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Chemistry and Biological Activities of Naturally Occurring and Structurally Modified Podophyllotoxins. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010302. [PMID: 36615496 PMCID: PMC9822336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants containing podophyllotoxin and its analogues have been used as folk medicines for centuries. The characteristic chemical structures and strong biological activities of this class of compounds attracted attention worldwide. Currently, more than ninety natural podophyllotoxins were isolated, and structure modifications of these molecules were performed to afford a variety of derivatives, which offered optimized anti-tumor activity. This review summarized up to date reports on natural occurring podophyllotoxins and their sources, structural modification and biological activities. Special attention was paid to both structural modification and optimized antitumor activity. It was noteworthy that etoposide, a derivative of podophyllotoxin, could prevent cytokine storm caused by the recent SARS-CoV-2 viral infection.
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Seo JH, Yoon G, Park S, Shim JH, Chae JI, Jeon YJ. Deoxypodophyllotoxin Induces ROS-Mediated Apoptosis by Modulating the PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK-Dependent Signaling in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1103-1109. [PMID: 36039387 PMCID: PMC9628964 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2207.07012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT), a naturally occurring flavonolignan, possesses several pharmacological properties, including anticancer property. However, the mechanisms underlying DPT mode of action in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of DPT on OSCC and the underlying mechanisms. Results of the MTT assay revealed that DPT significantly reduced the cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that DPT induces apoptosis in OSCC cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, DPT enhanced the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in OSCC cells. Mechanistically, DPT induced apoptosis in OSCC cells by suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway while activating the p38 MAPK signaling to regulate the expression of apoptotic proteins. Treatment with SC79, an AKT activator, reversed the effects of DPT on AKT signaling in OSCC cells. Taken together, these results provide the basis for the use of DPT in combination with conventional chemotherapy for the treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Seo
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Seryoung Park
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan‐Gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Il Chae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea,
J.I. Chae Phone:+82-63-270-4024 Fax:+82-63-270-4037 E-mail:
| | - Young-Joo Jeon
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors Y.J. Jeon Phone:+82-42-860-4386 Fax:+82-42-860-8596 E-mail:
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Mining Therapeutic Efficacy from Treasure Chest of Biodiversity and Chemodiversity: Pharmacophylogeny of Ranunculales Medicinal Plants. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:1111-1126. [PMID: 35809180 PMCID: PMC9282152 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ranunculales, comprising of 7 families that are rich in medicinal species frequently utilized by traditional medicine and ethnomedicine, represents a treasure chest of biodiversity and chemodiversity. The phylogenetically related species often have similar chemical profile, which makes them often possess similar therapeutic spectrum. This has been validated by both ethnomedicinal experiences and pharmacological investigations. This paper summarizes molecular phylogeny, chemical constituents, and therapeutic applications of Ranunculales, i.e., a pharmacophylogeny study of this representative medicinal order. The phytochemistry/metabolome, ethnomedicine and bioactivity/pharmacology data are incorporated within the phylogenetic framework of Ranunculales. The most studied compounds of this order include benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, saponin and lignan, etc. Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids are especially abundant in Berberidaceae and Menispermaceae. The most frequent ethnomedicinal uses are arthritis, heat-clearing and detoxification, carbuncle-abscess and sore-toxin. The most studied bioactivities are anticancer/cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, etc. The pharmacophylogeny analysis, integrated with both traditional and modern medicinal uses, agrees with the molecular phylogeny based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences, in which Ranunculales is divided into Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Menispermaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Circaeasteraceae, Papaveraceae, and Eupteleaceae families. Chemical constituents and therapeutic efficacy of each taxonomic group are reviewed and the underlying connection between phylogeny, chemodiversity and clinical uses is revealed, which facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of Ranunculales pharmaceutical resources, as well as developing novel plant-based pharmacotherapy.
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A comprehensive insight into the antineoplastic activities and molecular mechanisms of deoxypodophyllotoxin: Recent trends, challenges, and future outlook. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 928:175089. [PMID: 35688183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lignans constitute an important group of polyphenols, which have been demonstrated to potently suppress cancer cell proliferation. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that deoxypodophyllotoxin as a natural lignan possesses potent anticancer activities against various types of human cancer. The purpose of current review is to provide the reader with the latest findings in understanding the anticancer effects and molecular mechanisms of deoxypodophyllotoxin. This review comprehensively describes the influence of deoxypodophyllotoxin on signaling cascades and molecular targets implicated in cancer cell proliferation and invasion. A number of various signaling molecules and pathways, including apoptosis, necroptosis, cell cycle, angiogenesis, vascular disruption, ROS, MMPs, glycolysis, and microtubules as well as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and MAPK cascades have been reported to be responsible for the anticancer activities of deoxypodophyllotoxin. The results of present review suggest that the cyclolignan deoxypodophyllotoxin can be developed as a novel and potent anticancer agent, especially as an alternative option for treatment of resistant tumors to chemotherapy.
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Yang Y, Liu L, Sun J, Wang S, Yang Z, Li H, Huang N, Zhao W. Deoxypodophyllotoxin Inhibits Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Growth by Reducing HIF-1α-Mediated Glycolysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:629543. [PMID: 33732648 PMCID: PMC7959795 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.629543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell proliferation is a metabolically demanding process that requires high rate of glycolysis to support anabolic growth. Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT) is a natural flavonolignan with various pharmacological activities, including antitumor effect. However, whether DPT affects the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells is unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of DPT on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to explore whether HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis is involved in its mechanism of action.The level of HIF-1α mRNA and protein in NSCLC cells following DPT treatment was detected using qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and caspase-3 activity assays were performed to analyze cell proliferation and apoptosis. The underlying molecular mechanism was identified by dual luciferase assay, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, glucose consumption, lactate production, and immunoprecipitation. A murine NSCLC model was used to clarify the effect of DPT treatment on tumor cell proliferation. Our findings showed that DPT treatment inhibited NSCLC cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further analysis suggested that DPT treatment inhibited HIF-1α signaling pathway by Parkin-mediated protein degradation in NSCLC cells. DPT treatment significantly decreased glucose consumption and lactate production. In addition, DPT treatment reduced the expression of HIF-1α target genes, including GLUT1, HK2 and LDHA, resulting in reduction in glycolysis. We further revealed that DPT-induced cell growth inhibition and increased glucose and lactate levels could be reversed by overexpressing HIF-1α. Additionally, we found that DPT repressed NSCLC growth and GLUT1, HK2 and LDHA expression in vivo. Overall, this study suggested that DPT inhibited NSCLC growth by preventing HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Honghui Li
- Department of Refractive Surgery, Chengdu Aier Eye Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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Kwak AW, Lee MH, Yoon G, Cho SS, Choi JS, Chae JI, Shim JH. Deoxypodophyllotoxin, a Lignan from Anthriscus sylvestris, Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest by Inhibiting the EGFR Signaling Pathways in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186854. [PMID: 32961992 PMCID: PMC7555783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT) derived from Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm has attracted considerable interest in recent years because of its anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antiviral activity. However, the mechanisms underlying DPT mediated antitumor activity have yet to be fully elucidated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We show here that DPT inhibited the kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) directly, as well as phosphorylation of its downstream signaling kinases, AKT, GSK-3β, and ERK. We confirmed a direct interaction between DPT and EGFR by pull-down assay using DPT-beads. DPT treatment suppressed ESCC cell viability and colony formation in a time- and dose-dependent manner, as shown by MTT analysis and soft agar assay. DPT also down-regulated cyclin B1 and cdc2 expression to induce G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle and upregulated p21 and p27 expression. DPT treatment of ESCC cells triggered the release of cytochrome c via loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby inducing apoptosis by upregulation of related proteins. In addition, treatment of KYSE 30 and KYSE 450 cells with DPT increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, reactive oxygen species generation, and multi-caspase activation. Consequently, our results suggest that DPT has the potential to become a new anticancer therapeutic by inhibiting EGFR mediated AKT/ERK signaling pathway in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Won Kwak
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea; (A.-W.K.); (G.Y.); (S.-S.C.)
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam 58245, Korea;
| | - Goo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea; (A.-W.K.); (G.Y.); (S.-S.C.)
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea; (A.-W.K.); (G.Y.); (S.-S.C.)
| | - Joon-Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Hayang-Ro 13-13, Hayang-Eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 38430, Korea;
| | - Jung-Il Chae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 Plus, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-I.C.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +82-63-270-4024 (J.-I.C.); +82-61-450-2684 (J.-H.S.); Fax: +82-63-270-4037 (J.-I.C.); +82-61-450-2689 (J.-H.S.)
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea; (A.-W.K.); (G.Y.); (S.-S.C.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-I.C.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +82-63-270-4024 (J.-I.C.); +82-61-450-2684 (J.-H.S.); Fax: +82-63-270-4037 (J.-I.C.); +82-61-450-2689 (J.-H.S.)
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Gamage CDB, Park SY, Yang Y, Zhou R, Taş İ, Bae WK, Kim KK, Shim JH, Kim E, Yoon G, Kim H. Deoxypodophyllotoxin Exerts Anti-Cancer Effects on Colorectal Cancer Cells Through Induction of Apoptosis and Suppression of Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2612. [PMID: 31141929 PMCID: PMC6601030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT) is a cyclolignan compound that exerts anti-cancer effects against various types of cancers. DPT induces apoptosis and inhibits the growth of breast, brain, prostate, gastric, lung, and cervical tumors. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of DPT on cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and tumorigenesis of three colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines: HT29, DLD1, and Caco2. DPT inhibited the proliferation of these cells. Specifically, the compound-induced mitotic arrest in CRC cells by destabilizing microtubules and activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway via regulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins (increasing Bcl-2 associated X (BAX) and decreasing B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL)) ultimately led to caspase-mediated apoptosis. In addition, DPT inhibited tumorigenesis in vitro, and in vivo skin xenograft experiments revealed that DPT significantly decreased tumor size and tumor weight. Taken together, our results suggest DPT to be a potent compound that is suitable for further exploration as a novel chemotherapeutic for human CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathurika D B Gamage
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaeutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - So-Yeon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaeutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaeutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaeutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - İsa Taş
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaeutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Woo Kyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Kyung Keun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, 1666 Yeongsan-ro, muan, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Eunae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Philmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
| | - Goo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, 1666 Yeongsan-ro, muan, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Hangun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaeutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
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Peyvandipour A, Saberian N, Shafi A, Donato M, Draghici S. A novel computational approach for drug repurposing using systems biology. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:2817-2825. [PMID: 29534151 PMCID: PMC6084573 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Identification of novel therapeutic effects for existing US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs, drug repurposing, is an approach aimed to dramatically shorten the drug discovery process, which is costly, slow and risky. Several computational approaches use transcriptional data to find potential repurposing candidates. The main hypothesis of such approaches is that if gene expression signature of a particular drug is opposite to the gene expression signature of a disease, that drug may have a potential therapeutic effect on the disease. However, this may not be optimal since it fails to consider the different roles of genes and their dependencies at the system level. Results We propose a systems biology approach to discover novel therapeutic roles for established drugs that addresses some of the issues in the current approaches. To do so, we use publicly available drug and disease data to build a drug-disease network by considering all interactions between drug targets and disease-related genes in the context of all known signaling pathways. This network is integrated with gene-expression measurements to identify drugs with new desired therapeutic effects based on a system-level analysis method. We compare the proposed approach with the drug repurposing approach proposed by Sirota et al. on four human diseases: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer. We evaluate the proposed approach based on its ability to re-discover drugs that are already FDA-approved for a given disease. Availability and implementation The R package DrugDiseaseNet is under review for publication in Bioconductor and is available at https://github.com/azampvd/DrugDiseaseNet. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adib Shafi
- Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michele Donato
- Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sorin Draghici
- Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Tavares WR, Seca AML. The Current Status of the Pharmaceutical Potential of Juniperus L. Metabolites. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030081. [PMID: 30065158 PMCID: PMC6165314 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Plants and their derived natural compounds possess various biological and therapeutic properties, which turns them into an increasing topic of interest and research. Juniperus genus is diverse in species, with several traditional medicines reported, and rich in natural compounds with potential for development of new drugs. Methods: The research for this review were based in the Scopus and Web of Science databases using terms combining Juniperus, secondary metabolites names, and biological activities. This is not an exhaustive review of Juniperus compounds with biological activities, but rather a critical selection taking into account the following criteria: (i) studies involving the most recent methodologies for quantitative evaluation of biological activities; and (ii) the compounds with the highest number of studies published in the last four years. Results: From Juniperus species, several diterpenes, flavonoids, and one lignan were emphasized taking into account their level of activity against several targets. Antitumor activity is by far the most studied, being followed by antibacterial and antiviral activities. Deoxypodophyllotoxin and one dehydroabietic acid derivative appears to be the most promising lead compounds. Conclusions: This review demonstrates the Juniperus species value as a source of secondary metabolites with relevant pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson R Tavares
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
| | - Ana M L Seca
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA-Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Food Stuffs, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group & Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9501-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
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Chen Y, Zhao K, Liu F, Li Y, Zhong Z, Hong S, Liu X, Liu L. Predicting Antitumor Effect of Deoxypodophyllotoxin in NCI-H460 Tumor-Bearing Mice on the Basis of In Vitro Pharmacodynamics and a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:897-907. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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