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Tan G, Xu J, Yu Q, Yang Z, Zhang H. The safety and efficiency of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of osteosarcoma: A systematic review of in vitro experiment and animal model reports. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103093. [PMID: 36031143 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive malignant bone tumour with high mortality. A poor prognosis is noted in patients with distal metastases or multidrug resistance. As an emerging antitumor strategy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by visible and near infrared light has attracted intensive attention given its target selectivity, remote controllability, minimal or non-invasive features. However, PDT also has obvious limitations. Specifically, due to the limited penetration of light, it is mainly used in the clinical treatment of superficial malignant tumours, such as musculoskeletal sarcomas and melanoma, but it has not been applied to the clinical treatment of deep malignant bone tumours except for a very small number of experiments on deep canine OS models. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched for studies that focused on the effectiveness and safety of PDT for OS based on in vitro experiments and animal models in the last decade. A systematic search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library. INCLUSION CRITERIA (1) original research articles about PDT for OS; (2) articles in English; (3) in vitro or animal model research; and (4) detailed information, including cell name, fluence, irradiation wavelength, time of incubation with PS, duration between PS treatment and irradiation, and duration between irradiation and viability assays. EXCLUSION CRITERIA (1) study was a review/systemic review article, patent, letter, or conference abstract/paper; (2) articles were not published in English; (3) studies containing overlapping or insufficient data. RESULTS We identified 201 publications, and 44 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the synthesis. Unfortunately, there are no relevant clinical reports of the use of PDT in the treatment of human OS. In these studies, 8 studies only employed in vivo experiments to evaluate the efficiency of PDT in an OS animal model, 19 studies exclusively performed in vitro viability assays of cells treated with PDT under different conditions, and 17 studies included in vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal OS models to evaluate the effect of PDT on OS in vivo and in vitro. All studies have shown that PDT is cytotoxic to OS cells or can inhibit the growth of OS in heterologous or homologous animal OS models but exhibits minimal cytotoxicity at a certain range of dosages. CONCLUSION Based on this systematic review, PDT can eradicate OS cells in cell culture and there is some evidence for efficacy in animal models. However, the ability for PDT to control human OS is unclear, the animal and human reports do not show evidence of human OS control, they just do show feasibility. The major issues concerning the potential for treatment of osteosarcoma with PDT are that adequate light should be transmitted to tumor loci and if the disease is caught before metastasis and irradiation of tumor sites is feasible, curative potential is there. Otherwise, PDT may be mainly palliative. To determine whether PDT can safely and efficiently be used in the clinical treatment of OS, many preclinical orthotopic animal OS models and OS models of multiple systemic metastases must be performed and interstitial PDT or intraoperative PDT may be a good and potential candidate for human OS treatment. If these problems can be well solved, PDT may be a potentially effective strategy for the treatment of OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Orthopedics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Operating Room, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Rotex Tech.Ltd.Co. Room 1104, floor 11, building 6, No. 599, Shijicheng South Road, high tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Matsuyama Y, Nakamura T, Yoshida K, Hagi T, Iino T, Asanuma K, Sudo A. Radiodynamic therapy with acridine orange local administration as a new treatment option for primary and secondary bone tumours. Bone Joint Res 2022; 11:715-722. [PMID: 36214462 PMCID: PMC9582865 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.1110.bjr-2022-0105.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Acridine orange (AO) demonstrates several biological activities. When exposed to low doses of X-ray radiation, AO increases the production of reactive radicals (radiodynamic therapy (AO-RDT)). We elucidated the efficacy of AO-RDT in breast and prostate cancer cell lines, which are likely to develop bone metastases. METHODS We used the mouse osteosarcoma cell line LM8, the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, and the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Cultured cells were exposed to AO and radiation at various concentrations followed by various doses of irradiation. The cell viability was then measured. In vivo, each cell was inoculated subcutaneously into the backs of mice. In the AO-RDT group, AO (1.0 μg) was locally administered subcutaneously around the tumour followed by 5 Gy of irradiation. In the radiation group, 5 Gy of irradiation alone was administered after macroscopic tumour formation. The mice were killed on the 14th day after treatment. The change in tumour volume by AO-RDT was primarily evaluated. RESULTS The viability of LM8, MDA-MB-231, and PC-3 cells strongly decreased at AO concentration of 1.0 μg/ml and a radiation dose of 5 Gy. In xenograft mouse model, the AO-RDT also showed a strong cytocidal effect on tumour at the backside in osteosarcoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. AO-RDT treatment was more effective for tumour control than radiotherapy in breast cancer. CONCLUSION AO-RDT was effective in preventing the proliferation of osteosarcoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer cell lines in vitro. The reduction in tumour volume by AO-RDT was also confirmed in vivo.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(10):685-692.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan, Tomoki Nakamura. E-mail:
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Tomohito Hagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Asanuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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Osman H, Elsahy D, Slivova V, Thompson C, Georges J, Yocom S, Cohen-Gadol AA. Neurosurgical Flexible Probe Microscopy with Enhanced Architectural and Cytological Detail. World Neurosurg 2019; 128:e929-e937. [PMID: 31100529 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microscopic delineation and clearance of tumor cells at neurosurgical excision margins potentially reduce tumor recurrence and increase patient survival. Probe-based in vivo fluorescence microscopy technologies are promising for neurosurgical in vivo microscopy. OBJECTIVE We sought to demonstrate a flexible fiberoptic epifluorescence microscope capable of enhanced architectural and cytological imaging for in vivo microscopy during neurosurgical procedures. METHODS Eighteen specimens were procured from neurosurgical procedures. These specimens were stained with acridine orange and imaged with a 3-dimensional (3D)-printed epifluorescent microscope that incorporates a flexible fiberoptic probe. Still images and video sequence frames were processed using frame alignment, signal projection, and pseudo-coloring, resulting in resolution enhancement and an increased field of view. RESULTS Images produced displayed good nuclear contrast and architectural detail. Grade 1 meningiomas demonstrated 3D chords and whorls. Low-grade meningothelial nuclei showed streaming and displayed regularity in size, shape, and distribution. Oligodendrogliomas showed regular round nuclei and a variably staining background. Glioblastomas showed high degrees of nuclear pleomorphism and disarray. Mitoses, vascular proliferation, and necrosis were evident. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the utility of a 3D-printed, flexible probe microscope for high-resolution microscopic imaging with increased architectural detail. Enhanced in vivo imaging using this device may improve our ability to detect and decrease microscopic tumor burden at excision margins during neurosurgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Osman
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deena Elsahy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Veronika Slivova
- Enterprise Clinical Research Operations Biorepository, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Corey Thompson
- Enterprise Clinical Research Operations Biorepository, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Joseph Georges
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven Yocom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine and Indiana University Department of Neurological Surgery, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Felip-León C, Martínez-Arroyo O, Díaz-Oltra S, Miravet JF, Apostolova N, Galindo F. Synthesis, spectroscopic studies and biological evaluation of acridine derivatives: The role of aggregation on the photodynamic efficiency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:869-874. [PMID: 29456110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two new photoactive compounds (1 and 2) derived from the 9-amidoacridine chromophore have been synthesized and fully characterized. Their abilities to produce singlet oxygen upon irradiation have been compared. The synthesized compounds show very different self-aggregating properties since only 1 present a strong tendency to aggregate in water. Biological assays were conducted with two cell types: hepatoma cells (Hep3B) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) studies carried out with Hep3B cells showed that non-aggregating compound 2 showed photoxicity, ascribed to the production of singlet oxygen, being aggregating compound 1 photochemically inactive. On the other hand suspensions of 1, characterized as nano-sized aggregates, have notable antiproliferative activity towards this cell line in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Felip-León
- Universitat Jaume I, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Olga Martínez-Arroyo
- Universitat Jaume I, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain; Universitat de València, Departamento de Farmacología, Avda. Blasco Ibañez n.15-17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Díaz-Oltra
- Universitat Jaume I, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain; Universitat Jaume I, Departamento de Educación, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan F Miravet
- Universitat Jaume I, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Universitat de València, Departamento de Farmacología, Avda. Blasco Ibañez n.15-17, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francisco Galindo
- Universitat Jaume I, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
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de Miguel GC, Abrantes AM, Laranjo M, Grizotto AYK, Camporeze B, Pereira JA, Brites G, Serra A, Pineiro M, Rocha-Gonsalves A, Botelho MF, Priolli DG. A new therapeutic proposal for inoperable osteosarcoma: Photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 21:79-85. [PMID: 29175213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma, a malignant tumor characterized by bone or osteoid formation, is the second most common primary bone neoplasm. Clinical symptoms include local and surrounding pain, unrelieved by rest or anesthesia. Osteosarcoma has a poor chemotherapeutic response with prognosis dependent on complete tumor excision. Therefore, for inoperable osteosarcoma new therapeutic strategies are needed. The present study aimed to develop murine models of cranial and vertebral osteosarcoma that facilitate simple clinical monitoring and real-time imaging to evaluate the outcome of photodynamic therapy based on a previously developed photosensitizer. METHODS Balb/c nude mice were divided into two groups: the cranial and vertebral osteosarcoma groups. Each group was further subdivided into the photodynamic therapy-treated and untreated groups. Images were obtained by scintigraphy with 99mTc-MIBI and radiography. Tumor growth, necrotic area, osteoid matrix area, and inflammatory infiltration were analyzed. RESULTS Cranial and vertebral tumors could be macroscopically observed and measured. Radiographic and scintigraphic images showed tumor cells present at the inoculation sites. After photodynamic therapy, scintigraphy showed lower tumoral radiopharmaceutical uptake, which correlated histologically with increased necrosis. Osteoid matrix volume increased, and tumor size decreased in all photodynamic therapy-treated animals. CONCLUSION Cranial and vertebral osteosarcoma models in athymic mice are feasible and facilitate in vivo monitoring for the development of new therapies. Photodynamic therapy is a potential antitumoral treatment for surgically inoperable osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Chohfi de Miguel
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Margarida Abrantes
- Institute of Biophysics, CIMAGO, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Laranjo
- Institute of Biophysics, CIMAGO, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Yoshie Kitagawa Grizotto
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Camporeze
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - José Aires Pereira
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo Brites
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arménio Serra
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Rocha-Gonsalves
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- Institute of Biophysics, CIMAGO, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Denise Gonçalves Priolli
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
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Iessi E, Logozzi M, Lugini L, Azzarito T, Federici C, Spugnini EP, Mizzoni D, Di Raimo R, Angelini DF, Battistini L, Cecchetti S, Fais S. Acridine Orange/exosomes increase the delivery and the effectiveness of Acridine Orange in human melanoma cells: A new prototype for theranostics of tumors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:648-657. [PMID: 28262028 PMCID: PMC6010124 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1292263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Specifically targeted drug delivery systems with low immunogenicity and toxicity are deemed to increase efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. Acridine Orange (AO) is an acidophilic dye with a strong tumoricidal action following excitation with a light source at 466 nm. However, to date the clinical use of AO is limited by the potential side effects elicited by systemic administration. The endogenous nanocarrier exosomes have been recently introduced as a natural delivery system for therapeutic molecules. In this article, we show the outcome of the administration to human melanoma cells of AO charged Exosomes (Exo-AO), in both monolayer and spheroid models. The results showed an extended drug delivery time of Exo-AO to melanoma cells as compared to the free AO, improving the cytotoxicity of AO. This study shows that Exo-AO have a great potential for a real exploitation as a new theranostic approach against tumors based on AO delivered through the exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Iessi
- a Anti-Tumour Drugs Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- a Anti-Tumour Drugs Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Luana Lugini
- a Anti-Tumour Drugs Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Tommaso Azzarito
- a Anti-Tumour Drugs Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Cristina Federici
- a Anti-Tumour Drugs Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Davide Mizzoni
- a Anti-Tumour Drugs Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- a Anti-Tumour Drugs Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Luca Battistini
- c Neuroimmunology Unit , IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome , Italy
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- d Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- a Anti-Tumour Drugs Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines visible light and photosensitizing dyes. Different animal models have been used to test PDT for cancer, infectious disease and cardiovascular disease. Mouse models of tumours include subcutaneous, orthotopic, syngeneic, xenograft, autochthonous and genetically modified. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PSs), which absorb visible light to give the excited singlet state, followed by the long-lived triplet state that can undergo photochemistry. In the presence of ambient oxygen, reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals are formed that are able to kill cancer cells, inactivate microbial pathogens and destroy unwanted tissue. Although there are already several clinically approved PSs for various disease indications, many studies around the world are using animal models to investigate the further utility of PDT. The present review will cover the main groups of animal models that have been described in the literature. Cancer comprises the single biggest group of models including syngeneic mouse/rat tumours that can either be subcutaneous or orthotopic and allow the study of anti-tumour immune response; human tumours that need to be implanted in immunosuppressed hosts; carcinogen-induced tumours; and mice that have been genetically engineered to develop cancer (often by pathways similar to those in patients). Infections are the second biggest class of animal models and the anatomical sites include wounds, burns, oral cavity, ears, eyes, nose etc. Responsible pathogens can include Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. A smaller and diverse group of miscellaneous animal models have been reported that allow PDT to be tested in ophthalmology, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, dermatology and wound healing. Successful studies using animal models of PDT are blazing the trail for tomorrow's clinical approvals.
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