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Liu X, Liu M, Ji M, Ma B, Hou YC, Yao XY, Cheng QC, Chen L. Bone morphogenetic protein-6 suppresses TGF-β 2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelium. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:646-652. [PMID: 38638261 PMCID: PMC10988071 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). METHODS Adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) were randomly divided into control, TGF-β2 (5 µg/L), and BMP-6 small interfering RNA (siRNA) group. The cell morphology was observed by microscopy, and the cell migration ability were detected by Transwell chamber. The EMT-related indexes and BMP-6 protein levels were detected by Western blotting. Furthermore, a BMP-6 overexpression plasmid was constructed and RPE cells were divided into the control group, TGF-β2+empty plasmid group, BMP-6 overexpression group, and TGF-β2+BMP-6 overexpression group. The EMT-related indexes and extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) protein levels were detected. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the migration of RPE cells in the TGF-β2 group was significantly enhanced. TGF-β2 increased the protein expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin and vimentin but significantly decreased the protein levels of E-cadherin and BMP-6 (P<0.05) in RPE. Similarly, the migration of RPE cells in the BMP-6 siRNA group was also significantly enhanced. BMP-6 siRNA increased the protein expression levels of α-SMA, fibronectin and vimentin but significantly decreased the protein expression levels of E-cadherin (P<0.05). Overexpression of BMP-6 inhibited the migration of RPE cells induced by TGF-β2 and prevented TGF-β2 from affecting EMT-related biomarkers (P<0.05). CONCLUSION BMP-6 prevents the EMT in RPE cells induced by TGF-β2, which may provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Meng Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ankang 725000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Cen Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin-Yue Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qiao-Chu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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Yuan T, Jia Q, Zhu B, Chen D, Long H. Synergistic immunotherapy targeting cancer-associated anemia: prospects of a combination strategy. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:117. [PMID: 37208766 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01145-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated anemia promotes tumor progression, leads to poor quality of life in patients with cancer, and even obstructs the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy. However, the precise mechanism for cancer-associated anemia remains unknown and the feasible strategy to target cancer-associated anemia synergizing immunotherapy needs to be clarified. Here, we review the possible mechanisms of cancer-induced anemia regarding decreased erythropoiesis and increased erythrocyte destruction, and cancer treatment-induced anemia. Moreover, we summarize the current paradigm for cancer-associated anemia treatment. Finally, we propose some prospective paradigms to slow down cancer-associated anemia and synergistic the efficacy of immunotherapy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qingzhu Jia
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Degao Chen
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Haixia Long
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Luo X, Wang G, Wang Y, Wang M, Tan Z, Luo M, Zhang L, Song Y, Jia Y, Zhou H, Qing C. Gibberellin derivative GA-13315 overcomes multidrug resistance in breast cancer by up-regulating BMP6 expression. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1059365. [PMID: 36532723 PMCID: PMC9748619 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1059365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance represents a major obstacle in breast cancer treatment. Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) was reported to participate in the occurrence and development of various tumors. In the present study, the results of transcriptome sequencing, qRT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that BMP6 was down-regulated in multidrug resistant MCF-7/Adr breast cancer cells and BMP6 overexpression sensitized MCF-7/Adr cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, indicating that BMP6 downregulation was involved in the mechanisms of multidrug resistance (MDR) of MCF-7/Adr breast cancer cells. GA-13315 (GA5) is a new tetracyclic diterpenoid selected from a series of gibberellin derivatives. Here, we found that GA5 exhibited more potent anti-tumor activity in multidrug resistant MCF-7/Adr breast cancer cells and xenografts, indicating that GA5 could overcome MDR. Mechanistically, GA5 increased BMP6 expression, and BPM6 knockdown partially reversed the inhibitory effect of GA5 on cell proliferation. Furthermore, we found that ERK phosphorylation and P-gp expression were increased in MCF-7/Adr cells when compared with MCF-7 cells. Either overexpression of BMP6 or treatment the cells with GA5 significantly decreased ERK phosphorylation and P-gp expression, indicating that GA5 reversed MDR of MCF-7/Adr cells by upregulating BMP6, thereby inhibiting the activation of ERK signaling pathway and reducing P-gp expression. Collectively, our present study demonstrated that the MDR of MCF-7/Adr cells was closely related to the low expression of BMP6, and revealed the molecular mechanisms by which GA5 overcame MDR in breast cancer, providing evidence in supporting the development of GA5 to be a promising agent for overcoming MDR in clinical cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The Second People’s Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Guohui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Meichen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuomin Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Min Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yinnong Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chen Qing
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Heng WS, Kruyt FAE, Cheah SC. Understanding Lung Carcinogenesis from a Morphostatic Perspective: Prevention and Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115697. [PMID: 34071790 PMCID: PMC8198077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is still one of the deadliest cancers, with over two million incidences annually. Prevention is regarded as the most efficient way to reduce both the incidence and death figures. Nevertheless, treatment should still be improved, particularly in addressing therapeutic resistance due to cancer stem cells—the assumed drivers of tumor initiation and progression. Phytochemicals in plant-based diets are thought to contribute substantially to lung cancer prevention and may be efficacious for targeting lung cancer stem cells. In this review, we collect recent literature on lung homeostasis, carcinogenesis, and phytochemicals studied in lung cancers. We provide a comprehensive overview of how normal lung tissue operates and relate it with lung carcinogenesis to redefine better targets for lung cancer stem cells. Nine well-studied phytochemical compounds, namely curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, luteolin, sulforaphane, berberine, genistein, and capsaicin, are discussed in terms of their chemopreventive and anticancer mechanisms in lung cancer and potential use in the clinic. How the use of phytochemicals can be improved by structural manipulations, targeted delivery, concentration adjustments, and combinatorial treatments is also highlighted. We propose that lung carcinomas should be treated differently based on their respective cellular origins. Targeting quiescence-inducing, inflammation-dampening, or reactive oxygen species-balancing pathways appears particularly interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Sen Heng
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.S.H.); (F.A.E.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Frank A. E. Kruyt
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.S.H.); (F.A.E.K.)
| | - Shiau-Chuen Cheah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-91018880
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Abnormal Expression and Prognostic Significance of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Their Receptors in Lung Adenocarcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6663990. [PMID: 34036102 PMCID: PMC8123996 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6663990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most life-threatening malignancies. The crucial role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/BMP receptors reveals the significance of exploring BMP protein-related prognostic predictors in LUAD. Methods The mRNA expression of BMPs/BMP receptors was investigated in LUAD and normal lung tissues. Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses were performed, and the prognostic values were assessed by Kaplan-Meier Plotter. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were executed to ascertain the correlation between overall survival (OS) and the mRNA expression of BMPs/BMP receptors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were implemented to evaluate the predictive power of the prognostic model. Then, the prognostic model was validated in the GEO cohort. Furthermore, a nomogram comprising the prognostic model was established. Results The mRNA expression of BMP2/5/6/R2, ACVRL1, and TGFBR2/3 was lower in LUAD tissues than in normal lung tissues. High expression of BMP2/4/5/R1A/R2, ACVR1/2A/L1, and TGFBR1/3 was associated with better OS, while BMP7 and ACVR1C/2B were associated with poorer OS. Three genes (BMP5, BMP7, and ACVR2A) were screened by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses to develop the prognostic model in TCGA. Significantly better survival was observed in LUAD patients with a low-risk score than those with a high-risk score. The ROC curves confirmed the good performance of the prognostic model, then, the prognostic model was validated in the GSE31210 dataset. A nomogram was constructed (AUCs>0.7). And hub genes were further evaluated, including gene set enrichment analysis and immune cell infiltration. Conclusions BMP5, BMP7, and ACVR2A are potential therapeutic targets in LUAD. The three-gene prognostic model and the nomogram are reliable tools for predicting the OS of LUAD patients.
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Weiler S, Nairz M. TAM-ing the CIA-Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Their Potential Role in Unintended Side Effects of Therapeutics for Cancer-Induced Anemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:627223. [PMID: 33842333 PMCID: PMC8027083 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.627223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-induced anemia (CIA) is a common consequence of neoplasia and has a multifactorial pathophysiology. The immune response and tumor treatment, both intended to primarily target malignant cells, also affect erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. In parallel, immune activation inevitably induces the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin to direct iron fluxes away from erythroid progenitors and into compartments of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Moreover, many inflammatory mediators inhibit the synthesis of erythropoietin, which is essential for stimulation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells to mature cells ready for release into the blood stream. These pathophysiological hallmarks of CIA imply that the bone marrow is not only deprived of iron as nutrient but also of erythropoietin as central growth factor for erythropoiesis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are present in the tumor microenvironment and display altered immune and iron phenotypes. On the one hand, their functions are altered by adjacent tumor cells so that they promote rather than inhibit the growth of malignant cells. As consequences, TAM may deliver iron to tumor cells and produce reduced amounts of cytotoxic mediators. Furthermore, their ability to stimulate adaptive anti-tumor immune responses is severely compromised. On the other hand, TAM are potential off-targets of therapeutic interventions against CIA. Red blood cell transfusions, intravenous iron preparations, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and novel treatment options for CIA may interfere with TAM function and thus exhibit secondary effects on the underlying malignancy. In this Hypothesis and Theory, we summarize the pathophysiological hallmarks, clinical implications and treatment strategies for CIA. Focusing on TAM, we speculate on the potential intended and unintended effects that therapeutic options for CIA may have on the innate immune response and, consequently, on the course of the underlying malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weiler
- National Poisons Information Centre, Tox Info Suisse, Associated Institute of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Huang F, Cao Y, Wu G, Chen J, CaihongWang, Lin W, Lan R, Wu B, Xie X, Hong J, Fu L. BMP2 signalling activation enhances bone metastases of non-small cell lung cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10768-10784. [PMID: 32750747 PMCID: PMC7521321 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distant metastases occur when non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is at late stages. Bone metastasis is one of the most frequent metastases of NSCLC and leads to poor prognosis. It has been reported that high expression of BMP2 in NSCLC correlates with poor survival, but whether BMP2 contributes to NSCLC bone metastasis remains largely unknown. The activation of BMP signalling is found in metastatic bone tumours of mice Lewis lung carcinoma and predicts poor survival in human NSCLC. BMP2 signalling activation can enhance bone metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma. Moreover, BMP2 secreted by stroma fibroblasts can promote the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Besides, in combination with pre‐osteoblast and LLCs, BMP2 could enhance the differentiation of macrophages into osteoclasts to play roles in the osteolytic mechanism of NSCLC bone metastasis. Interestingly, NSCLC cells can also enrich BMP2 to pre‐osteoblasts to function in the osteoblastic mechanism. Our results firstly demonstrate the detailed mechanisms about what roles BMP2 signalling play in enhancing NSCLC bone metastases. These findings provide a new potential therapy choice for preventing bone metastases of NSCLC via the inhibition of BMP2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Platform for Medical Research at First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yaqiang Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junying Chen
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Platform for Medical Research at First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China
| | - CaihongWang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wanzun Lin
- Department of Chemotherapy, First Affiliated hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruilong Lan
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Platform for Medical Research at First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Platform for Medical Research at First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianhe Xie
- Department of Chemotherapy, First Affiliated hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lengxi Fu
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Platform for Medical Research at First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China
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