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Xiong Y, Zhuang Y, Zhong M, Qin W, Huang B, Zhao J, Gao Z, Ma J, Wu Z, Hong X, Yue Z, Lu H. Period 2 Suppresses the Malignant Cellular Behaviors of Colorectal Cancer Through the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation Process. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748221081369. [PMID: 35220799 PMCID: PMC8891940 DOI: 10.1177/10732748221081369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The PER2 (Period circadian regulator 2) gene is related to the circadian clock, and it has been deemed as a suppressor gene in osteosarcoma and lung carcinoma. However, the part of PER2 in CRC (colorectal cancer) needs to be further determined. Methods First, we collected clinical samples to detect PER2 expression in CRC. Then, we used cell transfection to knock down PER2 expression in CRC cell lines and performed a series of functional experiments to elucidate the effects of PER2 on CRC cells. We next verified whether PER2 affects the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) process in CRC by conducting quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Results In the research, we revealed that the expression of PER2 decreased in CRC clinical samples. In addition, knocking down PER2 expression caused CRC cells to acquire malignant biological features. Finally, we found that PER2 knockdown may activate the Snail/Slug axis through inhibiting p53, therefore promote the activation of the EMT pathway. Conclusion In conclusion, low PER2 expression reinforces migration and activates EMT in CRC, suggesting that PER2 is closely related to CRC development and could be used as a potential treatment site in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
| | - Yifan Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengya Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenjuan Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Boyi Huang
- Imaging Department, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiabao Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhi Gao
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Key laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingsong Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhengxin Wu
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuehui Hong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityUniversity, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhicao Yue
- Shenzhen University Carson Cancer, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haijie Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Lu P, Shen YM, Hua T, Pan T, Chen G, Dai T, Shi KQ. Overexpression of FGF2 delays the progression of osteonecrosis of the femoral head activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:613. [PMID: 34663382 PMCID: PMC8522004 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the current study was to explore the role and underlying mechanism of FGF-2 in dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 cells. METHODS GSE21727 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by the limma/R package. MC3T3-E1 cells were exposed to DEX at different concentrations (0, 10-8, 10-7, 10-6, 10-5 and 10-4 mol/L), and cell viability, flow cytometry and TUNEL assay were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis. An FGF-2-pcDNA3 plasmid (oe-FGF-2) was used to overexpress FGF-2, and western blotting was conducted to detect protein expression. RESULTS We found that FGF-2 was downregulated in the DEX-treated group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses indicated that DEGs were associated with PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. DEX downregulated FGF-2 gene and protein expression, inhibited viability and induced MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis. Overexpression of FGF-2 reversed DEX-induced apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 cells. FGF-2-mediated anti-apoptosis was impaired by inactivating the PI3K/AKT pathway with LY294002. Moreover, overexpression of FGF2 delayed the progression of DEX-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) animal model by regulation PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. CONCLUSION In conclusion, FGF-2 is effective at inhibiting DEX-induced MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis through regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi City, 214000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Min Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi City, 214000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Hua
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi City, 214000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi City, 214000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi City, 214000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Teng Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi City, 214000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ke-Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi City, 214000, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Shao S, Zhao H, Lu Z, Lei X, Zhang Y. Circadian Rhythms Within the Female HPG Axis: From Physiology to Etiology. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6298422. [PMID: 34125877 PMCID: PMC8256628 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Declining female fertility has become a global health concern. It results partially from an abnormal circadian clock caused by unhealthy diet and sleep habits in modern life. The circadian clock system is a hierarchical network consisting of central and peripheral clocks. It not only controls the sleep-wake and feeding-fasting cycles but also coordinates and maintains the required reproductive activities in the body. Physiologically, the reproductive processes are governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in a time-dependent manner. The HPG axis releases hormones, generates female characteristics, and achieves fertility. Conversely, an abnormal daily rhythm caused by aberrant clock genes or abnormal environmental stimuli contributes to disorders of the female reproductive system, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and premature ovarian insufficiency. Therefore, breaking the "time code" of the female reproductive system is crucial. In this paper, we review the interplay between circadian clocks and the female reproductive system and present its regulatory principles, moving from normal physiology regulation to disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Shao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Huanqiang Zhao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhiying Lu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Correspondence: Dr. Ying Zhang, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fangxie Road 419, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Per2 attenuates LPS-induced chondrocyte injury through the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:224736. [PMID: 32426819 PMCID: PMC7256672 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to explore the role of period circadian clock 2 (Per2) in the evolution of osteoarthritis (OA) and the relevant mechanisms. Per2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were markedly reduced in NHAC-kn cells treated with 5 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 h. Then, pcDNA3.1-Per2 and si-Per2 were recruited to boost and reduce the expression of Per2, respectively. MTT assay, apoptosis analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that Per2 increased cell proliferation, while inhibited apoptosis and inflammation. Furthermore, the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway was activated by Per2 overexpression; the CO-IP data confirmed that Per2 specifically bound to PTEN. Through employing IGF-1, a PI3K activator, we determined that Per2-mediated inflammation response in LPS-stimulated NHAC-kn cells through the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. In summary, the present study indicates that Per2 may serve as a novel therapeutic target through activating the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.
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Shao R, Yang Y, Fan K, Wu X, Jiang R, Tang L, Li L, Shen Y, Liu G, Zhang L. REV-ERBα Agonist GSK4112 attenuates Fas-induced Acute Hepatic Damage in Mice. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3831-3838. [PMID: 34790059 PMCID: PMC8579287 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.52011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas-induced apoptosis is a central mechanism of hepatocyte damage during acute and chronic hepatic disorders. Increasing evidence suggests that circadian clock plays critical roles in the regulation of cell fates. In the present study, the potential significance of REV-ERBα, a core ingredient of circadian clock, in Fas-induced acute liver injury has been investigated. The anti-Fas antibody Jo2 was injected intraperitoneally in mice to induce acute liver injury and the REV-ERBα agonist GSK4112 was administered. The results indicated that treatment of GSK4112 decreased the level of plasma ALT and AST, attenuated the liver histological changes, and promoted the survival rate in Jo2-insulted mice. Treatment with GSK4112 also downregulated the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-8, suppressed hepatocyte apoptosis. In addition, treatment with GSK4112 decreased the level of Fas and enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt. In conclusion, treatment with GSK4112 alleviated Fas-induced apoptotic liver damage in mice, suggesting that REV-ERBα agonist might have potential value in pharmacological intervention of Fas-associated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Shao
- Clinical Medical School, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kerui Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xicheng Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Longjiang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Emergency, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Wang Z, Li F, Wei M, Zhang S, Wang T. Circadian Clock Protein PERIOD2 Suppresses the PI3K/Akt Pathway and Promotes Cisplatin Sensitivity in Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:11897-11908. [PMID: 33244267 PMCID: PMC7683831 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s278903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mortality rate of ovarian cancer is the highest among gynecological tumors. The two factors leading to high mortality of ovarian cancer are late clinical stage and chemotherapy resistance. It is very important to reverse or intervene chemotherapy resistance. Abnormal circadian rhythm is related to the occurrence of tumor, and circadian clock protein PERIOD2 (PER2) acts as a tumor suppressor in cancer; however, little is known about its involvement in chemosensitivity. Methods This study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of PER2 in ovarian cancer sensitivity to cisplatin. Overexpression and knockdown of PER2 were performed to explore its role in ovarian cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo. The protein levels of PI3K, AKT, caspase 3, E-cadherin, and other drug resistance-related molecules were determined in parental SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells as well as in xenograft tumor tissues. Results Compared with parental cells, SKOV3/DDP cells had dramatically decreased PER2 expression, possibly due to hypermethylation in the PER2 promoter. PER2 overexpression significantly inhibited proliferation while promoting cisplatin-induced apoptosis in SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells. In agreement, PER2-overexpressing SKOV3/DPP cells yielded significantly reduced tumor mass in cisplatin-treated mice compared with control cells. Mechanistically, PER2 overexpression remarkably reduced the protein amounts of PI3K, AKT, and MDR1 while increasing those of caspase 3 and E-cadherin in tumor tissues. Knockdown of PER2 exhibited opposite effects. PER2 overexpression also reduced the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in tumor-bearing mice before the initiation of cisplatin treatment. Conclusion This study suggests that loss of PER2 contributes to cisplatin resistance in SKOV3 cells, possibly by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway and EMT, inhibiting apoptosis, and promoting drug efflux and inflammatory responses. Overexpression of PER2 could reverse these alterations and sensitize both parental SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Gynecology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyan Li
- Department of Gynecology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiyan Wei
- Department of Gynecology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanyuan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms govern a large array of physiological and metabolic functions. Perturbations of the daily cycle have been linked to elevated risk of developing cancer as well as poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Also, expression of core clock genes or proteins is remarkably attenuated particularly in tumours of a higher stage or that are more aggressive, possibly linking the circadian clock to cellular differentiation. Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic control by the circadian clock underpins specific hallmarks of cancer metabolism. Indeed, to support cell proliferation and biomass production, the clock may direct metabolic processes of cancer cells in concert with non-clock transcription factors to control how nutrients and metabolites are utilized in a time-specific manner. We hypothesize that the metabolic switch between differentiation or stemness of cancer may be coupled to the molecular clockwork. Moreover, circadian rhythms of host organisms appear to dictate tumour growth and proliferation. This Review outlines recent discoveries of the interplay between circadian rhythms, proliferative metabolism and cancer, highlighting potential opportunities in the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Kinouchi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Silveira EJD, Nascimento Filho CHV, Yujra VQ, Webber LP, Castilho RM, Squarize CH. BMAL1 Modulates Epidermal Healing in a Process Involving the Antioxidative Defense Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E901. [PMID: 32019183 PMCID: PMC7038047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm regulates the physiology and behavior of living organisms in a time-dependent manner. Clock genes have distinct roles including the control over gene expression mediated by the transcriptional activators CLOCK and BMAL1, and the suppression of gene expression mediated by the transcriptional repressors PER1/2 and CRY1/2. The balance between gene expression and repression is key to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis that is disrupted in the event of an injury. In the skin, a compromised epithelial barrier triggers a cascade of events that culminate in the mobilization of epithelial cells and stem cells. Recruited epithelial cells migrate towards the wound and reestablish the protective epithelial layer of the skin. Although we have recently demonstrated the involvement of BMAL and the PI3K signaling in wound healing, the role of the circadian clock genes in tissue repair remains poorly understood. Here, we sought to understand the role of BMAL1 on skin healing in response to injury. We found that genetic depletion of BMAL1 resulted in delayed healing of the skin as compared to wild-type control mice. Furthermore, we found that loss of Bmal1 was associated with the accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1), a protein responsible for inducing the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The slow healing was associated with ROS and superoxide dismutase (SOD) production, and pharmacological inhibition of the oxidative stress signaling (ROS/SOD) led to cellular proliferation, upregulation of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and rescued the skin healing phenotype of Bmal1-/- mice. Overall, our study points to BMAL1 as a key player in tissue regeneration and as a critical regulator of ROMO1 and oxidative stress in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka J. D. Silveira
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (E.J.D.S.); (C.H.V.N.F.); (V.Q.Y.); (L.P.W.); (R.M.C.)
- Odontology Sciences Postgraduate Program, Dentistry Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59056, RN, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. V. Nascimento Filho
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (E.J.D.S.); (C.H.V.N.F.); (V.Q.Y.); (L.P.W.); (R.M.C.)
| | - Veronica Q. Yujra
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (E.J.D.S.); (C.H.V.N.F.); (V.Q.Y.); (L.P.W.); (R.M.C.)
| | - Liana P. Webber
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (E.J.D.S.); (C.H.V.N.F.); (V.Q.Y.); (L.P.W.); (R.M.C.)
| | - Rogerio M. Castilho
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (E.J.D.S.); (C.H.V.N.F.); (V.Q.Y.); (L.P.W.); (R.M.C.)
- The Michigan Medicine Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cristiane H. Squarize
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (E.J.D.S.); (C.H.V.N.F.); (V.Q.Y.); (L.P.W.); (R.M.C.)
- The Michigan Medicine Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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