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Striese F, Neuber C, Gräßel S, Arndt C, Ullrich M, Steinbach J, Pietzsch J, Bergmann R, Pietzsch HJ, Sihver W, Frenz M, Feldmann A, Bachmann MP. Preclinical Characterization of the 177Lu-Labeled Prostate Stem Cell Antigen (PSCA)-Specific Monoclonal Antibody 7F5. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119420. [PMID: 37298374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an excellent target for imaging and treatment of prostate carcinoma (PCa). Unfortunately, not all PCa cells express PSMA. Therefore, alternative theranostic targets are required. The membrane protein prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is highly overexpressed in most primary prostate carcinoma (PCa) cells and in metastatic and hormone refractory tumor cells. Moreover, PSCA expression positively correlates with tumor progression. Therefore, it represents a potential alternative theranostic target suitable for imaging and/or radioimmunotherapy. In order to support this working hypothesis, we conjugated our previously described anti-PSCA monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7F5 with the bifunctional chelator CHX-A″-DTPA and subsequently radiolabeled it with the theranostic radionuclide 177Lu. The resulting radiolabeled mAb ([177Lu]Lu-CHX-A″-DTPA-7F5) was characterized both in vitro and in vivo. It showed a high radiochemical purity (>95%) and stability. The labelling did not affect its binding capability. Biodistribution studies showed a high specific tumor uptake compared to most non-targeted tissues in mice bearing PSCA-positive tumors. Accordingly, SPECT/CT images revealed a high tumor-to-background ratios from 16 h to 7 days after administration of [177Lu]Lu-CHX-A″-DTPA-7F5. Consequently, [177Lu]Lu-CHX-A″-DTPA-7F5 represents a promising candidate for imaging and in the future also for radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Striese
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandy Gräßel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Ullrich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sihver
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Frenz
- Faculty of Informatik and Wirtschaftsinformatik, Provadis School of International Management and Technology AG, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael P Bachmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (UCC/NCT), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Yuan Y, Song J, Wu Q. Aberrant gene expression pattern in the glycolysis-cholesterol synthesis axis is linked with immune infiltration and prognosis in prostate cancer: A bioinformatics analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31416. [PMID: 36316896 PMCID: PMC9622640 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant lipid metabolism is an early event in tumorigenesis and has been found in a variety of tumor types, especially prostate cancer (PCa). Therefore, We hypothesize that PCa can be stratified into metabolic subgroups based on glycolytic and cholesterogenic related genes, and the different subgroups are closely related to the immune microenvironment. Bioinformatics analysis of genomic, transcriptomic, and clinical data from a comprehensive cohort of PCa patients was performed. Datasets included the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) dataset, GSE70768, our previously published PCa cohort. The unsupervised cluster analysis was employed to stratify PCa samples based on the expression of metabolic-related genes. Four molecular subtypes were identified, named Glycolytic, Cholesterogenic, Mixed, and Quiescent. Each metabolic subtype has specific features. Among the 4 subtypes, the cholesterogenic subtype exhibited better median survival, whereas patients with high expression of glycolytic genes showed the shortest survival. The mitochondrial pyruvate carriers (MPC) 1 exhibited expression difference between PCa metabolic subgroups, but not for MPCs 2. Glycolytic subtypes had lower immune cell scores, while Cholesterogenic subgroups had higher immune cell scores. Our results demonstrated that metabolic classifications based on specific glycolytic and cholesterol-producing pathways provide new biological insights into previously established subtypes and may guide develop personalized therapies for unique tumor metabolism characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Yuan
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jukun Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- *Correspondence: Qinghua Wu, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (e-mail: )
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Benjamin DJ, Rezazadeh Kalebasty A. Prostate Cancer Screening at US Cancer Centers. JAMA Intern Med 2022; 182:1008. [PMID: 35789372 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Benjamin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Irvine
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Signaling Pathways That Control Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050937. [PMID: 33668112 PMCID: PMC7956765 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the fifth leading cancer-caused death in men worldwide. Therapies that target the androgen receptor axis induce apoptosis in normal prostates and provide temporary relief for advanced disease, yet prostate cancer that acquired androgen independence (so called castration-resistant prostate cancer, CRPC) invariably progresses to lethal disease. There is accumulating evidence that androgen receptor signaling do not regulate apoptosis and proliferation in prostate epithelial cells in a cell-autonomous fashion. Instead, androgen receptor activation in stroma compartments induces expression of unknown paracrine factors that maintain homeostasis of the prostate epithelium. This paradigm calls for new studies to identify paracrine factors and signaling pathways that control the survival of normal epithelial cells and to determine which apoptosis regulatory molecules are targeted by these pathways. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the mechanism of apoptosis induced by androgen ablation in prostate epithelial cells with emphasis on the roles of BCL-2 family proteins and "druggable" signaling pathways that control these proteins. A summary of the clinical trials of inhibitors of anti-apoptotic signaling pathways is also provided. Evidently, better knowledge of the apoptosis regulation in prostate epithelial cells is needed to understand mechanisms of androgen-independence and implement life-extending therapies for CRPC.
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Li R, Wang S, Cui Y, Qu H, Chater JM, Zhang L, Wei J, Wang M, Xu Y, Yu L, Lu J, Feng Y, Zhou R, Huang Y, Ma R, Zhu J, Zhong W, Jia Z. Extended application of genomic selection to screen multiomics data for prognostic signatures of prostate cancer. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:5902820. [PMID: 32898860 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognostic tests using expression profiles of several dozen genes help provide treatment choices for prostate cancer (PCa). However, these tests require improvement to meet the clinical need for resolving overtreatment, which continues to be a pervasive problem in PCa management. Genomic selection (GS) methodology, which utilizes whole-genome markers to predict agronomic traits, was adopted in this study for PCa prognosis. We leveraged The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to evaluate the prediction performance of six GS methods and seven omics data combinations, which showed that the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) model outperformed the other methods regarding predictability and computational efficiency. Leveraging the BLUP-HAT method, an accelerated version of BLUP, we demonstrated that using expression data of a large number of disease-relevant genes and with an integration of other omics data (i.e. miRNAs) significantly increased outcome predictability when compared with panels consisting of a small number of genes. Finally, we developed a novel stepwise forward selection BLUP-HAT method to facilitate searching multiomics data for predictor variables with prognostic potential. The new method was applied to the TCGA data to derive mRNA and miRNA expression signatures for predicting relapse-free survival of PCa, which were validated in six independent cohorts. This is a transdisciplinary adoption of the highly efficient BLUP-HAT method and its derived algorithms to analyze multiomics data for PCa prognosis. The results demonstrated the efficacy and robustness of the new methodology in developing prognostic models in PCa, suggesting a potential utility in managing other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Li
- University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Shibo Wang
- University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Yanru Cui
- Hebei Agricultural University, China
| | - Han Qu
- University of California, Riverside, USA
| | | | - Le Zhang
- University of California, Riverside, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lei Yu
- University of California, Riverside, USA
| | | | | | - Rui Zhou
- South China University of Technology, China
| | | | | | - Jianguo Zhu
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
| | - Weide Zhong
- South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Jia
- University of California, Riverside, USA
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Pan J, Xu X, Wang G. lncRNA ZFAS1 Is Involved in the Proliferation, Invasion and Metastasis of Prostate Cancer Cells Through Competitively Binding to miR-135a-5p. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:1135-1149. [PMID: 32104094 PMCID: PMC7025677 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s237439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common malignant tumor in men. lncRNA ZFAS1 plays a carcinogenic role in many types of cancer; however, its potential role in PCa remains unclear. The current study aimed to determine the expression and function of ZFAS1 in PC. Methods The ZFAS1 expression in PC tissues and cells was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). SiZFAS1, miR-135a-5p mimic and miR-135a-5p inhibitor were transfected into PCa cells. The direct target of ZFAS1 was predicted by Starbase and verified by dual-luciferase reporter. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of the PCa cells were determined by cell counting kit-8, clone formation assay, flow cytometer, scratch and Transwell assay, respectively. The expression levels of related proteins and mRNAs were determined by Western blotting and qPCR. Results ZFAS1 expression was up-regulated in PCa cells and tissues. ZFAS1 could competitively bind to miR-135a-5p in PCa cells, and down-regulation of ZFAS1 inhibited cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion of PCa cells and the occurrence of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and promoted apoptosis of PCa cells and increased the miR-135a-5p expression. Moreover, the function of miR-135a-5p mimic in PCa cells was consistent with ZFAS1 knockdown, while the function of miR-135a-5p inhibitor was opposite to that of miR-135a-5p mimic in PCa cells. The results showed that knocking down ZFAS1 could attenuate the effects of miR-135a-5p inhibitor on cell proliferation, invasion and EMT of PCa cells. Conclusion Knocking down ZFAS1 could inhibit the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of PCa cells through regulating miR-135a-5p expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Pan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangliang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Heath EI, Nanus DM, Slovin S, Strand C, Higano C, Simons VH, Johnson C, Kyriakopoulos CE, Reichert ZR, Lory S, George DJ, Mucci LA, Marcus JD, Trendel JA, Bock CH. Prostate Cancer National Summit's Call to Action. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:161-168. [PMID: 31085057 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth I Heath
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
| | - David M Nanus
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Susan Slovin
- Sidney Kimmel Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Celestia Higano
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Crawford Johnson
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christos E Kyriakopoulos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Zachery R Reichert
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Daniel J George
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jill A Trendel
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Cathryn H Bock
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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8
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Li D, Lv H, Hao X, Hu B, Song Y. Prognostic value of serum alkaline phosphatase in the survival of prostate cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3125-3139. [PMID: 30214305 PMCID: PMC6124801 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s174237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have evaluated the relationship between alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the prognosis for prostate cancer (PCa). But they have not reached a widespread consensus yet. Therefore, we completed a meta-analysis to ascertain the significance of ALP and the prognosis for PCa. METHODS A literature search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. HRs concerning overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were extracted to evaluate the impacts of ALP on the prognosis for PCa. Subgroup analyses were conducted on different study types, regions, sample sizes, and cutoff values. Sensitivity analysis was performed by removing one study in sequence. RESULTS A total of 63 studies from 54 articles with 16,135 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results indicated that high baseline ALP was associated with obviously poor OS (HR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.47-2.06) and PFS (HR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.13-2.26) in patients with PCa. The pooled HR for bone-specific ALP and OS was 1.76 (95% CI: 1.45-2.15). However, no association between ALP and CSS (HR=1.002, 95% CI: 0.998-1.005) was found for PCa. The results of subgroup analyses were all in accordance with the main findings. Sensitivity analysis suggested that no single study could affect the stability of the results. CONCLUSION High serum ALP is significantly associated with poor OS and PFS except for CSS in PCa. ALP is an efficient and convenient biomarker for PCa prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China,
| | - Hang Lv
- Department of Urology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China,
| | - Xuanyu Hao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Urology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China,
| | - Yongsheng Song
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China,
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Malihi PD, Morikado M, Welter L, Liu ST, Miller ET, Cadaneanu RM, Knudsen BS, Lewis MS, Carlsson A, Velasco CR, Kolatkar A, Rodriguez-Lee M, Garraway IP, Hicks J, Kuhn P. Clonal diversity revealed by morphoproteomic and copy number profiles of single prostate cancer cells at diagnosis. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2018; 4:015003. [PMID: 32670616 PMCID: PMC7363158 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aaa00b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is prevalent in both treatment-naïve and end-stage metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa), and may contribute to the broad range of clinical presentation, treatment response, and disease progression. To characterize molecular heterogeneity associated with de novo metastatic PCa, multiplatform single cell profiling was performed using high definition single cell analysis (HD-SCA). HD-SCA enabled morphoproteomic and morphogenomic profiling of single cells from touch preparations of tissue cores (prostate and bone marrow biopsies) as well as liquid samples (peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate). Morphology, nuclear features, copy number alterations, and protein expression were analyzed. Tumor cells isolated from prostate tissue touch preparation (PTTP) and bone marrow touch preparation (BMTP) as well as metastatic tumor cells (MTCs) isolated from bone marrow aspirate were characterized by morphology and cytokeratin expression. Although peripheral blood was examined, circulating tumor cells were not definitively observed. Targeted proteomics of PTTP, BMTP, and MTCs revealed cell lineage and luminal prostate epithelial differentiation associated with PCa, including co-expression of EpCAM, PSA, and PSMA. Androgen receptor expression was highest in MTCs. Hallmark PCa copy number alterations, including PTEN and ETV6 deletions and NCOA2 amplification, were observed in cells within the primary tumor and bone marrow biopsy samples. Genomic landscape of MTCs revealed to be a mix of both primary and bone metastatic tissue. This multiplatform analysis of single cells reveals several clonal origins of metastatic PCa in a newly diagnosed, untreated patient with polymetastatic disease. This case demonstrates that real-time molecular profiling of cells collected through prostate and bone marrow biopsies is feasible and has the potential to elucidate the origin and evolution of metastatic tumor cells. Altogether, biological and genomic data obtained through longitudinal biopsies can be used to reveal the properties of PCa and can impact clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paymaneh D Malihi
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Morikado
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Lisa Welter
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Sandy T Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric T Miller
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Radu M Cadaneanu
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael S Lewis
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Anders Carlsson
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Carmen Ruiz Velasco
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Anand Kolatkar
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mariam Rodriguez-Lee
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Isla P Garraway
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - James Hicks
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Peter Kuhn
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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