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Weissferdt A, Moran C. PAX5 and CD70 are expressed in thymic carcinoma but not in atypical thymoma (WHO type B3 thymoma): an immunohistochemical analysis of 60 cases. J Clin Pathol 2024; 77:761-765. [PMID: 37696593 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-209070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Thymic carcinoma and atypical thymoma (WHO type B3 thymoma) are unusual tumours the separation of which may be challenging in small biopsies. Both tumours consist of epithelioid tumour cells that share similar morphology and immunophenotype with conventional markers. Therefore, additional antibodies are needed to differentiate between these tumours. METHODS For this purpose, a panel of immunohistochemical stains including PAX2, PAX5, PAX8 (all monoclonal) and CD70 was used on whole tumour sections of 30 thymic carcinomas and 30 atypical thymomas to determine the expression pattern of these antibodies. In addition, all tumours were stained with markers that are well known to be expressed in both tumours, including pancytokeratin and cytokeratin 5/6. The percentage of positive tumour cells as well as the intensity of staining were evaluated and scored. RESULTS PAX5 stained close to 70% of thymic carcinomas while all atypical thymomas were negative for this marker. CD70 was expressed in 18 thymic carcinomas (60%) and in 1 case of atypical thymoma (3%). On the other hand, monoclonal PAX8 was negative in all cases while PAX2 was positive in a single thymic carcinoma. Of the established stains, pancytokeratin and cytokeratin 5/6 were equally positive in both tumours. CONCLUSIONS Among the markers explored, only PAX5 and CD70 appear to be differentially expressed and are predominantly restricted to thymic carcinomas. Therefore, in small biopsy specimens and in resections in which the morphological features remain equivocal, application of these particular stains may facilitate separation of thymic carcinoma and atypical thymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annikka Weissferdt
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cesar Moran
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Ying T, Chen J, Song J, Zhou Y, Bao B, Zheng L. Prognosis of EBV-positive gastric cancer with lymphoid stroma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:316-324. [PMID: 38032298 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2023.2286194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although gastric cancer with lymphoid stroma (GCLS) presents better prognosis, uncertainty still exists regarding the association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection with prognosis of GCLS. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate the outcome and characteristics of EBV-positive GCLS via a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Three medical databases, with a period ranging from 2000 to so far, were searched for observational studies on EBV infection, clinical characteristics and prognosis. Odds ratio (OR) was used to evaluate the mortality and clinical characteristics of EBV-positive GCLS patients. Egger's test and subgroup analysis were conducted to identify the source of heterogeneity. RESULTS Nine retrospective studies were finally identified, which involved 618 EBV-positive and 153 EBV-negative GCLS patients. The forest plot indicated that EBV-positive GCLS patients had lower mortality (p = .009; 95% CI: 0.15-0.77; I2 = 48.6%). Both of funnel plot and Egger's tests suggested that there was no publication bias. Nonetheless, subgroup analysis indicated that T1-2 stage ratio more than 50% (p < .001; I2 = 6.7%) and male ratio more than 80% (p < .001; I2 = 0.0%) were valuable for eliminating the heterogeneity. Seven studies including valid information showed that TNM stage of EBV-positive and negative GCLS patients was not statistically different (p = .644; 95% CI: 0.50-1.53; I2 = 0.0%). CONCLUSIONS EBV-positive GCLS tends to have lower mortality, suggesting that detection of EBV infection is necessary to predict prognosis of GCLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Ying
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jiyu Song
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Banghe Bao
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Liduan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Jiao J, Lv Z, Wang Y, Fan L, Yang A. The off-target effects of AID in carcinogenesis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221528. [PMID: 37600817 PMCID: PMC10436223 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) plays a crucial role in promoting B cell diversification through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). While AID is primarily associated with the physiological function of humoral immune response, it has also been linked to the initiation and progression of lymphomas. Abnormalities in AID have been shown to disrupt gene networks and signaling pathways in both B-cell and T-cell lineage lymphoblastic leukemia, although the full extent of its role in carcinogenesis remains unclear. This review proposes an alternative role for AID and explores its off-target effects in regulating tumorigenesis. In this review, we first provide an overview of the physiological function of AID and its regulation. AID plays a crucial role in promoting B cell diversification through SHM and CSR. We then discuss the off-target effects of AID, which includes inducing mutations of non-Igs, epigenetic modification, and the alternative role as a cofactor. We also explore the networks that keep AID in line. Furthermore, we summarize the off-target effects of AID in autoimmune diseases and hematological neoplasms. Finally, we assess the off-target effects of AID in solid tumors. The primary focus of this review is to understand how and when AID targets specific gene loci and how this affects carcinogenesis. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the physiological and off-target effects of AID, which will contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases, hematological neoplasms, and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Jiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhuangwei Lv
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yurong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Liye Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Angang Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Unifying Different Cancer Theories in a Unique Tumour Model: Chronic Inflammation and Deaminases as Meeting Points. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158720. [PMID: 35955853 PMCID: PMC9368936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in cancer incidences shows that there is a need to better understand tumour heterogeneity to achieve efficient treatments. Interestingly, there are several common features among almost all types of cancers, with chronic inflammation induction and deaminase dysfunctions singled out. Deaminases are a family of enzymes with nucleotide-editing capacity, which are classified into two main groups: DNA-based and RNA-based. Remarkably, a close relationship between inflammation and the dysregulation of these molecules has been widely documented, which may explain the characteristic intratumor heterogeneity, both at DNA and transcriptional levels. Indeed, heterogeneity in cancer makes it difficult to establish a unique tumour progression model. Currently, there are three main cancer models—stochastic, hierarchic, and dynamic—although there is no consensus on which one better resembles cancer biology because they are usually overly simplified. Here, to accurately explain tumour progression, we propose interactions among chronic inflammation, deaminases dysregulation, intratumor genetic heterogeneity, cancer phenotypic plasticity, and even the previously proposed appearance of cancer stem-like cell populations in the edges of advanced solid tumour masses (instead of being the cells of origin of primary malignancies). The new tumour development model proposed in this study does not contradict previously accepted models and it may open up a window to interesting therapeutic approaches.
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Ghorbani A, Quinlan EM, Larijani M. Evolutionary Comparative Analyses of DNA-Editing Enzymes of the Immune System: From 5-Dimensional Description of Protein Structures to Immunological Insights and Applications to Protein Engineering. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642343. [PMID: 34135887 PMCID: PMC8201067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is unique among all biological sub-systems in its usage of DNA-editing enzymes to introduce targeted gene mutations and double-strand DNA breaks to diversify antigen receptor genes and combat viral infections. These processes, initiated by specific DNA-editing enzymes, often result in mistargeted induction of genome lesions that initiate and drive cancers. Like other molecules involved in human health and disease, the DNA-editing enzymes of the immune system have been intensively studied in humans and mice, with little attention paid (< 1% of published studies) to the same enzymes in evolutionarily distant species. Here, we present a systematic review of the literature on the characterization of one such DNA-editing enzyme, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), from an evolutionary comparative perspective. The central thesis of this review is that although the evolutionary comparative approach represents a minuscule fraction of published works on this and other DNA-editing enzymes, this approach has made significant impacts across the fields of structural biology, immunology, and cancer research. Using AID as an example, we highlight the value of the evolutionary comparative approach in discoveries already made, and in the context of emerging directions in immunology and protein engineering. We introduce the concept of 5-dimensional (5D) description of protein structures, a more nuanced view of a structure that is made possible by evolutionary comparative studies. In this higher dimensional view of a protein's structure, the classical 3-dimensional (3D) structure is integrated in the context of real-time conformations and evolutionary time shifts (4th dimension) and the relevance of these dynamics to its biological function (5th dimension).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Ghorbani
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Emma M. Quinlan
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Clinicopathological Features and Prognostic Implication of Gastric Carcinoma with Lymphoid Stroma. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:6628412. [PMID: 33343655 PMCID: PMC7728477 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6628412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods This study included 34 eligible studies and 1757 GCLSs. The clinicopathologic characteristics of GCLS were investigated from eligible studies, and the meta-analysis was performed. In addition, we compared the survival rates between GCLS and non-GCLS. Results The estimated rate of GCLS was 0.062 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.040-0.097). GCLS was significantly correlated with the diffuse type of Lauren's classification, proximal tumor location, less-frequent lymphatic invasion, and lower pTNM stage. However, there was no significant difference in age, sex, tumor differentiation, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, pT stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis between GCLS and non-GCLS patients. EBV positive rates in GCLS and non-GCLS patients were 0.723 (95% CI 0.643-0.791) and 0.064 (95% CI 0.039-0.103), respectively. HER2 expression in GCLS was significantly lower than that in non-GCLS. GCLS patients had a more favorable prognosis than that of non-GCLS patients (hazard ratio 0.500, 95% CI 0.305-0.821). Conclusion GCLS comprised 6.2% of overall GC and more frequent in the proximal portion of the stomach. Since GCLS was associated with better prognosis, the histologic finding can be useful for predicting the patient's prognosis.
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Che Z, Fan J, Zhou Z, Li Q, Ma Z, Hu Z, Wu Y, Jin Y, Su Y, Liang P, Li H. Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Expression Facilitates the Malignant Phenotype and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1299-1312. [PMID: 32551879 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although advances have been made in the development of antiangiogenesis targeted therapy and surgery, metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is still incurable. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is mainly expressed in a variety of germ and somatic cells, and induces somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination, playing a vital role in antibody diversification. We confirmed that AID was expressed at a higher level in ccRCC tissues than in the corresponding nontumor renal tissues. We explored the impact of AID on ccRCC proliferation, invasion, and migration. In 769-p and 786-0 cells, expression of an AID-specific short hairpin RNA significantly reduced AID expression, which markedly inhibited tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and migration. Previous studies showed that AID is associated with Wnt ligand secretion mediator (WLS/GPR177), cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) regulation, which was further confirmed in human ccRCC tissues. Therefore, we studied the relationship between AID and these three molecules, and the impact of AID on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ccRCC. WLS/GPR177, SDF-1/CXCL12, and CDK4 were sensitive to 5-azacytidine (a DNA demethylation agent), which reverted the inhibition of carcinogenesis caused by AID repression. In summary, AID is an oncogene that might induce tumorigenesis through DNA demethylation. Targeting AID may represent a novel therapeutic approach to treat metastatic ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Che
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinfeng Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiyan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhanhao Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yaoxi Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yingxia Jin
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyu Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Haoyong Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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