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Abdellateif MS, Bayoumi AK, Mohammed MA. c-Kit Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer: Current Insights. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:785-799. [PMID: 37790582 PMCID: PMC10544070 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s404648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Kit is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that has an essential role in various biological functions including gametogenesis, melanogenesis, hematopoiesis, cell survival, and apoptosis. c-KIT aberrations, either overexpression or loss-of-function mutations, have been implicated in the pathogenesis and development of many cancers, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors, mastocytosis, acute myeloid leukemia, breast, thyroid, and colorectal cancer, making c-KIT an attractive molecular target for the treatment of cancers. Therefore, a lot of effort has been put into investigating the utility of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the management of c-KIT mutated tumors. This review of the literature illustrates the role of c-KIT mutations in many cancers, aiming to provide insights into the role of TKIs as a therapeutic option for cancer patients with c-KIT aberrations. In conclusion, c-KIT is implicated in different types of cancer, and it could be a successful molecular target; however, proper detection of the underlying mutation type is required before starting the appropriate personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona S Abdellateif
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
| | - Ahmed K Bayoumi
- Paediatric Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
- Children’s Cancer Hospital 57357, Cairo, 11617, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Aly Mohammed
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
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Yang M, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu J. Update on MRI in pediatric intracranial germ cell tumors-The clinical and radiological features. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1141397. [PMID: 37215600 PMCID: PMC10192609 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1141397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial germ cell tumors (iGCTs) are uncommon brain tumors that mainly occur in children. Differing in histology, location, and gender of the patients, iGCTs are often divided into germinomas and non-germinomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCTs). Early diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial to iGCTs, the subtypes of which have substantial variations. This review summarized the clinical and radiological features of iGCTs at different sites, and reviewed the recent advances in neuroimaging of iGCTs, which can help predict tumor subtypes early and guide clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- Correspondence: Lin Zhang Jungang Liu
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Molecular Pathology and Targeted Therapies for Personalized Management of Central Nervous System Germinoma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070661. [PMID: 34357128 PMCID: PMC8306901 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial germinomas are rare tumours, usually affecting male paediatric patients. They frequently develop in the pineal and suprasellar regions, causing endocrinological disturbances, visual deficits, and increased intracranial pressure. The diagnosis is established on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers, and tumour stereotactic biopsy. Imaging techniques, such as susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), T2* (T2-star) gradient echo (GRE) or arterial spin labelling based perfusion-weighted MRI (ASL-PWI) facilitate the diagnosis. Germinomas are highly radiosensitive tumours, with survival rates >90% in the context of chemoradiotherapy. However, patients with resistant disease have limited therapeutic options and poor survival. The aim of this review is to highlight the genetic, epigenetic, and immunologic features, which could provide the basis for targeted therapy. Intracranial germinomas present genetic and epigenetic alterations (chromosomal aberrations, KIT, MAPK and PI3K pathways mutations, DNA hypomethylation, miRNA dysregulation) that may represent targets for therapy. Tyrosine kinase and mTOR inhibitors warrant further investigation in these cases. Immune markers, PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1), are expressed in germinomas, representing potential targets for immune checkpoint inhibitors. Resistant cases should benefit from a personalized management: genetic and immunological testing and enrolment in trials evaluating targeted therapies in intracranial germinomas.
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To Be or Not to Be a Germ Cell: The Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115982. [PMID: 34205983 PMCID: PMC8199495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human embryo, the genetic program that orchestrates germ cell specification involves the activation of epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms that make the germline a unique cell population continuously poised between germness and pluripotency. Germ cell tumors, neoplasias originating from fetal or neonatal germ cells, maintain such dichotomy and can adopt either pluripotent features (embryonal carcinomas) or germness features (seminomas) with a wide range of phenotypes in between these histotypes. Here, we review the basic concepts of cell specification, migration and gonadal colonization of human primordial germ cells (hPGCs) highlighting the analogies of transcriptional/epigenetic programs between these two cell types.
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Pérez-Ramírez M, Hernández-Jiménez AJ, Guerrero-Guerrero A, Siordia-Reyes AG, Hernández-Caballero ME, García-Méndez A, Chico-Ponce de León F, Salamanca-Gómez FA, García-Hernández N. Pediatric pineal germinomas: Epigenetic and genomic approach. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 152:45-51. [PMID: 27889662 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We identify and correlate chromosomal alterations, methylation patterns and gene expression in pediatric pineal germinomas. METHODS CGH microarray, methylation and gene expression were performed through the Agilent platform. The results were analyzed with MatLab software, MapViewer, DAVID, GeneCards and Hippie. RESULTS Amplifications were found in 1q24.2, 1q31.3, 2p11.2, 3p22.2, 7p13, 7p15.2, 8p22, 12p13.2, 14q24.3 y 22q12; and deletions were found in 1q21.2, 9p24.1, 10q11.22, 11q11, 15q11.2 and 17q21.31. In the methylation analysis, we observed 10,428 CpG Islands with a modified methylation status that may affect 11,726 genes. We identified 1260 overexpressed genes and 470 underexpressed genes. The genes RUNDC3A, CDC247, CDCA7L, ASAH1, TRA2A, LPL and NPC2 were altered among the three levels. CONCLUSIONS We identified the 1q24.2 and 1q31.3 amplified regions and the 1q21.3 and 11q11 deleted regions as the most important aims. The genes NPC2 and ASAH1 may play an important role in the development, progression and tumor maintenance. The ASAH1 gene is an ideal candidate to identify drug responses. These genomic and epigenetic studies may help to characterize the formation of pineal germ cell tumors to determine prognostic markers and also to identify shared characteristics in gonadal and extragonadal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Pérez-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Hospital de Pediatría "Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freud", Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, 06720, Del. Cuauhtémoc, México D.F., Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Ciudad Universitaria 3000, 04360, Coyoacán, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Alejo Justino Hernández-Jiménez
- Servicio de Neurocirugía Pediátrica, Hospital General "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza", Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza", IMSS, Calzada Vallejo y Jacarandas S/N, 02980, Col. La Raza, Del. Azcapotzalco, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Armando Guerrero-Guerrero
- Servicio de Neurocirugía Pediátrica, Hospital General "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza", Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza", IMSS, Calzada Vallejo y Jacarandas S/N, 02980, Col. La Raza, Del. Azcapotzalco, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Alicia Georgina Siordia-Reyes
- Servicio de Patología, Hospital de Pediatría "Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freud", Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, 06720, Del. Cuauhtémoc, México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - Antonio García-Méndez
- Servicio de Neurocirugía Pediátrica, Hospital General "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza", Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza", IMSS, Calzada Vallejo y Jacarandas S/N, 02980, Col. La Raza, Del. Azcapotzalco, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Fernando Chico-Ponce de León
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez 162, Col. Doctores, 06720, Del. Cuauhtémoc, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Fabio Abdel Salamanca-Gómez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Hospital de Pediatría "Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freud", Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, 06720, Del. Cuauhtémoc, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Normand García-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Hospital de Pediatría "Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freud", Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, 06720, Del. Cuauhtémoc, México D.F., Mexico.
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