warranted.

Soy Foods Might Weaken the Sensitivity of Tamoxifen in Premenopausal Patients With Lumina A Subtype of Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

Based on estrogen active substances, many women consume soy foods in the belief that it could prevent breast cancer (BC). Women with different molecular subtypes would be likely to have diverse reactions to soy foods, especially those with the estrogen-receptor-positive (ER⁺) subtype. The aim of the current study is to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on soy foods in premenopausal patients with Lumina A subtype of BC (LABC) after soy food treatment, and to further investigate the critical molecule change.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

GSE58792 retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus was analyzed to obtain DEGs using GEO2R. Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were performed using FunRich and GeneMINIA. Overall survival of critical genes was performed by the Kaplan-Meier plotter online tool.

RESULTS

A total of 108 DEGs were obtained from the dataset, among which 35 were up-regulated and 73 down-regulated. Soy foods significantly reduced the expression of TFF3, TFF1, GATA3, and ESR1, which were related to the activity of the ER-related pathway and the sensitivity of tamoxifen. Furthermore, the lower expressions of TOX3, FSIP1, ESR1, and CLGN were related to prolonged survival time of patients with BC. The most significant signaling pathways were epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in up-regulated DEGs, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, and mammary gland alveolus development in down-regulated DEGs, which were all related to the development and prognosis of BC.

CONCLUSIONS

Soy foods could dramatically alter the ER-related gene profile in LABC. Particularly, down-regulated DEGs of TFF3, TFF1, GATA3, and ESR1 might weaken the sensitivity of tamoxifen and increase the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in premenopausal patients with LABC.

LOX and ACSL5 as potential relapse markers for pancreatic cancer patients

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant diseases and has a poor prognosis. The screening and validation of biomarkers with predictive value for prognosis and treatment efficacy are important. To identify potential prognostic markers of pancreatic cancer patients, we conducted a study that included 99 pancreatic cancer patients. Three patients with PFS>18 months were enrolled in the treat group, and three patients with PFS<12 months were enrolled in the control group. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these two groups were analyzed by whole-genome expression microarray. A total of 178 DEGs were identified, including 110 up-regulated and 68 down-regulated genes. Next, 24 candidate genes were selected for validation by qPCR based on fold change and previous studies. The results showed that the mRNA levels of four candidate genes, including ACSL5, SLC44A4, LOX, and TOX3, were correlated with PFS. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to validate the protein expression levels of these four markers. The results showed that patients with LOX ^high, ACSL5 ^low and TOX3 ^low expression had a significantly shorter PFS than those with LOX ^low, ACSL5 ^high and TOX3 ^high expression. Multivariable analysis revealed differentiation, tumor stage, LOX expression, and ACSL5 expression were independent prognostic factors for PFS. Then, we use the TCGA database to explore the underlying mechanism of LOX influence pancreatic cancer progression. Protein-protein interaction network of ACSL5 was established by STRING to uncover the potential regulation mechanism. Our findings reveal that LOX and ACSL5 are potential prognostic markers for the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients.