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Li M, Du Y, Zhang X, Zhou W. Research advances of MAL family members in tumorigenesis and tumor progression (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:57. [PMID: 38362940 PMCID: PMC10884788 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL) family is a novel gene family first identified and characterized in 2002. This family is comprised of seven members, including MAL, MAL2, plasmolipin, MALL, myeloid differentiation‑associated marker (MYADM), MYADML2 and CMTM8, which are located on different chromosomes. In addition to exhibiting extensive activity during transcytosis, the MAL family plays a vital role in the neurological, digestive, respiratory, genitourinary and other physiological systems. Furthermore, the intimate association between MAL and the pathogenesis, progression and metastasis of malignancies, attributable to several mechanisms such as DNA methylation has also been elucidated. In the present review, an overview of the structural and functional properties of the MAL family and the latest research findings regarding the relationship between several MAL members and various cancers is provided. Furthermore, the potential clinical and scientific significance of MAL is discussed and directions for future research are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Du
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xianzhuo Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wence Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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Sinha A, Ghosh A, Ghosh A, Mathai S, Bhaumik J, Mukhopadhyay A, Maitra A, Biswas NK, Sengupta S. MAL expression downregulation through suppressive H3K27me3 marks at the promoter in HPV16-related cervical cancers is prognostically relevant and manifested by the interplay of novel MAL antisense long noncoding RNA AC103563.8, E7 oncoprotein and EZH2. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:40. [PMID: 38461243 PMCID: PMC10924967 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MAL (T-lymphocyte maturation-associated protein) is highly downregulated in most cancers, including cervical cancer (CaCx), attributable to promoter hypermethylation. Long noncoding RNA genes (lncGs) play pivotal roles in CaCx pathogenesis, by interacting with human papillomavirus (HPV)-encoded oncoproteins, and epigenetically regulating coding gene expression. Hence, we attempted to decipher the impact and underlying mechanisms of MAL downregulation in HPV16-related CaCx pathogenesis, by interrogating the interactive roles of MAL antisense lncRNA AC103563.8, E7 oncoprotein and PRC2 complex protein, EZH2. RESULTS Employing strand-specific RNA-sequencing, we confirmed the downregulated expression of MAL in association with poor overall survival of CaCx patients bearing HPV16, along with its antisense long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) AC103563.8. The strength of positive correlation between MAL and AC103563.8 was significantly high among patients compared to normal individuals. While downregulated expression of MAL was significantly associated with poor overall survival of CaCx patients bearing HPV16, AC103563.8 did not reveal any such association. We confirmed the enrichment of chromatin suppressive mark, H3K27me3 at MAL promoter, using ChIP-qPCR in HPV16-positive SiHa cells. Subsequent E7 knockdown in such cells significantly increased MAL expression, concomitant with decreased EZH2 expression and H3K27me3 marks at MAL promoter. In silico analysis revealed that both E7 and EZH2 bear the potential of interacting with AC103563.8, at the same binding domain. RNA immunoprecipitation with anti-EZH2 and anti-E7 antibodies, respectively, and subsequent quantitative PCR analysis in E7-silenced and unperturbed SiHa cells confirmed the interaction of AC103563.8 with EZH2 and E7, respectively. Apparently, AC103563.8 seems to preclude EZH2 and bind with E7, failing to block EZH2 function in patients. Thereby, enhanced EZH2 expression in the presence of E7 could potentially inactivate the MAL promoter through H3K27me3 marks, corroborating our previous results of MAL expression downregulation in patients. CONCLUSION AC103563.8-E7-EZH2 axis, therefore, appears to crucially regulate the expression of MAL, through chromatin inactivation in HPV16-CaCx pathogenesis, warranting therapeutic strategy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abarna Sinha
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S, Kalyani, 741251, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhisikta Ghosh
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S, Kalyani, 741251, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S, Kalyani, 741251, West Bengal, India
| | - Sonia Mathai
- Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Asima Mukhopadhyay
- Kolkata Gynecological Oncology Trials and Translational Research Group, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arindam Maitra
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S, Kalyani, 741251, West Bengal, India
| | - Nidhan K Biswas
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S, Kalyani, 741251, West Bengal, India
| | - Sharmila Sengupta
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S, Kalyani, 741251, West Bengal, India.
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Rubio-Ramos A, Labat-de-Hoz L, Correas I, Alonso MA. The MAL Protein, an Integral Component of Specialized Membranes, in Normal Cells and Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1065. [PMID: 33946345 PMCID: PMC8145151 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAL gene encodes a 17-kDa protein containing four putative transmembrane segments whose expression is restricted to human T cells, polarized epithelial cells and myelin-forming cells. The MAL protein has two unusual biochemical features. First, it has lipid-like properties that qualify it as a member of the group of proteolipid proteins. Second, it partitions selectively into detergent-insoluble membranes, which are known to be enriched in condensed cell membranes, consistent with MAL being distributed in highly ordered membranes in the cell. Since its original description more than thirty years ago, a large body of evidence has accumulated supporting a role of MAL in specialized membranes in all the cell types in which it is expressed. Here, we review the structure, expression and biochemical characteristics of MAL, and discuss the association of MAL with raft membranes and the function of MAL in polarized epithelial cells, T lymphocytes, and myelin-forming cells. The evidence that MAL is a putative receptor of the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens, the expression of MAL in lymphomas, the hypermethylation of the MAL gene and subsequent loss of MAL expression in carcinomas are also presented. We propose a model of MAL as the organizer of specialized condensed membranes to make them functional, discuss the role of MAL as a tumor suppressor in carcinomas, consider its potential use as a cancer biomarker, and summarize the directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Rubio-Ramos
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-R.); (L.L.-d.-H.); (I.C.)
| | - Leticia Labat-de-Hoz
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-R.); (L.L.-d.-H.); (I.C.)
| | - Isabel Correas
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-R.); (L.L.-d.-H.); (I.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-R.); (L.L.-d.-H.); (I.C.)
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Wang G, Li Y, Yang G, Yang T, He L, Wang Y. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene promoter methylation induces chondrocyte apoptosis. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:24. [PMID: 33892795 PMCID: PMC8063489 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The occurrence of osteoarthritis is related to genetic and environmental factors. Among them, the change of chondrocyte gene expression pattern regulated by epigenetic modification is an important participant. This study analyzed the effect of CAMP gene methylation on the level of oxidative stress and inflammation of chondrocytes. Methods We analyzed the changes of the transcriptome in the articular cartilage tissue of osteoarthritis (OA) patients from the GSE117999 dataset. The GSE48422 dataset was used to analyze the changes in the methylation level of osteoarthritis cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry analysis of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) silencing CAMP gene and 5-μM 5-Aza-2’-Deoxycytidine (AZA) treatment on the proliferation and apoptosis of Human chondrocytes osteoarthritis (HC-OA) cells. The Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay was used to detect the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the expression level of inflammatory factors was analyzed by Western Blot. Results The expression of CAMP in cartilage tissue of OA patients was upregulated, and the level of methylation was downregulated. CAMP was highly expressed in osteoarthritis articular cartilage cells. Silencing CAMP inhibited the proliferation of HC-OA cells and promoted their apoptosis. CAMP gene methylation inhibited ROS levels and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression levels in HC-OA cells, and promoted transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) expression. CAMP gene methylation inhibited the proliferation of HC-OA cells and promoted their apoptosis. Conclusion CAMP gene promoter methylation inhibits ROS levels and inflammation and induces chondrocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanlin Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Tengyun Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China.
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Deng F, Mu J, Qu C, Yang F, Liu X, Zeng X, Peng X. A Novel Prognostic Model of Endometrial Carcinoma Based on Clinical Variables and Oncogenomic Gene Signature. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:587822. [PMID: 33490103 PMCID: PMC7817972 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.587822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the difficulty in predicting the prognosis of endometrial carcinoma (EC) patients by clinical variables alone, this study aims to build a new EC prognosis model integrating clinical and molecular information, so as to improve the accuracy of predicting the prognosis of EC. The clinical and gene expression data of 496 EC patients in the TCGA database were used to establish and validate this model. General Cox regression was applied to analyze clinical variables and RNAs. Elastic net-penalized Cox proportional hazard regression was employed to select the best EC prognosis-related RNAs, and ridge regression was used to construct the EC prognostic model. The predictive ability of the prognostic model was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier curve and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). A clinical-RNA prognostic model integrating two clinical variables and 28 RNAs was established. The 5-year AUC of the clinical-RNA prognostic model was 0.932, which is higher than that of the clinical-alone (0.897) or RNA-alone prognostic model (0.836). This clinical-RNA prognostic model can better classify the prognosis risk of EC patients. In the training group (396 patients), the overall survival of EC patients was lower in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group [HR = 32.263, (95% CI, 7.707-135.058), P = 8e-14]. The same comparison result was also observed for the validation group. A novel EC prognosis model integrating clinical variables and RNAs was established, which can better predict the prognosis and help to improve the clinical management of EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Mu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chiwen Qu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomin Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoning Peng
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, China
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Sawada Y, Mashima E, Saito-Sasaki N, Nakamura M. The Role of Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (CADM1) in Cutaneous Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9732. [PMID: 33419290 PMCID: PMC7766610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion ability is one of the components to establish cell organization and shows a great contribution to human body construction consisting of various types of cells mixture to orchestrate tissue specific function. The cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) is a molecule of cell adhesion with multiple functions and has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene. CADM1 has multifunctions on the pathogenesis of malignancies, and other normal cells such as immune cells. However, little is known about the function of CADM1 on cutaneous cells and cutaneous malignancies. CADM1 plays an important role in connecting cells with each other, contacting cells to deliver their signal, and acting as a scaffolding molecule for other immune cells to develop their immune responses. A limited number of studies reveal the contribution of CADM1 on the development of cutaneous malignancies. Solid cutaneous malignancies, such as cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma, reduce their CADM1 expression to promote the invasion and metastasis of the tumor. On the contrary to these cutaneous solid tumors except for Merkel cell carcinoma, cutaneous lymphomas, such as adult-T cell leukemia/lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, and Sézary syndrome, increase their CADM1 expression for the development of tumor environment. Based on the role of CADM1 in the etiology of tumor development, the theory of CADM1 contribution will desirably be applied to skin tumors according to other organ malignancies, however, the characteristics of skin as a multicomponent peripheral organ should be kept in mind to conclude their prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sawada
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; (E.M.); (N.S.-S.); (M.N.)
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Zhu H, Zhu H, Tian M, Wang D, He J, Xu T. DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation in Cervical Cancer: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment. Front Genet 2020; 11:347. [PMID: 32328088 PMCID: PMC7160865 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries have led to the development of novel ideas and techniques that have helped elucidate the correlation between epigenetics and tumor biology. Nowadays, the field of tumor genetics has evolved to include a new type of regulation by epigenetics. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the importance of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in specific genes in the progression of cervical cancer. Determining the methylation and hydroxymethylation profiles of these genes will help in the early prevention and diagnosis, monitoring recurrence, prognosis, and treatment of patients with cervical cancer. In this review, we focus on the significance of aberrant DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in cervical cancer and the use of these epigenetic signatures in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Miao Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxing He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Yang F, Liu D, Deng Y, Wang J, Mei S, Ge S, Li H, Zhang C, Zhang T. Frequent promoter methylation of HOXD10 in endometrial carcinoma and its pathological significance. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3602-3608. [PMID: 32269635 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox D 10 (HOXD10) is important in cell differentiation and morphogenesis and serves as a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) in a number of malignancies. The present study investigated its promoter methylation status and association with the clinicopathological features of endometrial cancer (EC), and measured HOXD10 protein expression levels. EC samples (n=62), including 50 endometroid adenocarcinoma (EA) and 12 mucinous endometrial carcinoma samples (EC) and 70 non-cancerous samples were collected. All samples were evaluated for the methylation status of several TSGs, including HOXD10, using methylation-specific PCR. HOXD10 expression level was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine treatment was performed in the EC cell line Ishikawa to observe the change in HOXD10 expression levels. HOXD10 promoter methylation was more frequent in cancer samples (P<0.001). Downregulation of HOXD10 in EC samples was confirmed at the protein level using immunohistochemistry (P<0.001) and immunohistochemical staining was negatively associated with methylation status (P<0.05). Less HOXD10 protein was expressed in MEC compared with EA samples (P<0.001). The HOXD10 promoter was hypermethylated in both EA and MEC, causing decreased HOXD10 protein expression levels in EC cells. HOXD10 expression levels were partially reversed by 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine treatment. The results of the present study demonstrated that epigenetic silencing of HOXD10 putatively contributed to the tumorigenesis of EA. Although there was no significant difference in HOXD10 methylation between EA and MEC, HOXD10 protein expression levels differed between these two diseases, indicating that it may be a useful protein biomarker for distinguishing between these two lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Dongchen Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yupeng Deng
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shuyu Mei
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Ge
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hailing Li
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Cuijuan Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Tingguo Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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