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Sheikh KA, Iqubal A, Alam MM, Akhter M, Khan MA, Ehtaishamul Haque S, Parvez S, Jahangir U, Amir M, Khanna S, Shaquiquzzaman M. A Quinquennial Review of Potent LSD1 Inhibitors Explored for the Treatment of Different Cancers, with Special Focus on SAR Studies. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:152-207. [PMID: 36718063 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230130093442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer bears a significant share of global mortality. The enzyme Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1, also known as KDM1A), since its discovery in 2004, has captured the attention of cancer researchers due to its overexpression in several cancers like acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), solid tumours, etc. The Lysine Specific Demethylase (LSD1) downregulation is reported to have an effect on cancer proliferation, migration, and invasion. Therefore, research to discover safer and more potent LSD1 inhibitors can pave the way for the development of better cancer therapeutics. These efforts have resulted in the synthesis of many types of derivatives containing diverse structural nuclei. The present manuscript describes the role of Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) in carcinogenesis, reviews the LSD1 inhibitors explored in the past five years and discusses their comprehensive structural activity characteristics apart from the thorough description of LSD1. Besides, the potential challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in the development of LSD1 inhibitors are also discussed. The review suggests that tranylcypromine derivatives are the most promising potent LSD1 inhibitors, followed by triazole and pyrimidine derivatives with IC50 values in the nanomolar and sub-micromolar range. A number of potent LSD1 inhibitors derived from natural sources like resveratrol, protoberberine alkaloids, curcumin, etc. are also discussed. The structural-activity relationships discussed in the manuscript can be exploited to design potent and relatively safer LSD1 inhibitors as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed Ahmad Sheikh
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Ahmed Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Umar Jahangir
- Department of Amraaz-e-Jild wa Tazeeniyat, School of Unani Medical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Amir
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Suruchi Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Li Y, Qian X, Lin Y, Tao L, Zuo Z, Zhang H, Yang S, Cen X, Zhao Y. Lipidomic profiling reveals lipid regulation by a novel LSD1 inhibitor treatment. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:233. [PMID: 34498714 PMCID: PMC8444191 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolic alterations are associated with cancer progression. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) plays a crucial role in cancer and has become a promising target for cancer therapy. However, the effect of LSD1 on lipid metabolism remains unclear. In the present study, we used a LC-MS/MS-based lipidomics approach to investigate the impact of LSD1 on cancer cell lipid metabolism using ZY0511, a specific LSD1 inhibitor developed by our group as a specific probe. ZY0511 profoundly modified the human colorectal and cervical cancer cell lipid metabolism. A total of 256 differential metabolites were identified in HeLa cells, and 218 differential metabolites were identified in HCT116 cells, respectively. Among these lipid metabolites, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin (SM) were downregulated by ZY0511. In contrast, ceramide (Cer) and a small portion of glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine were upregulated by ZY0511. These results revealed a disturbance in sphingolipids (SPs) and glycerophospholipids, which may be correlated with the progression of cancer. Furthermore, a marked increase in Cer and prominent decrease in SM were consistent with the upregulated expression of key enzymes in the Cer synthesis process including de novo synthesis, hydrolysis of SM and the salvage pathway after ZY0511 exposure. In conclusion, our research reveals a link between LSD1 and lipid metabolism in cancer cells, offering more comprehensive evidence for the application of LSD1 inhibitors for cancer therapy. The underlying mechanisms of how the LSD1 inhibitor regulates lipid metabolism warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xinying Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yiyun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zeping Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Huaqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Apanovich N, Apanovich P, Mansorunov D, Kuzevanova A, Matveev V, Karpukhin A. The Choice of Candidates in Survival Markers Based on Coordinated Gene Expression in Renal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:615787. [PMID: 34046336 PMCID: PMC8144703 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.615787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify and investigate genes that are essential for the development of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and sought to shed light on the mechanisms of its progression and create prognostic markers for the disease. We used real-time PCR to study the expression of 20 genes that were preliminarily selected based on their differential expression in ccRCC, in 68 paired tumor/normal samples. Upon ccRCC progression, seven genes that showed an initial increase in expression showed decreased expression. The genes whose expression levels did not significantly change during progression were associated mainly with metabolic and inflammatory processes. The first group included CA9, NDUFA4L2, EGLN3, BHLHE41, VWF, IGFBP3, and ANGPTL4, whose expression levels were coordinately decreased during tumor progression. This expression coordination and gene function is related to the needs of tumor development at different stages. Specifically, the high correlation coefficient of EGLN3 and NDUFA4L2 expression may indicate the importance of the coordinated regulation of glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism. A panel of CA9, EGLN3, BHLHE41, and VWF enabled the prediction of survival for more than 3.5 years in patients with ccRCC, with a probability close to 90%. Therefore, a coordinated change in the expression of a gene group during ccRCC progression was detected, and a new panel of markers for individual survival prognosis was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Apanovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Complex Inherited Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Apanovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Complex Inherited Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Danzan Mansorunov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Complex Inherited Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kuzevanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Complex Inherited Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Matveev
- Department of Oncourology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Karpukhin
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Complex Inherited Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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Macedo-Silva C, Miranda-Gonçalves V, Lameirinhas A, Lencart J, Pereira A, Lobo J, Guimarães R, Martins AT, Henrique R, Bravo I, Jerónimo C. JmjC-KDMs KDM3A and KDM6B modulate radioresistance under hypoxic conditions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1068. [PMID: 33318475 PMCID: PMC7736883 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the most frequent esophageal cancer (EC) subtype, entails dismal prognosis. Hypoxia, a common feature of advanced ESCC, is involved in resistance to radiotherapy (RT). RT response in hypoxia might be modulated through epigenetic mechanisms, constituting novel targets to improve patient outcome. Post-translational methylation in histone can be partially modulated by histone lysine demethylases (KDMs), which specifically removes methyl groups in certain lysine residues. KDMs deregulation was associated with tumor aggressiveness and therapy failure. Thus, we sought to unveil the role of Jumonji C domain histone lysine demethylases (JmjC-KDMs) in ESCC radioresistance acquisition. The effectiveness of RT upon ESCC cells under hypoxic conditions was assessed by colony formation assay. KDM3A/KDM6B expression, and respective H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 target marks, were evaluated by RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Effect of JmjC-KDM inhibitor IOX1, as well as KDM3A knockdown, in in vitro functional cell behavior and RT response was assessed in ESCC under hypoxic conditions. In vivo effect of combined IOX1 and ionizing radiation treatment was evaluated in ESCC cells using CAM assay. KDM3A, KDM6B, HIF-1α, and CAIX immunoexpression was assessed in primary ESCC and normal esophagus. Herein, we found that hypoxia promoted ESCC radioresistance through increased KDM3A/KDM6B expression, enhancing cell survival and migration and decreasing DNA damage and apoptosis, in vitro. Exposure to IOX1 reverted these features, increasing ESCC radiosensitivity and decreasing ESCC microtumors size, in vivo. KDM3A was upregulated in ESCC tissues compared to the normal esophagus, associating and colocalizing with hypoxic markers (HIF-1α and CAIX). Therefore, KDM3A upregulation in ESCC cell lines and primary tumors associated with hypoxia, playing a critical role in EC aggressiveness and radioresistance. KDM3A targeting, concomitant with conventional RT, constitutes a promising strategy to improve ESCC patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Macedo-Silva
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Miranda-Gonçalves
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Lameirinhas
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Lencart
- Medical Physics, Radiobiology and Radiation Protection Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
- Departments of Medical Physics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Pereira
- Medical Physics, Radiobiology and Radiation Protection Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
- Departments of Medical Physics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Lobo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
- Departments of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar - University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Guimarães
- Departments of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Martins
- Departments of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
- Departments of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar - University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Medical Physics, Radiobiology and Radiation Protection Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar - University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal.
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Fang Y, Liao G, Yu B. LSD1/KDM1A inhibitors in clinical trials: advances and prospects. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:129. [PMID: 31801559 PMCID: PMC6894138 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone demethylase LSD1 plays key roles during carcinogenesis, targeting LSD1 is becoming an emerging option for the treatment of cancers. Numerous LSD1 inhibitors have been reported to date, some of them such as TCP, ORY-1001, GSK-2879552, IMG-7289, INCB059872, CC-90011, and ORY-2001 currently undergo clinical assessment for cancer therapy, particularly for small lung cancer cells (SCLC) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This review is to provide a comprehensive overview of LSD1 inhibitors in clinical trials including molecular mechanistic studies, clinical efficacy, adverse drug reactions, and PD/PK studies and offer prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guochao Liao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Costa JA, Dentinger PM, McGall GH, Crnogorac F, Zhou W. Fabrication of Inverted High-Density DNA Microarrays in a Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30534-30541. [PMID: 31389236 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current techniques for making high-resolution, photolithographic DNA microarrays suffer from the limitation that the 3' end of each sequence is anchored to a hard substrate and hence is unavailable for many potential enzymatic reactions. Here, we demonstrate a technique that inverts the entire microarray into a hydrogel. This method preserves the spatial fidelity of the original pattern while simultaneously removing incorrectly synthesized oligomers that are inherent to all other microarray fabrication strategies. First, a standard 5'-up microarray on a donor wafer is synthesized, in which each oligo is anchored with a cleavable linker at the 3' end and an Acrydite phosphoramidite at the 5' end. Following the synthesis of the array, an acrylamide monomer solution is applied to the donor wafer, and an acrylamide-silanized acceptor wafer is placed on top. As the polyacrylamide hydrogel forms between the two wafers, it covalently incorporates the acrydite-terminated sequences into the matrix. Finally, the oligos are released from the donor wafer upon immersing in an ammonia solution that cleaves the 3'-linkers, thus freeing the oligos at the 3' end. The array is now presented 3'-up on the surface of the gel-coated acceptor wafer. Various types of on-gel enzymatic reactions demonstrate a versatile and robust platform that can easily be constructed with far more molecular complexity than traditional photolithographic arrays by endowing the system with multiple enzymatic substrates. We produce a new generation of microarrays where highly ordered, purified oligos are inverted 3'-up, in a biocompatible soft hydrogel, and functional with respect to a wide variety of programable enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Costa
- Centrillion Technologies , 2500 Faber Place , Palo Alto , California 94303 , United States
| | - Paul M Dentinger
- Centrillion Technologies , 2500 Faber Place , Palo Alto , California 94303 , United States
| | - Glenn H McGall
- Centrillion Technologies , 2500 Faber Place , Palo Alto , California 94303 , United States
| | - Filip Crnogorac
- Centrillion Technologies , 2500 Faber Place , Palo Alto , California 94303 , United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Centrillion Technologies , 2500 Faber Place , Palo Alto , California 94303 , United States
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