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Michalczuk MT, Longo L, Keingeski MB, Basso BDS, Guerreiro GTS, Ferrari JT, Vargas JE, Oliveira CP, Uribe-Cruz C, Cerski CTS, Filippi-Chiela E, Álvares-da-Silva MR. Rifaximin on epigenetics and autophagy in animal model of hepatocellular carcinoma secondary to metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:75-90. [PMID: 38313241 PMCID: PMC10835481 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing, especially in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). AIM To investigate rifaximin (RIF) effects on epigenetic/autophagy markers in animals. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n = 8, each) and treated from 5-16 wk: Control [standard diet, water plus gavage with vehicle (Veh)], HCC [high-fat choline deficient diet (HFCD), diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in drinking water and Veh gavage], and RIF [HFCD, DEN and RIF (50 mg/kg/d) gavage]. Gene expression of epigenetic/autophagy markers and circulating miRNAs were obtained. RESULTS All HCC and RIF animals developed metabolic-dysfunction associated steatohepatitis fibrosis, and cirrhosis, but three RIF-group did not develop HCC. Comparing animals who developed HCC with those who did not, miR-122, miR-34a, tubulin alpha-1c (Tuba-1c), metalloproteinases-2 (Mmp2), and metalloproteinases-9 (Mmp9) were significantly higher in the HCC-group. The opposite occurred with Becn1, coactivator associated arginine methyltransferase-1 (Carm1), enhancer of zeste homolog-2 (Ezh2), autophagy-related factor LC3A/B (Map1 Lc3b), and p62/sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1)-protein. Comparing with controls, Map1 Lc3b, Becn1 and Ezh2 were lower in HCC and RIF-groups (P < 0.05). Carm1 was lower in HCC compared to RIF (P < 0.05). Hepatic expression of Mmp9 was higher in HCC in relation to the control; the opposite was observed for p62/Sqstm1 (P < 0.05). Expression of p62/SQSTM1 protein was lower in the RIF-group compared to the control (P = 0.024). There was no difference among groups for Tuba-1c, Aldolase-B, alpha-fetoprotein, and Mmp2 (P > 0.05). miR-122 was higher in HCC, and miR-34a in RIF compared to controls (P < 0.05). miR-26b was lower in HCC compared to RIF, and the inverse was observed for miR-224 (P < 0.05). There was no difference among groups regarding miR-33a, miR-143, miR-155, miR-375 and miR-21 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION RIF might have a possible beneficial effect on preventing/delaying liver carcinogenesis through epigenetic modulation in a rat model of MASLD-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Truccolo Michalczuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larisse Longo
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Melina Belén Keingeski
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruno de Souza Basso
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Tayguara Silveira Guerreiro
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jessica T Ferrari
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Vargas
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná 81530900, Brazil
| | - Cláudia P Oliveira
- Department of Gastroenterology (LIM07), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Carolina Uribe-Cruz
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de las Misiones, Posadas, Misiones 3300, Argentina
| | - Carlos Thadeu Schmidt Cerski
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Unit of Surgical Pathology, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Filippi-Chiela
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mário Reis Álvares-da-Silva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Researcher, Brasília 71.605-001, Brazil.
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Ye J, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang L, Jiang X, Liu B, He G. Targeting autophagy and beyond: Deconvoluting the complexity of Beclin-1 from biological function to cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4688-4714. [PMID: 38045051 PMCID: PMC10692397 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Beclin-1 is the firstly-identified mammalian protein of the autophagy machinery, which functions as a molecular scaffold for the assembly of PI3KC3 (class III phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase) complex, thus controlling autophagy induction and other cellular trafficking events. Notably, there is mounting evidence establishing the implications of Beclin-1 in diverse tumorigenesis processes, including tumor suppression and progression as well as resistance to cancer therapeutics and CSC (cancer stem-like cell) maintenance. More importantly, Beclin-1 has been confirmed as a potential target for the treatment of multiple cancers. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of the structure, functions, and regulations of Beclin-1, and we discuss recent advances in understanding the controversial roles of Beclin-1 in oncology. Moreover, we focus on summarizing the targeted Beclin-1-regulating strategies in cancer therapy, providing novel insights into a promising strategy for regulating Beclin-1 to improve cancer therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanghui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, Chengdu 610041, China
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Zhang P, Zhou P, Yao M. Clinical roles of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and mTOR in smoking and non-smoking patients with oral leukoplakia. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:616-622. [PMID: 38223571 PMCID: PMC10782313 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To study the expressions of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in smoking and non-smoking patients with oral leukoplakia (OLK). Methods A total of 240 patients diagnosed as OLK from January 2017 to December 2017 were enrolled. Beclin-1 and mTOR expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry. Their clinical data were collected. The correlations of smoking with Beclin-1 and mTOR expressions as well as clinical factors were explored by Spearman's analysis. Results There were significant differences in gender ratio, age, lesion location, severity and malignancy between smoking and non-smoking OLK patients (P<0.05). The positive expression rate of Beclin-1 in OLK patients with simple hyperplasia and abnormal hyperplasia in the smoking group was significantly lower than that of the non-smoking group (P<0.05). In the abnormal hyperplasia group, the number of cigarettes daily was significantly positively correlated with mTOR expression (r=0.843, P=0.042). After the simple hyperplasia group was included, there was a positive correlation between smoking age and positive expression rate of mTOR (r=0.942, P=0.012). For number of cigarettes and smoking age, the positive expression rates of Beclin-1 and mTOR showed significant negative correlations (r=-0.952, P=0.003, r=-0.953, P=0.002). Conclusion Autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and mTOR may be involved in the smoking-induced pathogenesis of OLK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Tongling People's Hospital, Tongling 244002, Anhui Province, China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
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Hu Q, Li Z, Li Y, Deng X, Chen Y, Ma X, Zeng J, Zhao Y. Natural products targeting signaling pathways associated with regulated cell death in gastric cancer: Recent advances and perspectives. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 37157181 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most serious gastrointestinal malignancies with high morbidity and mortality. The complexity of GC process lies in the multi-phenotypic linkage regulation, in which regulatory cell death (RCD) is the core link, which largely dominates the fate of GC cells and becomes a key determinant of GC development and prognosis. In recent years, increasing evidence has been reported that natural products can prevent and inhibit the development of GC by regulating RCDs, showing great therapeutic potential. In order to further clarify its key regulatory characteristics, this review focused on specific expressions of RCDs, combined with a variety of signaling pathways and their crosstalk characteristics, sorted out the key targets and action rules of natural products targeting RCD. It is highlighted that a variety of core biological pathways and core targets are involved in the decision of GC cell fate, including the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, MAPK-related signaling pathways, p53 signaling pathway, ER stress, Caspase-8, gasdermin D (GSDMD), and so on. Moreover, natural products target the crosstalk of different RCDs by modulating above signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings suggest that targeting various RCDs in GC with natural products is a promising strategy, providing a reference for further clarifying the molecular mechanism of natural products treating GC, which warrants further investigations in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yubing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Gasmi A, Peana M, Arshad M, Butnariu M, Menzel A, Bjørklund G. Krebs cycle: activators, inhibitors and their roles in the modulation of carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1161-1178. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Xu T, Yuan Y, He C, Yang K. Construction and Evaluation of a Risk Score Model for Autophagy-Related Genes in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e927850. [PMID: 33510126 PMCID: PMC7852040 DOI: 10.12659/msm.927850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have suggested the importance of autophagy during esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) development. This study aimed to explore the autophagy-related genes correlated with overall survival in patients with EAC. Material/Methods The RNA-seq expression profiles and clinical data of patients with EAC were screened using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Screening of autophagy-related genes was conducted using the human autophagy database (HADb). Bioinformatic analysis was conducted and included the following: univariate cox, lasso regression, and multivariate cox regression analysis; building overall survival assessment of the prognosis model; drawing the model of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and determining the area under the curve; and a C-index reliability index assessment model through Kaplan-Meier screening of statistically significant genes in the model. The screening results were verified via Oncomine differential expression analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was further used to analyze the molecular biological functions and related pathways of the gene model. Results Through cox regression and ROC analysis, the model showed that the risk score could accurately and independently predict the prognosis of EAC. The screening identified 4 genes: DAPK1, BECN1, ATG5, and VAMP7. GSEA showed that the high and low expression levels of the 4 genes were mainly enriched in biological functions, such as cell production and regulation, and metabolic pathways that maintain cell activity. Conclusions Our research found that autophagy was involved in the process of EAC development and that several autophagy-related genes may provide prognostic information and clinical application value for patients with EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Xu
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yamei Yuan
- College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Chenggong He
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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Zheng HC, Zhao S, Xue H, Zhao EH, Jiang HM, Hao CL. The Roles of Beclin 1 Expression in Gastric Cancer: A Marker for Carcinogenesis, Aggressive Behaviors and Favorable Prognosis, and a Target of Gene Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:613679. [PMID: 33425768 PMCID: PMC7787063 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.613679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beclin 1 is encoded by Becn1, and plays a role in tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, apoptosis and autophagy. Here, the aggressive phenotypes and relevant proteins were examined after Beclin 1 expression was altered in gastric cancer cells. We also observed the effects of Beclin 1 on gastric carcinogenesis using Becn1 knockout mice. Finally, clinicopathological significances of Beclin 1 expression were analyzed using meta- and bioinformatics analyses. Becn1 overexpression was found to inhibit proliferation, glucose metabolism, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells, whereas its knockdown caused the opposite effects. Beclin 1 suppressed the tumor growth by decreasing proliferation and increasing apoptosis. The heterozygous abrogation of Becn1 in gastric pit, parietal and chief cells could not cause any epithelial lesion. Beclin 1-mediated chemoresistance was closely linked to the autophagy, Bax underexpression, and the overexpression of Bcl-2, LRP1, MDR1, and ING5. Bioinformatics analysis showed higher Becn1 mRNA expression in intestinal- than diffuse-type carcinomas (P<0.05), and in male than female gastric cancer patients (P<0.05). Becn1 hyperexpression was positively associated with both overall and progression-free survival rates of the cancer patients (P<0.05). Meta-analysis showed that down-regulated Beclin 1 expression in gastric cancer was positively with lymph node metastasis, TNM staging, dedifferentiation and poor prognosis (P<0.05). Becn1-related signal pathways in gastric cancer included prostate, lung, renal, colorectal, endometrial and thyroid cancers, glioma, and leukemia, the metabolism of amino acid, lipid and sugar, and some signal pathways of insulin, MAPK, TRL, VEGF, JAK-STAT, chemokine, p53, lysosome, peroxidome and ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation (P<0.05). These suggested that Beclin 1 might be considered as a potential marker of gastric carcinogenesis, aggressiveness and prognostic prediction, and as a target of gene therapy in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - En-Hong Zhao
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Hua-Mao Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Chang-Lai Hao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
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The Expression Patterns of BECN1, LAMP2, and PINK1 Genes in Colorectal Cancer Are Potentially Regulated by Micrornas and CpG Islands: An In Silico Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124020. [PMID: 33322704 PMCID: PMC7764710 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autophagy plays a dual role of tumor suppression and tumor promotion in colorectal cancer. The study aimed to find those microRNAs (miRNAs) important in BECN1, LAMP2, and PINK1 regulation and to determine the possible role of the epigenetic changes in examined colorectal cancer using an in silico approach. Methods: A total of 44 pairs of surgically removed tumors at clinical stages I‒IV and healthy samples (marginal tissues) from patients’ guts were analyzed. Analysis of the obtained results was conducted using the PL-Grid Infrastructure and Statistica 12.0 program. The miRNAs and CpG islands were estimated using the microrna.org database and MethPrimer program. Results: The autophagy-related genes were shown to be able to be regulated by miRNAs (BECN1—49 mRNA, LAMP2—62 mRNA, PINK1—6 mRNA). It was observed that promotion regions containing at least one CpG region were present in the sequence of each gene. Conclusions: The in silico analysis performed allowed us to determine the possible role of epigenetic mechanisms of regulation gene expression, which may be an interesting therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Sexton RE, Al Hallak MN, Diab M, Azmi AS. Gastric cancer: a comprehensive review of current and future treatment strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 39:1179-1203. [PMID: 32894370 PMCID: PMC7680370 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a major unmet clinical problem with over 1 million new cases worldwide. It is the fourth most commonly occurring cancer in men and the seventh most commonly occurring cancer in women. A major fraction of gastric cancer has been linked to variety of pathogenic infections including but not limited to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) or Epstein Barr virus (EBV). Strategies are being pursued to prevent gastric cancer development such as H. pylori eradication, which has helped to prevent significant proportion of gastric cancer. Today, treatments have helped to manage this disease and the 5-year survival for stage IA and IB tumors treated with surgery are between 60 and 80%. However, patients with stage III tumors undergoing surgery have a dismal 5-year survival rate between 18 and 50% depending on the dataset. These figures indicate the need for more effective molecularly driven treatment strategies. This review discusses the molecular profile of gastric tumors, the success, and challenges with available therapeutic targets along with newer biomarkers and emerging targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Sexton
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, HWCRC 732, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Mohammed Najeeb Al Hallak
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, HWCRC 732, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Maria Diab
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, HWCRC 732, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, HWCRC 732, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Bednarczyk M, Zmarzły N, Grabarek B, Mazurek U, Muc-Wierzgoń M. Genes involved in the regulation of different types of autophagy and their participation in cancer pathogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34413-34428. [PMID: 30344951 PMCID: PMC6188136 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism of self-digestion that removes damaged organelles and proteins from cells. Depending on the way the protein is delivered to the lysosome, four basic types of autophagy can be distinguished: macroautophagy, selective autophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy and microautophagy. Macroautophagy involves formation of autophagosomes and is controlled by specific autophagy-related genes. The steps in macroautophagy are initiation, phagophore elongation, autophagosome maturation, autophagosome fusion with the lysosome, and proteolytic degradation of the contents. Selective autophagy is macroautophagy of a specific cellular component. This work focuses on mitophagy (selective autophagy of abnormal and damaged mitochondria), in which the main participating protein is PINK1 (phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1). In chaperone-mediated autophagy, the substrate is bound to a heat shock protein 70 chaperone before it is delivered to the lysosome. The least characterized type of autophagy is microautophagy, which is the degradation of very small molecules without participation of an autophagosome. Autophagy can promote or inhibit tumor development, depending on the severity of the disease, the type of cancer, and the age of the patient. This paper describes the molecular basis of the different types of autophagy and their importance in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Bednarczyk
- Department of Internal Diseases, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Nikola Zmarzły
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Beniamin Grabarek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Muc-Wierzgoń
- Department of Internal Diseases, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
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Wu CL, Zhang SM, Lin L, Gao SS, Fu KF, Liu XD, Liu Y, Zhou LJ, Zhou PK. BECN1-knockout impairs tumor growth, migration and invasion by suppressing the cell cycle and partially suppressing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human triple-negative breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1301-1312. [PMID: 30015871 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Beclin1 (BECN1), which directly interacts with B‑cell lymphoma 2, serves an important role in autophagy and is involved in the tumorigenesis of various types of cancer. However, the definite role of BECN1 in breast cancer remains controversial. Bi-allelic knockout of Becn1 in a mouse model leads to an embryonic lethal phenotype, which hampers further investigation. To generate cell lines with knockout of BECN1, the CRISPR/Cas9 technique was used to disrupt BECN1 in human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA‑MB‑231 cells. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to successfully disrupt BECN1 in MDA‑MB‑231 cells and to screen three stable monoclonal BECN1‑knockout cell lines, suggesting that BECN1‑knockout is not lethal in TNBC cells. Functional analysis revealed that complete loss of BECN1 suppressed MDA‑MB‑231 proliferation and colony formation via inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, not apoptosis, in vitro. On the other hand, BECN1‑knockout inhibited the migratory and invasive ability of MDA‑MB‑231 cells by partially reversing signals of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Finally, analysis of publicly available gene expression datasets revealed increased expression of BECN1 in TNBC samples. Taken together, the results of the present study identified BECN1 as an oncogene, providing a novel potential target for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lin Wu
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Meng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Gao
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Fei Fu
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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13
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Wang Y, Xie J, Wang H, Huang H, Xie P. Beclin-1 suppresses gastric cancer progression by promoting apoptosis and reducing cell migration. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6857-6862. [PMID: 29163705 PMCID: PMC5691380 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate Beclin-1 expression in gastric cancer and its clinical relevance, 60 samples were collected from patients with gastric carcinoma, which were subjected to immunohistochemical staining and analysis. Associations of Beclin-1 expression with the clinical parameters of the patients, including tumor size, histological differentiation and metastatic status, were examined by statistical analysis. The results demonstrated that Beclin-1 expression in gastric carcinoma tissue was significantly associated with the tumor, node, metastasis stage and tumor invasion status. Further experiments indicated that Beclin-1 overexpression promoted MKN-45 gastric cancer cell apoptosis and inhibited their migration. These data suggested that Beclin-1 was a suppressor of tumorigenesis in gastric cancer and a potential therapeutic target for patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Heilongjiang Province Land Reclamation Headquarter General Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150088, P.R. China
| | - Jianying Xie
- Department of Pathology, King Medical Diagnostics Center, Shanghai 201321, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Physical Diagnostics, Heilongjiang Province Land Reclamation Headquarter General Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150088, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Huang
- Department of Pathology, King Medical Diagnostics Center, Shanghai 201321, P.R. China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Pathology, King Medical Diagnostics Center, Shanghai 201321, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Ping Xie, Department of Pathology, King Medical Diagnostics Center, 3377 Kangxin Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201321, P.R. China, E-mail:
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14
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Tian M, Chen Y, Tian D, Qiao X, Ma Z, Li J. Beclin1 antagonizes LAPTM4B-mediated EGFR overactivation in gastric cancer cells. Gene 2017; 626:48-53. [PMID: 28479384 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Beclin1 is an essential autophagy regulator and a haploinsufficient tumor-suppressor. Reduced Berclin1 expression has been associated with many types of human malignancies including gastric cancer. However, the mechanism of how Beclin1 represses tumorigenesis of gastric cancer remains elusive. In recent proteomics study, we found that Beclin1 is associated with Lysosome-associated transmembrane protein 4β (LAPTM4B). LAPTM4B plays an important role in promoting the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, it is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors and serves as a biomarker for tumor therapy. Further analysis showed that Beclin1 interacts with both the N- and C-termini of LAPTM4B and this interaction is independent of Vps34 complex. We demonstrated that Beclin1 competes with Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for LAPTM4B binding and Beclin1 can repress the LAPTM4B mediated EGFR activation and gastric cancer cell growth. Taken together, our study proposes a role of Beclin1 in repressing gastric cancer through disrupting the oncogenic promoting function of LAPTM4B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tian
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Dan Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofang Qiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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15
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Qu B, Yao L, Ma HL, Chen HL, Zhang Z, Xie J. Prognostic significance of autophagy-related proteins expression in resected human gastric adenocarcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 37:37-43. [PMID: 28224423 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world and one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death. Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic pathway responsible for the degradation of long-lived proteins and damaged intracellular organelles. However, the mechanism and guiding significance of autophagy in the development and progression of GC have remained to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the clinicopathological significances and prognostic values of autophagy-related proteins AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 in GC. Quantum dots based immunofluorescence histochemistry (QDs-IHC) was performed to observe the expression of AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins in the tissue microarrays including 163 specimens of GC and 20 noncancerous gastric tissues. Simultaneously, AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins were detected by Western blotting in the 10 fresh GC and corresponding normal gastric tissues. The results showed that the expression levels of both AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins were higher in GC tissues than in noncancerous gastric tissues by QDs-IHC and Western blotting (P<0.05). High AMBRA1 expression was detected in 90 of 163 (55.2%) GCs and high Beclin-1 expression was detected in 83 of 163 (50.9%) GCs. High AMBRA1 expression was closely related to depth of invasion, and lymph nodes metastasis (P<0.05). High expression of Beclin-1 protein was correlated with tumor grade (P<0.05). Positive correlation was observed between AMBRA1 and Beclin-1. Survival analysis indicated the high expression of AMBRA1 and Beclin- 1 was an independent factor in predicting poor overall survival (OS) of GC patients. These findings suggest the high expression of AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins is significantly correlated with GC progression. High AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 expression heralds worse outcome of GC patients, suggesting a novel candidate prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qu
- Department of General Surgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, 430080, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, 430080, China
| | - Hua-Ling Ma
- Department of Pathology, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, 430080, China
| | - Hong-Lei Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Science and Education, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, 430080, China.
| | - Jiang Xie
- Department of General Surgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, 430080, China.
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16
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Schmitz KJ, Ademi C, Bertram S, Schmid KW, Baba HA. Prognostic relevance of autophagy-related markers LC3, p62/sequestosome 1, Beclin-1 and ULK1 in colorectal cancer patients with respect to KRAS mutational status. World J Surg Oncol 2016; 14:189. [PMID: 27444698 PMCID: PMC4957418 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-016-0946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a cellular pathway that regulates transportation of cytoplasmic macromolecules and organelles to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is involved in both tumorigenesis and tumour suppression. Here we investigated the potential prognostic value of the autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1, p62, LC3 and uncoordinated (UNC) 51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) in a cohort of colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens. Methods In this study, we analysed the immunoexpression of the autophagy-related proteins p62, LC3, Beclin-1 and ULK1 in 127 CRC patients with known KRAS mutational status and detailed clinical follow-up. Results Survival analysis of p62 staining showed a significant correlation of cytoplasmic (not nuclear) p62 expression with a favourable tumour-specific overall survival (OS). The prognostic power of cytoplasmic p62 was found in the KRAS-mutated subgroup but was lost in the KRAS wildtype subgroup. Survival analysis of Beclin-1 staining did not show an association with OS in the complete cohort. LC3 overexpression demonstrated a slight, though not significant, association with decreased OS. Upon stratifying cases by KRAS mutational status, nuclear (not cytoplasmic) Beclin-1 staining was associated with a significantly decreased OS in the KRAS-mutated subgroup but not in the KRAS wildtype CRCs. In addition, LC3 overexpression was significantly associated with decreased OS in the KRAS-mutated CRC subgroup. ULK1 expression was not correlated to survival. Conclusions Immunohistochemical analyses of LC3, p62 and Beclin-1 may constitute promising novel prognostic markers in CRC, especially in KRAS-mutated CRCs. This strategy might help in identifying high-risk patients who would benefit from autophagy-related anticancer drugs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12957-016-0946-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Juergen Schmitz
- Institute of Pathology, Mühlenstrasse 31, 45659, Recklinghausen, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, 45147, Germany.
| | - Ceflije Ademi
- Department of Senology, Prosper Hospital Recklinghausen, Mühlenstrasse 27, 45659, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bertram
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, 45147, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, 45147, Germany
| | - Hideo Andreas Baba
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, 45147, Germany
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