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Cell Populations Expressing Stemness-Associated Markers in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101106. [PMID: 34685477 PMCID: PMC8541371 DOI: 10.3390/life11101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The stemness-associated markers OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC are expressed in numerous cancer types suggesting the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining performed on 12 lung adenocarcinoma (LA) tissue samples showed protein expression of OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, and the CSC marker CD44. In situ hybridization (ISH) performed on six of the LA tissue samples showed mRNA expression of OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC. Immunofluorescence staining performed on three of the tissue samples showed co-expression of OCT4 and c-MYC with NANOG, SOX2 and KLF4 by tumor gland cells, and expression of OCT4 and c-MYC exclusively by cells within the stroma. RT-qPCR performed on five LA-derived primary cell lines showed mRNA expression of all the markers except SOX2. Western blotting performed on four LA-derived primary cell lines demonstrated protein expression of all the markers except SOX2 and NANOG. Initial tumorsphere assays performed on four LA-derived primary cell lines demonstrated 0–80% of tumorspheres surpassing the 50 µm threshold. The expression of the stemness-associated markers OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, KFL4 and c-MYC by LA at the mRNA and protein level, and the unique expression patterns suggest a putative presence of CSC subpopulations within LA, which may be a novel therapeutic target for this cancer. Further functional studies are required to investigate the possession of stemness traits.
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Kiratipaiboon C, Stueckle TA, Ghosh R, Rojanasakul LW, Chen YC, Dinu CZ, Rojanasakul Y. Acquisition of Cancer Stem Cell-like Properties in Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells after a Long-term Exposure to Carbon Nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2019; 6:2152-2170. [PMID: 31372228 PMCID: PMC6675031 DOI: 10.1039/c9en00183b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a key driver of tumor formation and metastasis, but how they are affected by nanomaterials is largely unknown. The present study investigated the effects of different carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) on neoplastic and CSC-like transformation of human small airway epithelial cells and determined the underlying mechanisms. Using a physiologically relevant exposure model (long-term/low-dose) with system validation using a human carcinogen, asbestos, we demonstrated that single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, ultrafine carbon black, and crocidolite asbestos induced particle-specific anchorage-independent colony formation, DNA-strand break, and p53 downregulation, indicating genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of CNMs. The chronic CNM-exposed cells exhibited CSC-like properties as indicated by 3D spheroid formation, anoikis resistance, and CSC markers expression. Mechanistic studies revealed specific self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related transcription factors that are involved in the cellular transformation process. Pathway analysis of gene signaling networks supports the role of SOX2 and SNAI1 signaling in CNM-mediated transformation. These findings support the potential carcinogenicity of high aspect ratio CNMs and identified molecular targets and signaling pathways that may contribute to the disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanin Kiratipaiboon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, United States
| | - Rajib Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
| | - Liying W Rojanasakul
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, United States
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- College of Science, Technology and Mathematics, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, West Virginia, 26416, United States
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
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Differential sequences of exosomal NANOG DNA as a potential diagnostic cancer marker. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197782. [PMID: 29787607 PMCID: PMC5963750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NANOG has been demonstrated to play an essential role in the maintenance of embryonic stem cells, and its pseudogene, NANOGP8, is suggested to promote the cancer stem cell phenotype. As the roles of these genes are intimately involved with glioblastoma multiforme progression and exosomes are critical in intercellular communication, we conducted a detailed analysis of the association of the NANOG gene family with exosomes to identify diagnostic markers for cancer. Exosomes were precipitated from conditioned culture media from various cell lines, and NANOG gene fragments were directly amplified without DNA isolation using multiple primer sets. The use of the enzymes AlwNI and SmaI with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis functioned to distinguish NANOGP8 from other NANOG family members. Collectively, results suggest that the NANOG DNA associated with exosomes is not full length and that mixed populations of the NANOG gene family exist. Furthermore, sequence analysis of exosomal DNA amplified with a NANOGP8 specific primer set frequently showed an insertion of a 22 bp sequence into the 3’ UTR. The occurrence rate of this insertion was significantly higher in exosomal DNA clones from cancer cells as compared to normal cells. We have detected mixed populations of NANOG DNA associated with exosomes and have identified preferential modulations in the sequences from cancer samples. Our findings, coupled with the properties of exosomes, may allow for the detection of traditionally inaccessible cancers (i.e. GBM) through minimally invasive techniques. Further analysis of exosomal DNA sequences of NANOG and other embryonic stemness genes (OCT3/4, SOX2, etc.) may establish a robust collection of exosome based diagnostic markers, and further elucidate the mechanisms of cancer formation, progression, and metastasis.
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Zhao S, Shen W, Yu J, Wang L. TBX21 predicts prognosis of patients and drives cancer stem cell maintenance via the TBX21-IL-4 pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:89. [PMID: 29615105 PMCID: PMC5883886 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Th1 cell-specific transcription factor TBX21 functions as a regulator of expression of a Th1 cytokine, interferon gamma (IFN-γ). However, the specific function of TBX21 correlated with cancer stemness remains unclear. Methods Using univariate and multivariate survival analysis, TBX21was identified as an independent predictive factor and was associated with poor prognosis in 1389 patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Its mechanism in the prognosis was explored by functional enrichment analysis and validated in bioexperiments. Results In the training and test sets, TBX21 could classify 1389 LUAD patients into high and low-risk groups with significantly different prognosis (P < 0.01). Its prognostic power was independent of other clinical factors including stage, age, gender and smoking status. Functional studies indicated that downregulating TBX21 in lung cancer cells decreased the fraction of cancer stem cells and their sphere and tumor initiation frequency. Furthermore, the study showed that TBX21 activation transduced a TBX21–IL-4 signaling cascade to promote tumor initiation, tumor growth and expression of stemness markers. Conclusions These data demonstrated a key role of TBX21 in the maintenance of cancer stemness and that the TBX21–IL-4 pathway is a crucial factor contributing to lung carcinogenesis. Graphical abstract TBX21 prognostic model correlated with cancer stemness via TBX21-IL-4 pathway in LUAD patients![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0820-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtao Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wenzhi Shen
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China.,The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiangyong Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Luhua Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Lee HS, Jang CY, Kim SA, Park SB, Jung DE, Kim BO, Kim HY, Chung MJ, Park JY, Bang S, Park SW, Song SY. Combined use of CEMIP and CA 19-9 enhances diagnostic accuracy for pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3383. [PMID: 29467409 PMCID: PMC5821821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 is the only diagnostic marker used in pancreatic cancer despite its limitations. Here, we aimed to identify the diagnostic role of CEMIP (also called KIAA1199) combined with CA 19-9 in patients with pancreatic cancer. A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected patient samples was performed to determine the benefit of diagnostic markers in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. We investigated CEMIP and CA 19-9 levels in 324 patients with pancreatic cancer and 49 normal controls using serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Median CA 19-9 and CEMIP levels were 410.5 U/ml (40.8-3342.5) and 0.67 ng/ml (0.40-1.08), respectively, in patients with pancreatic cancer. The AUROC for CA 19-9 and CEMIP were 0.847 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.806-0.888) and 0.760 (95% CI: 0.689-0.831), respectively. Combination of CA 19-9 with CEMIP showed markedly improved AUROC over CA 19-9 alone in pancreatic cancer diagnosis (0.94 vs. 0.89; P < 0.0001). CEMIP showed a diagnostic yield of 86.1% (68/79) in CA 19-9 negative pancreatic cancer. Combined use with CEMIP showed significantly improved diagnostic value compared with CA 19-9 alone in pancreatic cancer. Especially, CEMIP may be a complementary marker in pancreatic cancer patients with normal CA 19-9 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seung Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Young Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun A Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Been Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dawoon E Jung
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Ok Kim
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Yan Kim
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Jae Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Youp Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungmin Bang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Woo Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Young Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Lai H, Lin F, Chen N, Wen S, Hu X, Liu L. [Research Progress in the Therapeutic Strategy Based on Targeting at
Lung Cancer Stem Cell]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2018; 21:57-62. [PMID: 29357974 PMCID: PMC5972359 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.01.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
With high morbidity and mortality, lung cancer is a major threat to human health and one of the focuses of tumor researches. Lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) are regarded as a subpopulation of cells within lung cancer tissues with the capacity of self-renewal and differentiation, and might be related to tumorigenesis and heterogeneity of lung cancer. Tumor recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance of lung cancers could be clarified by LCSC hypothesis. Thus it's therapeutically prospective to target at these cells. This review summarizes the biomarkers of LCSCs and their aberrant signal pathways, as well as the therapeutic strategies targeting at LCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Lai
- West China School Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nan Chen
- West China School Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shu Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Yamagata K, Fujiwara A, Onodera D, Motoki T. Lutein Regulates the Expression of Apoptosis-related Genes and Stem Cell Markers in A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCL2 family has both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic functions. Furthermore, stem cell markers such as Oct4, SOX2, and NANOG enhance cancer cells’ self-renewal, resistance to anti-cancer drugs and clonal growth. Therefore, selective inhibition of BCL2 genes and downregulated expression of stem cell markers should reduce the survival of cancer cells. Previous studies have reported that lutein, a carotenoid pigment present in fruits and vegetables, can inhibit cancer cells. However, the inhibitory effects of lutein on cancer cells have not been investigated sufficiently. In this study, we used gene expression analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting to show that lutein regulates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and several stem cell marker genes in a human lung cancer cell line, A549. Lutein induced gene expression of pro-apoptotic BAX and CAS3 and reduced the level of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2. Furthermore, protein expression of BCL2 and BAX was regulated by treatment with lutein. Lutein also inhibited SOX2 and NANOG gene expression in A549, but not POU5F1. In addition, lutein reduced gene expression of SLCA11, but induced CD44 and CD133 gene expression. These results indicated that lutein inhibits several events associated with apoptosis regulation in a BCL2 family-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (NUBS), 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayame Fujiwara
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (NUBS), 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daiki Onodera
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (NUBS), 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tagami Motoki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanraku Hospital, Kanda-Surugadai 2–5, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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