1
|
Dhandapani H, Jayakumar H, Seetharaman A, Singh SS, Ganeshrajah S, Jagadish N, Suri A, Thangarajan R, Ramanathan P. Dendritic cells matured with recombinant human sperm associated antigen 9 (rhSPAG9) induce CD4 +, CD8 + T cells and activate NK cells: a potential candidate molecule for immunotherapy in cervical cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:473. [PMID: 34493268 PMCID: PMC8424976 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy is capable of activating the immune system and in particular tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to eradicate the tumor. However, major limitations are the availability of autologous tumor cells as antigenic source and the selection of antigen that may have potential to activate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in immune-specific manner. Recently, we reported the expression of sperm associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) that is associated with various types of malignancies including cervical cancer. We examined the recombinant human SPAG9 (rhSPAG9) as an antigenic source for generating efficient DCs to stimulate CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for future DCs-based vaccine trials in cervical cancer patients. Methods Human monocytes derived DCs were pulsed with different concentrations (250 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml) of recombinant human SPAG9 (rhSPAG9) and evaluated for their phenotypic and functional ability. The efficacy of DCs primed with 750 ng/ml of rhSPAG9 (SPDCs) was compared with DCs primed with autologous tumor lysates (TLDCs), to induce CD4+, CD8+ T cells and activating NK cells. In addition, we investigated the effect of the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin on phenotypic and functional potential of SPDCs. Results Phenotypic and functional characterization of DCs pulsed with 750 ng/ml rhSPAG9 was found to be optimal and effective for priming DCs. SPDCs were also capable of stimulating allogeneic T cells similar to TLDCs. SPDCs showed a statistically insignificant increase in the expression of maturation marker CD83 and migration towards CCL19 and CCL21 compared with TLDCs (CD83; P = 0.4; migration; P = 0.2). In contrast, although TLDCs showed better proliferation and secretion of Th1 cytokines (IL12p40, IL12p70 and IFNγ) compared to SPDCs, this difference was not statistically significant (IL12p40, P = 0.06). Further we also observed that clinical dose of cisplatin (200 µM) treated SPDCs were able to stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes without increasing the FOXP3+ Tregs in autologous co-cultures. Conclusions In summary, in order to overcome the limitation of the availability of autologous tumor cells as antigenic sources, our present strategy provides an insight to consider rhSPAG9 as a strong immunogen for DC-based immunotherapy for cervical cancer trials and warrants further studies. This is the first report to suggest that rhSPAG9 is an effective antigen for pulsing DCs that are capable of eliciting a potent Th1 response which, in turn, may help in decreasing the tumor burden when used along with a cisplatin based combinatorial regimen for therapeutic intervention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-01951-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemavathi Dhandapani
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Dr. Krishnamurthi Campus, 38, SardarPatel Road, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Hascitha Jayakumar
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Dr. Krishnamurthi Campus, 38, SardarPatel Road, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Abirami Seetharaman
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Dr. Krishnamurthi Campus, 38, SardarPatel Road, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Shirley Sunder Singh
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Dr. Krishnamurthi Campus, 38, SardarPatel Road, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Selvaluxmy Ganeshrajah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Dr. Krishnamurthi Campus, 38, SardarPatel Road, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Nirmala Jagadish
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Anil Suri
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rajkumar Thangarajan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Dr. Krishnamurthi Campus, 38, SardarPatel Road, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Priya Ramanathan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Dr. Krishnamurthi Campus, 38, SardarPatel Road, Chennai, 600036, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Immunodiagnostic Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): The First Step in Detection and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116139. [PMID: 34200243 PMCID: PMC8201127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exerts huge effects on the health burden of the world because of its high mortality and poor prognosis. HCC is often clinically detected late in patients. If HCC could be detected and treated earlier, the survival rate of patients will be greatly improved. Therefore, identifying specific biomarkers is urgent and important for HCC. The liver is also recognized as an immune organ. The occurrence of HCC is related to exacerbation of immune tolerance and/or immunosurveillance escape. The host immune system plays an important role in the recognition and targeting of tumor cells in cancer immunotherapy, as can be seen from the clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Thus, there is a pressing medical need to discover immunodiagnostic biomarkers specific to HCC for understanding the pathological mechanisms of HCC, especially for immunotherapy targets. We have reviewed the existing literature to summarize the immunodiagnostic markers of HCC, including autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and exosomes, to provide new insights into HCC and early detection of this deadly cancer.
Collapse
|
3
|
de Jonge H, Iamele L, Maggi M, Pessino G, Scotti C. Anti-Cancer Auto-Antibodies: Roles, Applications and Open Issues. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:813. [PMID: 33672007 PMCID: PMC7919283 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Auto-antibodies are classically associated with autoimmune diseases, where they are an integral part of diagnostic panels. However, recent evidence is accumulating on the presence of auto-antibodies against single or selected panels of auto-antigens in many types of cancer. Auto-antibodies might initially represent an epiphenomenon derived from the inflammatory environment induced by the tumor. However, their effect on tumor evolution can be crucial, as is discussed in this paper. It has been demonstrated that some of these auto-antibodies can be used for early detection and cancer staging, as well as for monitoring of cancer regression during treatment and follow up. Interestingly, certain auto-antibodies were found to promote cancer progression and metastasis, while others contribute to the body's defense against it. Moreover, auto-antibodies are of a polyclonal nature, which means that often several antibodies are involved in the response to a single tumor antigen. Dissection of these antibody specificities is now possible, allowing their identification at the genetic, structural, and epitope levels. In this review, we report the evidence available on the presence of auto-antibodies in the main cancer types and discuss some of the open issues that still need to be addressed by the research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Scotti
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (H.d.J.); (L.I.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou PC, Sun LQ, Shao L, Yi LZ, Li N, Fan XG. Establishment of a pattern recognition metabolomics model for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4607-4623. [PMID: 32884220 PMCID: PMC7445864 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i31.4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma may help to ensure that patients have a chance for long-term survival; however, currently available biomarkers lack sensitivity and specificity.
AIM To characterize the serum metabolome of hepatocellular carcinoma in order to develop a new metabolomics diagnostic model and identifying novel biomarkers for screening hepatocellular carcinoma based on the pattern recognition method.
METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy was used to characterize the serum metabolome of hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 30) and cirrhosis (n = 29) patients, followed by sequential feature selection combined with linear discriminant analysis to process the multivariate data.
RESULTS The concentrations of most metabolites, including proline, were lower in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, whereas the hydroxypurine levels were higher in these patients. As ordinary analysis models failed to discriminate hepatocellular carcinoma from cirrhosis, pattern recognition analysis was used to establish a pattern recognition model that included hydroxypurine and proline. The leave-one-out cross-validation accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were 95.00% and 0.90 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.81-0.99] for the training set, respectively, and 78.95% and 0.84 (95%CI: 0.67-1.00) for the validation set, respectively. In contrast, for α-fetoprotein, the accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 65.00% and 0.69 (95%CI: 0.52-0.86) for the training set, respectively, and 68.42% and 0.68 (95%CI: 0.41-0.94) for the validation set, respectively. The Z test revealed that the area under the curve of the linear discriminant analysis model was significantly higher than the area under the curve of α-fetoprotein (P < 0.05) in both the training and validation sets.
CONCLUSION Hydroxypurine and proline might be novel biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma, and this disease could be diagnosed by the metabolomics model based on pattern recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis and Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control Center, The third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li Shao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lun-Zhao Yi
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ning Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis and Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis and Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|