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Kardooni A, Bahrampour A, Golmohammadi S, Jalili A, Alishahi MM. The Role of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Pathogenesis of Cardiotoxicity: Diagnostic & Prognostic Approach. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1403-1413. [PMID: 36847962 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the diseases, which it is not still completely curable; the existing treatments are associated with many complications, that double its complexity. One of the causes of cancer cell metastasis is Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Recently study demonstrated that EMT cause cardiotoxicity and heart diseases such as heart failure, hypertrophy and fibrosis. This study evaluated molecular and signaling pathway, which lead to cardiotoxicity via EMT. It was demonstrated that the processes of inflammation, oxidative stress and angiogenesis were involved in EMT and cardiotoxicity. The pathways related to these processes act as a double-edged sword. In relation to inflammation and oxidative stress, molecular pathways caused apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and cardiotoxicity induction. While the angiogenesis process inhibits cardiotoxicity despite the progression of EMT. On the other hand, some molecular pathways such as PI3K/mTOR despite causing the progression of EMT lead to the proliferation of cardiomyocytes and prevent cardiotoxicity. Therefore, it was concluded that the identification of molecular pathways can help in designing therapeutic and preventive strategies to increase patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kardooni
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Somaye Golmohammadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arsalan Jalili
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran, Iran
- Parvaz Research Ideas Supporter Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Munteanu CVA, Chirițoiu GN, Petrescu AJ, Petrescu ȘM. Defining the altered glycoproteomic space of the early secretory pathway by class I mannosidase pharmacological inhibition. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1064868. [PMID: 36699698 PMCID: PMC9869281 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1064868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a key process for various biological functions like protein folding, maturation and sorting for the conventional secretory compartment, cell-cell communication and immune response. This is usually accomplished by a complex system of mannosidases in which those from class I have an outstanding role, commonly involved in the early protein sorting associated to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in the N-glycan dependent quality control (ERQC) and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Although these are vital processes in maintaining cellular homeostasis, large-scale analysis studies for this pool of molecules, further denoted as proteins from the early secretory pathway (ESP), were limited addressed. Here, using a custom workflow employing a combination of glycomics and deglycoproteomics analyses, using lectin affinity and selective Endoglycosidase H (Endo H) digestion, we scrutinize the steady-state oligomannosidic glycoprotein load and delineate ESP fraction in melanoma cells. All of these were assessed by applying our workflow for glycosite relative quantification of both the peptide chain and carbohydrate structure in cells with inhibited activity of class I mannosidases after kifunensine treatment. We found that most of the ESP are transient clients involved in cell communication via extracellular matrix, particularly integrin-mediated communication which adopt Man9 N-glycans in kifunensine-treated cells. Moreover, our results reveal that core-fucosylation is decreased subsequent inhibition of class I mannosidases and this could be explained by a general lower protein level of FUT8, the enzyme responsible for fucosylation. By comparing our data with results obtained following downregulation of a key mannosidase in misfolded protein degradation, we mapped both novel and previously suggested endogenous substrate candidates like PCDH2, HLA-B, LAMB2 or members of the integrin family of proteins such as ITGA1 and ITGA4, thus validating the findings obtained using our workflow regarding accumulation and characterization of ESP transitory members following mannosidase class I inhibition. This workflow and the associated dataset not only allowed us to investigate the oligomannosidic glycoprotein fraction but also to delineate differences mediated at glycosite-level upon kifunensine treatment and outline the potential associated cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian V A Munteanu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela N Chirițoiu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei-Jose Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ștefana M Petrescu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Bucharest, Romania
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Targeting Cellular Components of the Tumor Microenvironment in Solid Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174278. [PMID: 36077813 PMCID: PMC9454727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tumor microenvironment comprises numerous different cellular players that engage transformed cancer cells and may exert pro- vs anti-tumor functions. Their crosstalk, functionality, as well as cell recruitment to cancer lesions, is chiefly dictated by cytokines/chemokines-receptor pairs and these axes can represent therapeutic vulnerabilities—as for immune checkpoint blockers. In this review, we recapitulate the main drivers of cellular TME dynamics, interactions, and functionality, mainly focusing on T lymphocytes, macrophages and cancer associated fibroblasts, also providing an outlook on state-of-the-art TME-targeting agents. Abstract Cancers are composed of transformed cells, characterized by aberrant growth and invasiveness, in close relationship with non-transformed healthy cells and stromal tissue. The latter two comprise the so-called tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays a key role in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, metastatic seeding, and therapy resistance. In these regards, cancer-TME interactions are complex and dynamic, with malignant cells actively imposing an immune-suppressive and tumor-promoting state on surrounding, non-transformed, cells. Immune cells (both lymphoid and myeloid) can be recruited from the circulation and/or bone marrow by means of chemotactic signals, and their functionality is hijacked upon arrival at tumor sites. Molecular characterization of tumor-TME interactions led to the introduction of novel anti-cancer therapies targeting specific components of the TME, such as immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) (i.e., anti-programmed death 1, anti-PD1; anti-Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4, anti-CTLA4). However, ICB resistance often develops and, despite the introduction of newer technologies able to study the TME at the single-cell level, a detailed understanding of all tumor-TME connections is still largely lacking. In this work, we highlight the main cellular and extracellular components of the TME, discuss their dynamics and functionality, and provide an outlook on the most relevant clinical data obtained with novel TME-targeting agents, with a focus on T lymphocytes, macrophages, and cancer-associated fibroblasts.
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Tian X, Liu D, Zuo X, Sun X, Wu M, Li X, Teng Y. Hexokinase 2 promoted cell motility and proliferation by activating Akt1/p-Akt1 in human ovarian cancer cells. J Ovarian Res 2022; 15:92. [PMID: 35953860 PMCID: PMC9367097 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-01027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that elevation of Hexokinase 2 (HK2) plays an important role in several cancers on regulating cell motility and growth. However, its role on regulating cell EMT in human ovarian cancer still less to known. Methods The transwell and wound-healing assay were used to detect the effective of HK2 on regulating motility of ovarian cancer cells. Real Time PCR and Western Blotting were used to explore the changing of EMT-related proteins in HK2-modified cells. The clonogenic formation, cell growth curves and MTT assays were used to evaluate the effective of HK2 on regulating cell proliferation in HK2-modified cells. The flow cytometry was used to detect the differences in the distribution of cells in the cell cycle between the HK2-modified cells and their control cells. The correlation of HK2 and Akt1/p-Akt1 was explored by using Western Blotting, Akt1 inhibitor (MK2206) and transient transfection of an Akt1 recombinant plasmid. The potential correlation between HK2 and EMT-related proteins in human ovarian cancer tissues and OV (ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma) was confirmed by using Pearson correlation analysis and TIMER 2.0. Results In ovarian cancer cells, overexpressing of HK2 enhanced cell motility by inducing of EMT-related proteins, such as CDH2, fibronectin, MMP9, ZEB1, ZEB2 and vimentin. Moreover, overexpressing of HK2 promoted cell growth by reducing p21 and p27 expression in ovarian cancer cells. Further studies demonstrated that this promotion of cell motility and growth by HK2 was probably a result of it activating of Akt1 (p-Akt1) in ovarian cancer cells. Additionally, the positive correlation between HK2 and p-Akt1, fibronectin, MMP9 expression in human ovarian cancer samples was verified by using Pearson correlation analysis. The positive correlation between HK2 and CDH2, fibronectin, MMP9, ZEB1, ZEB2 and vimentin in OV (ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma) was confirmed by using TIMER 2.0. Conclusion This study demonstrated that HK2 could induce EMT-related proteins and reduce cell cycle inhibitor by activating Akt1 in human ovarian cancer cells, subsequently enhancing cell motility and growth, suggesting that HK2 participate in the malignant process of ovarian cancer by interacting with Akt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueye Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Centre for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Centre for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaohang Zuo
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing 986 Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Pathology, Baoji Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Baoji, 721099, China
| | - Mengmin Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Centre for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xu Li
- Centre for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Yue Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Centre for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Centre for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Taefehshokr S, Taefehshokr N, Derakhshani A, Baghbanzadeh A, Astamal RV, Safaei S, Abbasi S, Hajazimian S, Maroufi NF, Isazadeh A, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B. The regulatory role of pivotal microRNAs in the AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:263-273. [PMID: 34238182 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666210708095051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women, and it remains the main challenge despite improved treatments. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a small non-coding family of RNAs that play an indispensable role in regulating major physiological processes, including differentiation, proliferation, invasion, migration, cell cycle regulation, stem cell maintenance, apoptosis, and organ development. The dysregulation of these tiny molecules is associated with various human malignancies. More than 50% of these non-coding RNA sequences estimated have been placed on genomic regions or fragile sites linked to cancer. Following the discovery of the first signatures of specific miRNA in breast cancer, numerous researches focused on involving these tiny RNAs in breast cancer physiopathology as a new therapeutic approach or as reliable prognostic biomarkers. In the current review, we focus on recent findings related to the involvement of miRNAs in breast cancer via the AKT signaling pathway and the related clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Taefehshokr
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Taefehshokr
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Vaezi Astamal
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Safaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samane Abbasi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saba Hajazimian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Fathi Maroufi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ma M, Guo D, Tan Z, Du J, Guan F, Li X. Fucosyltransferase 8 regulation and breast cancer suppression by transcription factor activator protein 2γ. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3190-3204. [PMID: 34036684 PMCID: PMC8353918 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of glycosyltransferase expression are often associated with tumor occurrence and progression. Among the many glycosyltransferases, increased expression of fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) has been frequently observed to be involved in progression and metastasis of various types of cancer. The regulatory mechanisms of FUT8 expression remain unclear. FUT8 expression was shown, in this study, to be elevated in breast cancer. Systematic analysis revealed that transcription factor activator protein 2γ (AP-2γ) is the target gene of microRNA-10b (miR-10b), which we previously identified as a positive regulator of FUT8. Overexpression of AP-2γ inhibited FUT8 expression, with associated reduction of cell invasiveness and migration ability. AP-2γ was capable of binding to transcription factor STAT3, and phosphorylation of STAT3 induced transcription of the FUT8 gene. On the basis of our findings, we propose that binding of AP-2γ to STAT3 results in formation of the AP-2γ/STAT3 complex and consequent inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation, thereby preventing entry of p-STAT3 into the nucleus to initiate FUT8 transcription. This study clarifies the molecular mechanisms whereby transcription factor AP-2γ regulates FUT8 expression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxing Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Central Lab, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Zengqi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Glycobiology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Feng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Glycobiology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Rigiracciolo DC, Cirillo F, Talia M, Muglia L, Gutkind JS, Maggiolini M, Lappano R. Focal Adhesion Kinase Fine Tunes Multifaced Signals toward Breast Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040645. [PMID: 33562737 PMCID: PMC7915897 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents the most common diagnosed malignancy and the main leading cause of tumor-related death among women worldwide. Therefore, several efforts have been made in order to identify valuable molecular biomarkers for the prognosis and prediction of therapeutic responses in breast tumor patients. In this context, emerging discoveries have indicated that focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, might represent a promising target involved in breast tumorigenesis. Of note, high FAK expression and activity have been tightly correlated with a poor clinical outcome and metastatic features in several tumors, including breast cancer. Recently, a role for the integrin-FAK signaling in mechanotransduction has been suggested and the function of FAK within the breast tumor microenvironment has been ascertained toward tumor angiogenesis and vascular permeability. FAK has been also involved in cancer stem cells (CSCs)-mediated initiation, maintenance and therapeutic responses of breast tumors. In addition, the potential of FAK to elicit breast tumor-promoting effects has been even associated with the capability to modulate immune responses. On the basis of these findings, several agents targeting FAK have been exploited in diverse preclinical tumor models. Here, we recapitulate the multifaceted action exerted by FAK and its prognostic significance in breast cancer. Moreover, we highlight the recent clinical evidence regarding the usefulness of FAK inhibitors in the treatment of breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Cosimo Rigiracciolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesca Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Marianna Talia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Lucia Muglia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Jorge Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.C.); (M.T.); (L.M.); (R.L.)
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Chu KJ, Ma YS, Jiang XH, Wu TM, Wu ZJ, Li ZZ, Wang JH, Gao QX, Yi B, Shi Y, Wang HM, Gu LP, Zhang SQ, Wang GR, Liu JB, Fu D, Jiang XQ. Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing Identifies Key Differentially Expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs Associated with CHOL. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:592-603. [PMID: 32721879 PMCID: PMC7390861 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To systematically evaluate the whole-transcriptome sequencing data of cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) to gain more insights into the transcriptomic landscape and molecular mechanism of this cancer, we performed whole-transcriptome sequencing based on the tumorous (C) and their corresponding non-tumorous adjacent to the tumors (CP) from eight CHOL patients. Subsequently, differential expression analysis was performed on the C and CP groups, followed by functional interaction prediction analysis to investigate gene-regulatory circuits in CHOL. In addition, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for CHOL data was used to validate the results. In total, 2,895 differentially expressed messenger RNAs (dif-mRNAs), 56 differentially expressed microRNAs (dif-miRNAs), 151 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (dif-lncRNAs), and 110 differentially expressed circular RNAs (dif-circRNAs) were found in CHOL samples compared with controls. Enrichment analysis on those differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA also identified the function of spliceosome. The downregulated hsa-miR-144-3p were significantly enriched in the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) complex network, which also included 7 upregulated and 13 downregulated circRNAs, 7 upregulated lncRNAs, and 90 upregulated and 40 downregulated mRNAs. Moreover, most of the DEGs and a few of the miRNAs (such as hsa-miR-144-3p) were successfully validated by TCGA data. The genes involved in RNA splicing and protein degradation processes and miR-144-3p may play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of CHOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jian Chu
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu-Shui Ma
- Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong 226631, China; Department of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230012, China; Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Jiang
- General Surgery, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong 226631, China
| | - Ting-Miao Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nantong Second People's Hospital, Nantong 226002, China
| | - Zhi-Zhen Li
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jing-Han Wang
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qing-Xiang Gao
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong 226631, China
| | - Hui-Min Wang
- Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong 226631, China
| | - Li-Peng Gu
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Su-Qing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong 226631, China
| | - Gao-Ren Wang
- Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong 226631, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong 226631, China.
| | - Da Fu
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230012, China; Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Xiao-Qing Jiang
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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