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Bian Z, Benjamin MM, Bialousow L, Tian Y, Hobbs GA, Karan D, Choo YM, Hamann MT, Wang X. Targeting sine oculis homeoprotein 1 (SIX1): A review of oncogenic roles and potential natural product therapeutics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33204. [PMID: 39022099 PMCID: PMC11252760 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sine oculis homeoprotein 1 (SIX1), a prominent representative of the homeodomain transcription factors within the SIX family, has attracted significant interest owing to its role in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and prognostic assessments. Initially recognized for its pivotal role in embryonic development, SIX1 has emerged as a resurgent factor across a diverse set of mammalian cancers. Over the past two decades, numerous investigations have emphasized SIX1's dual significance as a developmental regulator and central player in oncogenic processes. A mounting body of evidence links SIX1 to the initiation of diverse cancers, encompassing enhanced cellular metabolism and advancement. This review provides an overview of the multifaceted roles of SIX1 in both normal development and oncogenic processes, emphasizing its importance as a possible therapeutic target and prognostic marker. Additionally, this review discusses the natural product agents that inhibit various pro-oncogenic mechanisms associated with SIX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Menny M. Benjamin
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lucas Bialousow
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yintai Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - G. Aaron Hobbs
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Dev Karan
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mark T. Hamann
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
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Hughes CJ, Alderman C, Wolin AR, Fields KM, Zhao R, Ford HL. All eyes on Eya: A unique transcriptional co-activator and phosphatase in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189098. [PMID: 38555001 PMCID: PMC11111358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The Eya family of proteins (consisting of Eyas1-4 in mammals) play vital roles in embryogenesis by regulating processes such as proliferation, migration/invasion, cellular survival and pluripotency/plasticity of epithelial and mesenchymal states. Eya proteins carry out such diverse functions through a unique combination of transcriptional co-factor, Tyr phosphatase, and PP2A/B55α-mediated Ser/Thr phosphatase activities. Since their initial discovery, re-expression of Eyas has been observed in numerous tumor types, where they are known to promote tumor progression through a combination of their transcriptional and enzymatic activities. Eya proteins thus reinstate developmental processes during malignancy and represent a compelling class of therapeutic targets for inhibiting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Hughes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Christopher Alderman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Arthur R Wolin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Kaiah M Fields
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Rui Zhao
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Heide L Ford
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
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Ehinger D, Frostberg H, Larsson S, Gisselsson D. SIX1 as a Novel Immunohistochemical Marker in the Differential Diagnosis of Rhabdomyosarcoma. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2023; 42:723-734. [PMID: 37224459 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2023.2214806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Differential diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is challenging. Sineoculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is an oncogene involved in skeletal muscle differentiation. We compared protein expression patterns of SIX1 in RMS and its most common differential diagnoses. Methods: SIX1 immunohistochemistry in 36 RMS and in 33 tumors from seven differential diagnostic subtypes were evaluated. The fraction of SIX1 positive tumor cells was scored by three independent observers. Results: A majority (75%) of the evaluated RMS expressed SIX1 in at least 50% of tumor cells and all except one RMS had more than 25% positive tumor cells. Neuroblastoma had less than 1% SIX1 positive tumor cells. Gonadoblastoma, malignant rhabdoid tumor, and Ewing sarcoma had 10% or less positive tumor cells. Pleuropulmonary blastoma exhibited 26-50% positive tumor cells and synovial sarcoma >50% positive cells. Conclusion: SIX1 immunohistochemistry is positive in most RMS, and occasionally in some tumors within the differential diagnoses of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ehinger
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Medical Services, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Frostberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Larsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Gisselsson
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Medical Services, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Sugur HS, Rao S, Sravya P, Athul Menon K, Arivazhagan A, Mehta B, Santosh V. IRX1 is a novel gene, overexpressed in high-grade IDH-mutant astrocytomas. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 245:154464. [PMID: 37116364 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IDH-mutant astrocytomas include CNS WHO grade 2 (A2), grade 3 (A3) and grade 4 (A4), of which A3 and A4 are high-grade. A3 has a heterogenous clinical outcome that cannot be explained entirely by the existing molecular biomarkers. We comprehensively studied the transcriptome profile of A3 to determine clinical significance. METHODS TCGA mRNA-sequencing data of A3 was analyzed to derive differentially expressed genes (DEG), which were short-listed using various approaches. mRNA expression of the short-listed genes was validated using NanoString platform on a uniformly treated and molecularly characterized A3 cohort. Protein expression of one prognostically significant gene, Iroquois-class homeodomain (IRX1) was assessed by immunohistochemistry and correlated with patient survival and tumor recurrence. IRX1 expression was also studied in different grades of astrocytoma. Since DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A) influences IRX1 expression, its mutations were evaluated in a subset of tumors. RESULTS TCGA analysis identified 96 DEG in A3 tumours. 57 genes were short-listed and finally narrowed down to 14 genes. mRNA values of 12/14 genes validated in our cohort. On multiple-variable analysis, IRX1 was the most prognostically relevant gene, with respect to progression free survival of patients. Further, IRX1 immunoexpression was significantly higher in A3 and A4 when compared to A2 and glioblastoma. Higher IRX1 immunoexpression correlated with poor prognosis in patients with A3 tumours. Also, a higher IRX1 expression was associated with DNMT3A mutation. CONCLUSION Our study identifies IRX1 as a novel biomarker overexpressed in high-grade IDH-mutant astrocytomas with prognostic significance in A3. DNMT3A mutation probably modulates IRX1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha S Sugur
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Shilpa Rao
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Palavalasa Sravya
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - K Athul Menon
- Theracues Innovations Pvt. Ltd, Sahakar Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560092, India
| | - Arimappamagan Arivazhagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Bhupesh Mehta
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Vani Santosh
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India.
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Qi H, Chen Z, Qin Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Li Y. Tanshinone IIA inhibits cell growth by suppressing SIX1‑induced aerobic glycolysis in non‑small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:184. [PMID: 35527783 PMCID: PMC9073574 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hebei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050041, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyi Chen
- Department of Surgery, Hebei Provincial Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei 253800, P.R. China
| | - Yuhuan Qin
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Hebei Provincial Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei 253800, P.R. China
| | - Xianlei Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Hebei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050041, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Department of Technology and Education, Hebei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050041, P.R. China
| | - Yazhai Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050041, P.R. China
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Zhu G, Liu Y, Zhao L, Lin Z, Piao Y. The Significance of SIX1 as a Prognostic Biomarker for Survival Outcome in Various Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:622331. [PMID: 34745930 PMCID: PMC8567106 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.622331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sine Oculis Homeobox Homolog 1 (SIX1) is reported to promote cancer initiation and progression in many preclinical models and is demonstrated in human cancer tissues. However, the correlation between SIX1 and cancer patients’ prognosis has not yet been systematically evaluated. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in various human cancer types and extracted some data from TCGA datasets for further verification and perfection. We constructed 27 studies and estimated the association between SIX1 expression in various cancer patients’ overall survival and verified with TCGA datasets. Twenty-seven studies with 4899 patients are include in the analysis of overall, and disease-free survival, most of them were retrospective. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for overall and disease-free survival in high SIX1 expression patients were 1.54 (95% CI: 1.32-1.80, P<0.00001) and 1.83 (95% CI: 1.31-2.55, P=0.0004) respectively. On subgroup analysis classified in cancer type, high SIX1 expression was associated with poor overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HR 1.50; 95% CI: 1.17-1.93, P =0.001), breast cancer (HR 1.31; 95% CI: 1.10-1.55, P =0.002) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HR 1.89; 95% CI: 1.42-2.52, P<0.0001). Next, we utilized TCGA online datasets, and the consistent results were verified in various cancer types. SIX1 expression indicated its potential to serve as a cancer biomarker and deliver prognostic information in various cancer patients. More works still need to improve the understandings of SIX1 expression and prognosis in different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumour Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Tumor Research Center, Medical School of Yanbian University, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology of High Frequency Oncology in Ethnic Minority Areas (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Tumor Research Center, Medical School of Yanbian University, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology of High Frequency Oncology in Ethnic Minority Areas (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Tumor Research Center, Medical School of Yanbian University, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology of High Frequency Oncology in Ethnic Minority Areas (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, China
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- Tumor Research Center, Medical School of Yanbian University, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology of High Frequency Oncology in Ethnic Minority Areas (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, China.,Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Natural Medicine of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yingshi Piao
- Tumor Research Center, Medical School of Yanbian University, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology of High Frequency Oncology in Ethnic Minority Areas (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, China.,Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Natural Medicine of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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Li W, Qin Y, Zhou R, Liu Y, Zhang G. High expression of SIX1 is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in endometrial cancer. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:2840-2848. [PMID: 34017447 PMCID: PMC8129400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The overexpression of transcription factor Sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1) is discovered in various malignant tumors and has been known to be closely associated with tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis. This study aims to determine the role of SIX1 in endometrial cancer (EC). Methods: In this study, we analyzed the SIX1 expression profile and the correlation with the corresponding clinical characteristics of EC samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) databases. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to analyze the difference between tumor group and control group. The potential biological processes or signaling pathways related to SIX1 activity in EC was also assessed. Results: The results showed that SIX1 was overexpressed in EC tissues compared to normal tissues (P=2.029e-15, P=6.25e-6). The SIX1 level was correlated with tumor grade (P=2.91e-4), peritoneal cytology (P=0.005), and the subsequent tumor surgery (P=1.169e-4). SIX1 expression was negatively associated with overall survival rate (P=4.241e-4, P=0.000241) and served as an independent factor that affected EC overall survival rate (P=0.005063), similar to other factors such as age, Figo stage, and tumor (T) stage. SIX1 participates in cancer pathogenesis through gene regulation that involves PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling, mitotic spindle, G2M checkpoint, E2F targets, NOTCH signaling, glycolysis, cholesterol homeostasis, DNA repair and early estrogen response. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that SIX1 is overexpressed in EC and associated with adverse clinicopathological outcomes, which can function as an independent factor for EC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nan 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao UniversityWeihai 264200, Shandong, China
| | - Yujing Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao UniversityWeihai 264200, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiqi Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Guiyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nan 250012, Shandong, China
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Wu C, Li H, Xiao Y, Deng W, Sun Z. Expression levels of SIX1, ME2, and AP2M1 in adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1687-1695. [PMID: 32564485 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong‐Cong Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Hao Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Yao Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Wei‐Wei Deng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Zhi‐Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial‐Head Neck Surgery School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
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Wang H, Xue W, Ouyang W, Jiang X, Jiang X. miR-23a-3p/SIX1 regulates glucose uptake and proliferation through GLUT3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. J Cancer 2020; 11:2529-2539. [PMID: 32201523 PMCID: PMC7066005 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SIX1 overexpression has been reported in several cancers. However, its involvement in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear. In this study we investigated the clinical significance and biological roles of SIX1 in HNSCC. SIX1 expression was upregulated in HNSCC and correlated with TNM stage and nodal metastasis. Analysis of TCGA dataset demonstrated that high SIX1 expression correlated with poor patient prognosis. Overexpression of SIX1 in the Fadu cell line upregulated cell proliferation, colony formation, glucose uptake and ATP production. In contrast, SIX1 depletion in the Detroit562 cell line downregulated cell proliferation, colony formation, glucose uptake and ATP production. We analyzed a series of genes involved in glucose metabolism and found that SIX1 overexpression upregulated GLUT3, an important glucose transporter, at both mRNA and protein levels. Using the TRANSFAC database, we found that SIX1 had potential binding sites on the GLUT3 promoter, which was validated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Next, we focused on miR-23a-3p, which could target SIX1 in HNSCC cells. The miR-23a-3p mimic downregulated SIX1 expression while the miR-23a-3p inhibitor upregulated SIX1 expression. The binding of miR-23a-3p to the 3'-UTR of SIX1 was confirmed using the luciferase reporter assay. Analysis of TCGA dataset showed a negative correlation between the miR-23a-3p and SIX1. Furthermore, the miR-23a-3p mimic inhibited cell proliferation, ATP production and glucose uptake, which could be rescued by transfection with the SIX1 plasmid. In summary, our study demonstrated that SIX1 facilitated HNSCC cell growth through regulation of GLUT3 and glucose uptake. miR-23a-3p targeted the SIX1/GLUT3 axis and suppressed glucose uptake and proliferation in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Weishuang Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wunyu Ouyang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoze Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Yang X, Zhu X, Yan Z, Li C, Zhao H, Ma L, Zhang D, Liu J, Liu Z, Du N, Ye Q, Xu X. miR-489-3p/SIX1 Axis Regulates Melanoma Proliferation and Glycolytic Potential. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 16:30-40. [PMID: 32258386 PMCID: PMC7109510 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1), a key transcription factor for regulating aerobic glycolysis, participates in the occurrence of various cancer types. However, the role of SIX1 in melanoma and the upstream regulating mechanisms of SIX1 remain to be further investigated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators in tumorigenesis and progression. Here, we show that miR-489-3p suppresses SIX1 expression by directly targeting its 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) in melanoma cells. miR-489-3p suppressed melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through inhibition of SIX1. Mechanistically, by targeting SIX1, miR-489-3p dampens glycolysis, with decreased glucose uptake, lactate production, ATP generation, and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), as well as an increased oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Importantly, glycolysis regulated by the miR-489-3p/SIX1 axis is critical for its regulation of melanoma growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. In melanoma patients, miR-489-3p expression is negatively correlated with SIX1 expression. In addition, patients who had increased glucose uptake in tumors and with metastasis assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) scans showed decreased miR-489-3p expression and increased expression of SIX1. Collectively, our study demonstrates the importance of the miR-489-3p/SIX1 axis in melanoma, which can be a potential and a promising therapeutic target in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Yang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.,Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhifeng Yan
- Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Luyuan Ma
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Deyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Du
- Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
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Monteiro AC, Muenzner JK, Andrade F, Rius FE, Ostalecki C, Geppert CI, Agaimy A, Hartmann A, Fujita A, Schneider-Stock R, Jasiulionis MG. Gene expression and promoter methylation of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors as prognostic markers in melanoma. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1433-1449. [PMID: 31069961 PMCID: PMC6547615 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mortality rate of melanoma is broadly associated with its metastatic potential. Tumor cell dissemination is strictly dependent on vascularization; therefore, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis play an essential role in metastasis. Hence, a better understanding of the players of tumor vascularization and establishing them as new molecular biomarkers might help to overcome the poor prognosis of melanoma patients. Here, we further characterized a linear murine model of melanoma progression and showed that the aggressiveness of melanoma cells is closely associated with high expression of angiogenic factors, such as Vegfc, Angpt2, and Six1, and that blockade of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway by the inhibitor axitinib abrogates their tumorigenic potential in vitro and in the in vivo chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay. Furthermore, analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data revealed that the expression of the angiogenic factor ANGPT2 (P‐value = 0.044) and the lymphangiogenic receptor VEGFR‐3 (P‐value = 0.002) were independent prognostic factors of overall survival in melanoma patients. Enhanced reduced representation bisulfite sequencing‐based methylome profiling revealed for the first time a link between abnormal VEGFC, ANGPT2, and SIX1 gene expression and promoter hypomethylation in melanoma cells. In patients, VEGFC (P‐value = 0.031), ANGPT2 (P‐value < 0.001), and SIX1 (P‐value = 0.009) promoter hypomethylation were independent prognostic factors of shorter overall survival. Hence, our data suggest that these angio‐ and lymphangiogenesis factors are potential biomarkers of melanoma prognosis. Moreover, these findings strongly support the applicability of our melanoma progression model to unravel new biomarkers for this aggressive human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Monteiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Julienne K Muenzner
- Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Fernando Andrade
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Eichemberger Rius
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Ostalecki
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carol I Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - André Fujita
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
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12
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MiR-150-5p regulates melanoma proliferation, invasion and metastasis via SIX1-mediated Warburg Effect. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:85-91. [PMID: 31128917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of cancer. Sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1), a key transcription factor in terms of regulating aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg Effect), plays a critical role in tumorigenesis of various cancer types, including breast cancer, liver cancer, and lung cancer. However, the upstream regulating mechanisms of SIX1 in melanoma remain to be determined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators in tumorigenesis and progression. Here, we initially showed that microRNA-150-5p (miR-150-5p) inhibits SIX1 expression by directly targeting its 3'-UTR in melanoma cells. miR-150-5p suppressed melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through inhibition of SIX1. Mechanistically, miR-150-5p dampens glycolysis by decreasing the glucose uptake, lactate production, ATP generation, and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), and increasing oxygen consumption rate (OCR) by targeting SIX1. Importantly, glycolysis regulated by miR-150-5p/SIX1 axis is critical for its regulation of melanoma growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our study demonstrates the importance of miR-150-5p/SIX1 axis in melanoma, which could be a promising therapeutic target in melanoma.
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13
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Wan J, Yang J, Qiao C, Sun X, Di A, Zhang L, Wang D, Zhao G. MicroRNA-362 Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Directly Targeting SIX1 in Colorectal Cancer. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:414-422. [PMID: 31016902 PMCID: PMC6479121 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.5.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in China and poses high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, increasing evidence has indicated that microRNAs played important functions in the occurrence and development of tumors. The purpose of this study was to identify the biological mechanisms of miR-362 in CRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR was carried out to assess the expression of miR-362 and SIX1. The Kaplan-Meier method was employed to evaluate the 5-year overall survival of CRC patients. The proliferative and invasive abilities of CRC cells were assessed by MTT and transwell assays. RESULTS miR-362 was significantly decreased in CRC tissues and cell lines, compared to the normal tissues and normal cells. A significant connection was confirmed between the overall survival of 53 CRC patients and low expression of miR-362. Downregulation of miR-362 inhibited the proliferation and invasion through binding to the 3'-UTR of SIX1 mRNA in CRC. Additionally, we discovered that SIX1 was a direct target gene of miR-362 and that the expression of miR-362 had a negative connection with SIX1 expression in CRC. SIX1 could reverse partial functions in the proliferation and invasion in CRC cells. CONCLUSION miR-362 may be a prognostic marker in CRC and suppress CRC cell proliferation and invasion in part through targeting the 3'-UTR of SIX1 mRNA. The newly identified miR-362/SIX1 axis provides insight into the progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin'e Wan
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Oncology, Zouping Centre Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Cuixia Qiao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Aiting Di
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lize Zhang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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14
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De Lope C, Martín-Alonso S, Auzmendi-Iriarte J, Escudero C, Mulet I, Larrasa-Alonso J, López-Antona I, Matheu A, Palmero I. SIX1 represses senescence and promotes SOX2-mediated cellular plasticity during tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1412. [PMID: 30723235 PMCID: PMC6363751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Six1 is a developmental transcriptional regulator frequently overexpressed in human tumors. Recent results show that SIX1 also acts as a repressor of cell senescence, an antiproliferative response with a key role in tumor suppression, among other physiological and pathological settings. Here, we set to study the impact of SIX1 gain of function in transformation and tumorigenesis of fibroblasts, in connection with senescence. Using transcriptomic, histological, and functional analyses in murine tumors and cells of fibroblast origin, we show that SIX1 has a strong pro-tumorigenic action in this model, linked to the repression of a senescence-related gene signature and the induction of an undifferentiated phenotype mediated, at least in part, by the regulation of the stemness factor Sox2. Moreover, functional analyses with human glioma cell lines also show that SIX1 controls SOX2 expression, senescence and self-renewal in this model. Collectively, our results support a general link of SIX1 with senescence and SOX2-mediated cell plasticity in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina De Lope
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samara Martín-Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Escudero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Mulet
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Larrasa-Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene López-Antona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, and CIBERfes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Palmero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Kingsbury TJ, Kim M, Civin CI. Regulation of cancer stem cell properties by SIX1, a member of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 141:1-42. [PMID: 30691681 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network (PSEDN) is a central developmental transcriptional regulatory network from Drosophila to humans. The PSEDN is comprised of four conserved protein families; including paired box (PAX), sine oculis (SIX), eyes absent (EYA), and dachshund (DACH). Aberrant expression of PSEDN members, particularly SIX1, has been observed in multiple human cancers, where SIX1 expression correlates with increased aggressiveness and poor prognosis. In conjunction with its transcriptional activator EYA, the SIX1 transcription factor increases cancer stem cell (CSC) numbers and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). SIX1 promotes multiple hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer via regulation of cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, genome stability, and energy metabolism. SIX1 also influences the tumor microenvironment, enhancing recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages and stimulating angiogenesis, to promote tumor development and progression. EYA proteins are multifunctional, possessing a transcriptional activation domain and tyrosine phosphatase activity, that each contributes to cancer stem cell properties. DACH proteins function as tumor suppressors in solid cancers, opposing the actions of SIX-EYA and reducing CSC prevalence. Multiple mechanisms can lead to increased SIX1 expression, including loss of SIX1-targeting tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRs), whose expression correlates inversely with SIX1 expression in cancer patient samples. In this review, we discuss the major mechanisms by which SIX1 confers CSC and EMT features and other important cancer cell characteristics. The roles of EYA and DACH in CSCs and cancer progression are briefly highlighted. Finally, we summarize the clinical significance of SIX1 in cancer to emphasize the potential therapeutic benefits of effective strategies to disrupt PSEDN protein interactions and functions.
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